CHAPTER 10 - Symmetrical Components Unbalanced Fault

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND
UNBALANCED FAULT
 Fundamentals of Symmetrical Components
 Sequence Impedances of Y-Connected Loads,

Transmission Lines, Synchronous Machines, and
Transformers.
 Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator
 Single Line to Ground Fault
 Line to Line Fault
 Double Line to Ground Fault
 Unbalanced Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance

Matrix
Types of Faults
Balanced Fault:
 3-phase symmetrical fault
Unbalanced Fault:
 Single line-to-ground fault

 Line-to-line fault
 Double line-to-ground fault
Three-phase unbalanced phasors of a three-
phase system can be resolved into three
balanced systems of phasors:
1. Positive-sequence components consisting of a

set of balanced three-phase components with a
phase sequence abc.
2. Negative-sequence components consisting of a

set of balanced three-phase components with a
phase sequence acb.
3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three

single-phase components, all equal in
magnitude and with the same phase angles.
Positive phase Negative phase
sequence: sequence:
Zero phase
sequence:
Based on an operator a that causes a counterclockwise rotation of

120 :
; ;
;
Zero-sequence set
Positive phase Negative phase

sequence: sequence:
Vc1 Va1 Va2
Vb2
Va0
Vb0
Vc0
Vb1 Vc2
3 sets of balanced phasors, which are the symmetrical components

of 3-unbalanced phasors
Graphical addition of the

components of the above 3
sets of balanced phasors
to obtain 3-unbalaced
phasors
Using
Symmetrical component
transformation matrix
where
where
Symmetrical
components
Symmetrical
components
The zero sequence component of current is equal to one-third of

the sum of the phase currents.
When the phase currents sum to zero eg in a 3-phase system with

ungrounded neutral, the zero-sequence current cannot exist.
If the neutral of the power system is grounded, zero-sequence

current flows between the neutral and the ground
One conductor of a 3-phase line
is open. The current flowing to
the -connected load through line
a is 10A. With the current in line a
as reference and assuming that
line c is open, find the
symmetrical components of the
currents.
 Ia = 10∠0 A; Ib = 10 ∠180 A; Ic = 0 A
The Voltages
The unbalanced phase
voltages in terms of
symmetrical components
voltages
in matrix notation
The symmetrical
components in terms of
unbalanced voltages
in matrix notation
10.2
The symmetrical components of a set
of unbalanced 3-phase currents are
Obtain the original unbalanced

phasors.
The 3-phase complex
power
and recall
The total unbalanced power = the sum of symmetrical

component powers
 Analysis of unsymmetrical fault on symmetrical
system consists of finding the symmetrical
components of unbalanced currents that are
flowing.
 Sequence networks carrying the currents:

are interconnected to represent
various unbalanced fault conditions.
 To calculate the effect of a fault by the method of

symmetrical components, it is essential to
determine the sequence impedances an to
combine them to form the sequence networks.
 Z1 – positive sequence impedance
Impedance offered to the flow of positive-
sequence current.
 Z2 – negative sequence impedance

Impedance offered to the flow of negative-
sequence current.
 Z0 – zero sequence impedance

Impedance offered to the flow of zero-
sequence current.
Ia
Zs
+
Ib
Zs }Z
m
Zm
+ In
Va
Ic
Zs
}Z
m
Vb Zn
+
Vc
- - -
In terms of symmetrical components:
- With mutual coupling
- Without mutual coupling, Zm = 0

A balanced 3-phase voltage of 100V line-to-neutral is
applied to a balanced Y-connected load with
ungrounded neutral. The 3-phase load consists of 3
mutually-coupled reactances. Each phase has a series
reactances of Zs = j12 , and the mutual coupling
between phases is Zm = j4 .
a) Determine the line currents

by mesh analysis without
using symmetrical
components.
b) Determine the line currents

using symmetrical
components.
 Applying KVL:
 Applying KCL:
 The equation in matrix form

But, Zn = 0
Static device has no effect on the
impedance, because the voltages and
currents encounter the same geometry
of the line, irrespective of the sequence.
Z1 = Z2; Z0 is different from Z1 and Z2
where
The zero sequence impedance of the transmission line

is >3x larger the +ve or –ve sequence impedance.
 The inductances of a syn. m/c depend on the
phase order of the sequence current relative to
the direction of rotation of the rotor.
 The positive-sequence reactance varies for

balanced 3-phase fault studies:
was used for the balanced 3-phase fault

studies.
 When the negative-sequence currents are
impressed in the stator, the net flux in the air
gap rotates at opposite direction to that of
rotor eg the net flux rotates at twice the syn.
speed relative to the rotor.
 The field wdg. has no influence, but the

damper wdg. produces an effect in the
quadrature axis.
 A set of zero-sequence currents are all

identical.
Where Xl ≡ leakage reactance
 The transformer is modeled with the equivalent series
leakage impedance.
 Transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance

will not change if the phase sequence is changed:
 In - or a - transformer:
- the positive-sequence line VHV leads line VLV by
30º
- the negative-sequence voltage, the corresponding
phase shift is - 30º.
 The zero-sequence impedance depends on the wdg.

connections and also depends on whether the neutral
is grounded or not.
In = 3I0 The neutral impedance appears as 3Zn

Transformer zero-sequence equivalent circuit
Convert to symmetrical components:
- generated emf is balanced
Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence

network network network
Assume that the generator
is initially unloaded.
The boundary conditions at

the fault point:
Recall:
But, and,
While Va = IaZf
Hence, the fault current equals

Assuming that the generator
is initially at no-load.

the fault point:
The symmetrical components

of currents:
Recall:
The phase current:

 The fault current:
In many practical applications, the positive and

negative- sequence impedances are found to be
equal.
For bolted fault, Zf = 0
Assuming that the generator
is initially at no-load.

the fault point:
Recall:
XT10= XT20 = XT30= XT40 = XT50= XT6 0 = j0.1pu
XG10= XG20 = XM30 =j0.4pu
XL10= XL20 = XL30=j0.06pu M3

ZnG1= ZnT1= j1.0pu
T U
T3 T4
T2
T5
R S
M P
L2 L3 V X
G1 T6 G2
T1
N Q L1 W Z
ZnG1 ZnT1
10.5
10.5
Positive sequence network
Zero sequence network
 Sketch the sequence network
connection for a 3-phase balanced
fault.
10.5
Symmetrical components of fault current:
The fault current:

Bus voltages during fault for phase a:
Fault currents in lines for phase a:

The fault current:

The symmetrical components of bus voltages
during fault:
Bus voltages during fault:
Symmetrical components of fault current in
lines for phase a:
The line fault current:
The fault current:

during fault:
The phase current at the faulted bus:
during fault:

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SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS AND

 Sequence Impedances of Y-Connected Loads,

 Sequence Networks of a Loaded Generator

 Single Line to Ground Fault

 Line to Line Fault

 Double Line to Ground Fault

 Unbalanced Fault Analysis Using Bus Impedance

 3-phase symmetrical fault

 Single line-to-ground fault

1. Positive-sequence components consisting of a

2. Negative-sequence components consisting of a

3. Zero-sequence components consisting of three

Based on an operator a that causes a counterclockwise rotation of

Positive phase Negative phase

3 sets of balanced phasors, which are the symmetrical components

Graphical addition of the

The zero sequence component of current is equal to one-third of

When the phase currents sum to zero eg in a 3-phase system with

If the neutral of the power system is grounded, zero-sequence

Obtain the original unbalanced

The total unbalanced power = the sum of symmetrical

 Sequence networks carrying the currents:

 To calculate the effect of a fault by the method of

 Z2 – negative sequence impedance

 Z0 – zero sequence impedance

- Without mutual coupling, Zm = 0

a) Determine the line currents

b) Determine the line currents

 The equation in matrix form

Z1 = Z2; Z0 is different from Z1 and Z2

The zero sequence impedance of the transmission line

 The positive-sequence reactance varies for

was used for the balanced 3-phase fault

 The field wdg. has no influence, but the

 A set of zero-sequence currents are all

 Transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance

 The zero-sequence impedance depends on the wdg.

In = 3I0 The neutral impedance appears as 3Zn

Positive-sequence Negative-sequence Zero-sequence

The boundary conditions at

Hence, the fault current equals

The boundary conditions at

The symmetrical components

The phase current:

In many practical applications, the positive and

The boundary conditions at

XG10= XG20 = XM30 =j0.4pu

XL10= XL20 = XL30=j0.06pu M3

The fault current:

Fault currents in lines for phase a:

The fault current:

The fault current:

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