LITERATURE

PROSE
• Biography life of a person
Autobiography life of me
• Essay opinion/viewpoint
• Short Story one plot
➢ Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez (model of perfection)
• Novel chapters
➢ Barlaan at Josaphat by Fray Antonio de Borja (first Tagalog
novel in the Philippines)
➢ Noli Me Tangere "Touch Me Not" - Uncle Tom's Cabin
➢ El Filibusterismo "The Reign of Greed" - The Count of Monte
Cristo
• Epistolary exchange of letters
• Anecdote life lessons
• Play stage
• Legend origins
• Fable animals

POETRY
• Narrative
✓ Epic heroic exploits
➢ Beowulf (England)
➢ Iliad and Odyssey (Greece)
✓ Tale imagination
✓ Ballad poem to be sung
✓ Pastoral love of rural areas
 • Lyric
✓ Folksong
➢ Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Pampanga)
✓ Sonnet 14 lines
➢ William Shakespeare, Ofelia Dimalanta
✓ Elegy poem for dead
➢ Anabel Lee
✓ Ode ceremony, celebrations
✓ Psalm worship
✓ Awit slow (courtship), based on reality
➢ Florante at Laura
✓ Corrido fast (marching), based on fantasy
➢ Ibong Adarna
✓ Haiku 3 lines, 17 syllables, nature
➢ Matsuo Basho
✓ Tanka 5 lines, 31 syllables, love and nature

• Dramatic
✓ Tragedy struggling hero
✓ Comedy amusement

RECREATIONAL PLAYS
• Tibag search for the cross
• Senakulo passion and death of Christ
• Panunuluyan search for Bethlehem
• Salubong Easter play
• Zarzuela musical comedy
• Moro-moro fight between Christians and Muslims
• Duplo/Karagatan wakes for the dead
• Balagtasan debate in verse
 PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
• Alejandro G. Abadilla
✓ Father of Philippine Modern Poetry

• Amado V. Hernandez
✓ labor leader
✓ Manunulat/Makata ng mga Manggagawa

• Bienvenido Santos
✓ Filipino-American fiction

• Genoveva Matute
✓ First Palanca Awardee

• Jose Garcia Villa

✓ First National Artist for Literature
✓ comma poet

• Nick Joaquin
✓ Filipino-Spanish cultural beliefs and tradition

• Modesto de Castro
✓ Father of Classic Prose in Tagalog

• Lope K. Santos
✓ Father of Filipino Grammar
✓ Ama ng Balarilang Filipino (AbaKaDa)

• Severino Reyes
✓ Father of Tagalog Drama
✓ Ama ng Sarswelang Tagalog

• Pedro Bukaneg
✓ Father of Ilocano Literature
• Jose Corazon de Jesus
✓ Makata ng Pag-ibig
✓ Hari ng Balagtasan

• Jose P. Rizal
✓ Dakilang Manunulat

• Graciano-Lopez Jaena
✓ Dakilang Orador

• Marcelo H. Del Pilar

✓ Dakilang Political Analyst

• Valeriano Peña
✓ Ama ng Nobelang Tagalog

• Deogracias Rosario
✓ Ama ng Maikling Kwento

• Jesus Balmori
✓ Makatang Laureado

• Francisco Baltazar
✓ Ama ng Panulaang Tagalog

• Pascual Poblete
✓ Ama ng Pahayagaang Tagalog

• Teodoro Agoncillo
✓ Madamdaming Mananalaysay

• Andres Bonifacio
✓ Ama ng Demokrasyang Pilipino
 MGA SIKAT NA AKDA
• Jose P. Rizal Remembrance to my Hometown
innate love of nature to love of nation
To the Filipino Youth
Indio is more superior than Spaniards in poetry
A La Juventud Filipina
crowning glory as young poet
Our Mother Tongue
8 years old when wrote
They Ask Me for Verses
loneliness is profoundly expressed
• Amado V. Hernandez Isang Dipang Langit, Luha ng Buwaya
• Genoveva Matute Kwento ni Mabuti
• Modesto de Castro Urbana at Felisa
• Lualhati Bautista Dekada '70, Gapo at Bulaklak ng City Jail
• Severino Reyes Walang Sugat
• Pedro Bukaneg Biag ni Lam-ang
• Graciano-Lopez Jaena Fray Botod
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar Dasalan at Tocsohan
• Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat pinakamahabang nobela
• Aurelio Tolentino Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
• Celso Carunungan Satanas sa Lupa
• Alejandro Abadilla Ako ang Daigdig
• Hermogenes Ilagan Dalagang Bukid
• Ildefonso Santos Ang Guryon
• Juan Abad Tanikalang Ginto
• Liwayway Arceo Uhaw ang Tigang na Lupa
• Pedro Paterno Ninay
EPIKO at KWENTO
• Alim Ifugao
• Bidasari Muslim
• Hinilawod bathala sa Iloilo, Antique, at Aklan
• Ibalon at Aslon Bikol
• Indarapatra at Sulayman prinsipe
 PEN NAMES
• Alejandro G. Abadilla “Aga”
• Nick Joaquin “Quijano de Manila”
• Severino Reyes “Lola Basyang”
• Jose Corazon de Jesus “Huseng Batute”
• Jose dela Cruz “Huseng Sisiw”
• Antonio Luna “Taga-ilog”
• Jose P. Rizal “Dimasalang”, “Laong-laan”
“Agno”, “Calambeño”
• Marcelo H. Del Pilar “Plaridel”, “Dolores Manapat”,
“Piping Dilat”, “Siling Labuyo”,
“Pupdoh”
• Valeriano Peña “Kinting Kulirat”
• Juan Luna “Buan”, “JB”
• Emilio Jacinto “Dimasilaw”
• Apolinario Mabini “Bini”, “Paralitico”
• Emilio Aguinaldo “Magdalo”
• Andres Bonifacio “Agapito Bagumbayan”,
“May Pag-asa”
• Mariano Ponce “Tikbalang”, “Kalipulako”,
“Naning”
• Jose Maria Panganiban “JoMaPa”
• Apolinario dela Cruz “Hermanong Pule”
• Nestor Vicente Madale Gonzales “N.V.M.”
 WORLD LITERATURE
• William Shakespeare
✓ Greatest Sonnet Writer, Greatest English Writer, Bard of Avon
Works: Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet
Merchant of Venice
• Geoffrey Chaucer
✓ Father of English Literature, Morning Star of English
Work: The Canterbury Tales
• Edgar Allan Poe
✓ Father of Horror, Father of Detective Stories
Work: The Cask of Amontillado, Anabel Lee, The Raven
• Homer
✓ vivid description, mythical geographer
Work: lliad and Odyssey
• Guy de Maupassant French short story writer
• Cicero Greatest Orator of the World
FAMOUS LITERARY WORKS
• Divine Comedy Dante
• Road Not Taken Robert Frost
• Koran Muhammad
• Tom Sawyer Samuel Clemens a.k.a. Mark Twain
• The Republic Plato
• Analects Confucius
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe
• The Count of Monte Cristo Alexandre Dumas
• The Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln
• A Poison Tree William Blake
• Invictus William Ernest Henley
GREATEST PHILOSOPHERS
▪ Thales
▪ Socrates
▪ Plato
▪ Aristotle
▪ Alexander the Great

GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES

• Achelois - One of the moon goddesses.
• Achelous - The patron god of the river.
• Aeolus - (a.k.a. Aeolos, Aiolos, Aiolus, Eolus) God of air and the winds.
• Aether - (a.k.a. Aither, Akmon, Ether) God of light and the atmosphere.
• Alastor - God of family feuds.
• Alcyone - One of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione.
• Alectrona - Early Greek goddess of the sun.
• Amphitrite - (a.k.a. Salacia) The wife of Poseidon and a Nereid.
• Antheia - Goddess of gardens, flowers, swamps, and marshes.
• Aphaea - (a.k.a. Aphaia) A Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at a
single sanctuary on the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf.
• Aphrodite - (a.k.a. Anadyomene, Turan, Venus) Goddess of love and beauty.
• Apollo - (a.k.a. Apollon, Apulu, Phoebus) God of the sun, music, healing, and
herding.
• Ares - (a.k.a. Enyalius, Mars, Aries) God of chaotic war.
• Ariheavens.- (a.k.a. Aristaios) Patron god of animal husbandry, bee-keeping,
and fruit trees.
• Artemis - (a.k.a. Agrotora, Amarynthia, Cynthia, Kourotrophos, Locheia, Orthia,
Phoebe, Potnia Theron) Goddess of the moon, hunting, and nursing.
• Asclepius - (a.k.a. Aesculapius, Asklepios) God of health and medicine.
• Astraea - The Star Maiden - a goddess of justice, included in Virgo and Libra
mythologies.
• Até - Goddess of mischief.
• Athena - (a.k.a. Asana, Athene, Minerva, Menerva) Goddess of wisdom, poetry,
art, and the strategic side of war.
• Atlas - The Primordial Titan who carried the weight of the heavens on his back.
• Atropos - (a.k.a. Aisa, Morta) One of The Fates - She cut the thread of life and
chose the manner of a persons death.
• Attis - The (minor) god of rebirth.
• Bia - The goddess of force.
• Boreas - (a.k.a. Aquilo, Aquilon) The North Wind. One of the Anemoi (wind
gods).
• Brizo - Protector of Mariners.
• Caerus - (a.k.a. Kairos, Occasio, Tempus) The (minor) god of luck and
opportunity.
• Calliope - One of the Muses. Represented epic poetry.
• Calypso - (a.k.a. Kalypso) The sea nymph who held Odysseus prisoner for seven
years.
• Castor - (a.k.a. Castore, Kastor) One of the twins who represent Gemini.
• Celaeno - The name of a wife of Poseidon.
• Cerus - The wild bull tamed by Persephone, made into the Taurus
constellation.
• Ceto - (a.k.a. Keto) a sea monster goddess who was also the mother of other
sea monsters.
• Chaos - (a.k.a. Khaos) The nothingness that all else sprung from.
• Charon - (a.k.a. Charun) The Ferryman of Hades. He had to be paid to help one
cross the river Styx.
• Chronos - (a.k.a. Chronus, Khronos) God of time.
• Circe - (a.k.a. Kirke) A goddess who transformed her enemies into beasts.
• Clio - One of the Muses. She represented History.
• Clotho - (a.k.a. Nona) One of the Fates - Spun the thread of life from her distaff
onto her spindle.
• Crios - The crab who protected the sea nymphs, made into the Cancer
constellation.
• Cronus - (a.k.a. Cronos, Kronos, Saturn) God of agriculture, father of the Titans.
• Cybele - (a.k.a. Agdistis, Magna Mater, Meter, Meter Oreie) Goddess of
caverns, mountains, nature and wild animals.
• Demeter - (a.k.a. Ceres, Demetra, Tvath) Goddess of the harvest.
• Dinlas - Guardian of the ancient city of Lamark, where wounded heroes could
heal after battle.
• Dionysus - (a.k.a. Bacchus, Dionysos, Liber) God of wine and pleasure.
• Doris - A Sea Nymph, mother of the Nereids.
• Eileithyia - (a.k.a. Eileithyiai, Eilithia, Eilythia, Eleuthia, Ilithia, Ilithyia, Lucina)
Goddess of childbirth.
• Eireisone - The deity who embodied the sacred ceremonial olive branch.
• Electra - (a.k.a. Atlantis) One of the seven Pleiades.
• Elpis - (a.k.a. Spes) The spirit of Hope.
• Enyo - (a.k.a. Bellona) A (minor) goddess of war, connected to Eris.
• Eos - (a.k.a. Aurora, Eosphorus, Mater Matuta, Thesan) Goddess of the Dawn.
• Erato - One of the Muses - represents Lyrics/Love Poetry.
• Erebus - (a.k.a. Erebos) God of darkness.
• Eris - (a.k.a. Discordia) Goddess of strife, connected to Enyo.
• Eros - (a.k.a. Amor, Cupid, Eleutherios) God of love, procreation and sexual
desire.
• Eurus - (a.k.a. Euros, Vulturnus) The East Wind - One of the Anemoi (wind
gods).
• Euterpe - One of the Muses - represents Music/Lyrics/Poetry.
• Gaia - (a.k.a. Celu, Gaea, Terra) Goddess of the Earth, also known as Mother
Earth.
• Glaucus - (a.k.a. Glacus, Glaukos) A fisherman turned immortal, turned
Argonaut, turned a god of the sea.
• Hades - (a.k.a. Aita, Dis Pater, Haidou, Orcus, Plouton, Pluto) God of the Dead,
King of the Underworld.
• Harmonia - (a.k.a. Concordia) Goddess of Harmony and Concord.
• Hebe - (a.k.a. Juventas) Goddess of youth.
• Hecate - (a.k.a. Hekat, Hekate, Trivia) Goddess of magic, witchcraft, ghosts,
and the undead.
• Helios - (a.k.a. Sol) God of the Sun.
• Hemera - (a.k.a. Amar, Dies, Hemere) Goddess of daylight.
• Hephaestus - (a.k.a. Hephaistos, Vulcan, Sethlans, Mulciber) God of fire and
blacksmithing who created weapons for the gods.
• Hera - (a.k.a. Juno, Uni) Goddess of goddesses, women, and marriage and wife
of Zeus.
• Heracles - (a.k.a. Herakles, Hercules, Hercle) An immortal hero of many Greek
legends, the strongest man on Earth.
• Hermes - (a.k.a. Pyschopompus, Mercury, Turms) God of commerce and travel,
and messenger of the gods.
• Hesperus - (a.k.a. Hesperos, Vesper) The Evening Star.
• Hestia - (a.k.a. Vesta) Greek goddess of the home and fertility. One of the
Hesperides.
• Hygea - (a.k.a. Hygieia, Salus) Goddess of cleanliness and hygeine.
• Hymenaios - (a.k.a. Hymenaeus, Hymen) God of weddings.
• Hypnos - (a.k.a. Somnus) God of sleep.
• Iris - Goddess of rainbows.
• Khione - The goddess of snow and daughter of the North Wind (Boreas)
• Kotys - (a.k.a. Cotys, Cottyto, Cottytus) A Dionysian goddess whose
celebrations were wild and liscivious.
• Kratos - A god of strength and power.
• Lacheses - (a.k.a. Decima) One of the Fates. Measured the thread of life with
her rod.
• Maia - (a.k.a. Mya, Fauna, Maia Maiestas, Bono Dea) One of the seven
Pleiades, Goddess of fields.
• Mania - (a.k.a. Mania, Manea) Goddess of insanity and the dead.
• Melpomene - One of the Muses - represented Tragedy.
• Merope - One of the seven Pleiades, married to king Sisyphos.
• Metis - Titan goddess of wisdom.
• Momus - (a.k.a. Momos) God of satire, writers, and poets.
• Morpheus - God of dreams and sleep.
• Nemesis - (a.k.a. Rhamnousia, Invidia) Goddess of retribution (vengeance).
• Nereus - (a.k.a. Phorcys, Phorkys) Titan God who Fathered the Nereids. God of
the Sea before Poseidon.
• Nike - (a.k.a. Victoria, Nice) Goddess of victory.
• Notus - (a.k.a. Auster) The South Wind. One of the Anemoi (wind gods).
• Nyx - (a.k.a. Nox) Goddess of night.
• Oceanus - Titan god of the ocean.
• Pallas - A giant who was one of the ancient Titan gods of war.
• Pan - (a.k.a. Faunus, Inuus) God of woods, fields, and flocks. Also a Satyr.
• Peitha - (a.k.a. Peitho, Suadela) Goddess of persuasion.
• Persephone - (a.k.a. Persephassa, Persipina, Persipnei, Persephatta,
Proserpina, Kore, Kora, Libera) Goddess of the Spring who lives off-season in the
Underworld.
• Pheme - (a.k.a. Fama) Goddess of fame and gossip.
• Phosphorus - (a.k.a. Phosphor, Lucifer) The Morning Star.
• Plutus - God of wealth.
• Pollux - (a.k.a. Polydeuces) One of the twins who represent Gemini.
• Polyhymnia - One of the Muses - represents sacred poetry and geometry.
• Pontus - (a.k.a. Pontos) Ancient god of the deep sea.
• Poseidon - (a.k.a. Neptune, Nethuns, Neptunus) God of the sea and
earthquakes.
• Priapus - (a.k.a. Priapus, Mutinus, Mutunus) A (minor) god of gardens and
fertility, best known for having an enormous penis.
• Pricus - The immortal father of sea-goats, made into the Capricorn
constellation.
• Proteus - An early sea god before Poseidon.
• Rhea - (a.k.a. Cybele) Goddess of nature.
• Selene - (a.k.a. Luna) Goddess of the Moon and the 'mother' of vampires.
• Sterope - (a.k.a. Asterope) One of the seven Pleiades, who bore a child of Ares.
• Styx - A Naiad who was the first to aid Zeus in the Titan war. (Not to be
confused with the river Styx).
• Tartarus - (a.k.a. Tartaros, Tartarizo) God of the depths of the Underworld - a
great storm pit - and the father of Typhon.
• Taygete - (a.k.a. Taygeti, Taigeti) One of the seven Pleiades, a mountain
nymph.
• Terpsichore - One of the Muses - represented Dancing.
• Thalia - One of the Muses - represented Comedy.
• Thanatos - (a.k.a. Mors) God of death.
• Themis - Ancient goddess of divine order, law, and custom.
• Thetis - Leader of the Nereids, a shapeshifter, and a prophet.
• Triton - Trumpeter of the sea and messenger of the deep.
• Tyche - (a.k.a. Fortuna, Nortia) Goddess of fortune and prosperity.
• Typhon - (a.k.a. Typhaon, Typhoeus, Typhus) God of monsters, storms, and
volcanoes. Challenged Zeus for control of Mount Olympus.
• Urania - One of the Muses - represented Astronomy and Astrology.
• Uranus - (a.k.a. Ouranos, Caelus) God of the sky and the heavens. Father of the
Titans.
• Zelus - The god of zeal, rivalry, and jealousy.
• Zephyrus - (a.k.a. Zephyros, Favonius, Zephyr) The West Wind. One of the
Anemoi (wind gods).
• Zeus - (a.k.a. Dias, Jupiter, Tinia, Jove, Jovis Pater) Leader of the Olympic gods,
and god of lightning, thunder, and the heavens