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Airspace and ATC Services - Part 2

This document discusses different types of special use airspace including prohibited areas, restricted areas, warning areas, military operation areas, alert areas, and controlled firing areas. It provides details on each type such as their purpose and operating procedures. Additionally, it covers other airspace designations like military training routes, temporary flight restrictions, published VFR routes, terminal radar service areas, and national security areas. Key terms related to special use airspace and airspace classification are also defined.

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Jocsan Acosta
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54 views13 pages

Airspace and ATC Services - Part 2

This document discusses different types of special use airspace including prohibited areas, restricted areas, warning areas, military operation areas, alert areas, and controlled firing areas. It provides details on each type such as their purpose and operating procedures. Additionally, it covers other airspace designations like military training routes, temporary flight restrictions, published VFR routes, terminal radar service areas, and national security areas. Key terms related to special use airspace and airspace classification are also defined.

Uploaded by

Jocsan Acosta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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6/29/23

Special Use Airspace


o Prohibited Areas
o Restricted Areas
o Warning Areas
o Military Operations
Area (MOA)
o Alert Areas
o Controlled Firing Area
(CFA)

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Prohibited Areas
o Flight of aircraft is
prohibited
o Normally
established for
security or national
welfare

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Restricted Areas
o Denote the existence of
unusual often times
invisible hazards
n Artillery firing
n Aerial gunnery
n Guided missiles
o Not always active
n Contact controlling agency

33

Warning Areas
o 3 NM outward from
coast
o Activity hazardous to
nonparticipating
aircraft
o Intended to warn
nonparticipating pilots

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Military Operations Area (MOA)


o Designed to separate
military and IFR traffic
o VFR pilots should
exercise caution
n Air combat tactics
n Aerobatics
n Low-altitude tactics
n Formation training

35

Alert Areas
o Designed to warn
nonparticipating pilots
n High volume flight
training
n Unusual aerial activity
o All pilots equally
responsible for
collision avoidance

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Controlled Firing Area (CFA)


o Activities that could be hazardous to
nonparticipating aircraft
o Uncharted on the sectional chart
o Activities are stopped immediately when an
aircraft is spotted by:
n Spotter aircraft
n Radar
n Ground spotters

37

Other Airspace
o Military Training Routes (MTR)
o Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
o Published VFR Routes
o Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)
o National Security Areas

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Military Training Routes MTR’s


o IR – IFR procedures are conducted regardless
of weather
o VR – VFR procedures, must have 5 SM and
3,000 ft ceilings
n No segment above 1,500 ft identified by 4
numbers ( IR1206, VR1207)
n One or more segments above 1,500 ft identified
by 3 numbers (IR206, VR207)

39

Temporary Flight Restriction TFR


o NOTAM documents the valid time and
operations that are restricted
n Protect persons and property in air or on the
surface
n Provide a safe environment for disaster relief
n Prevent congestion over public events (sporting)
n Protect the president, vice president
n Provide safe environment for space agency
operations

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Published VFR Routes


o Allows VFR traffic to more easily navigate through
congested airspace (class B)
o VFR Flyways
n No ATC clearance required
n On the back of associated Terminal Area Charts (TAC)
o VRF Corridor
n Essentially “a hole” through class B airspace
o VFR Transition Route
n Defined, standard route to minimize clearance time

41

VFR Flyways

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VFR Corridor

43

VFR Transition Route

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Terminal Radar Service Area


o Not a part 71 airspace
o Primary airport is class D
o Underlying airspace is class E
o Participation is encouraged but not required
o Charted by a black ring on sectional charts

45

Terminal Radar Service Area

46

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National Security Areas (NSA)


o Pilots requested to voluntarily avoid flights
through NSA
o Flights may be temporarily prohibited, and
will be announced via NOTAM

47

Air Traffic Control Services


o Primary RADAR
n The primary RADAR uses echoes off of the
aircraft
n Primary RADAR allows ATC to determine an
aircraft’s position and speed, but not altitude
o Secondary RADAR
n Utilizes the aircraft’s transponder to determine
altitude

48

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Air Traffic Control Services


o Transponder Codes:
n 7700 – General Emergency
n 7600 – Lost Communication
n 7500 – Hijacking
n 7777 – Discrete Military Code
o Emergency Frequency:
n 121.5 VHF
n 243.0 UHF

49

Air Traffic Control Services

50

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Air Traffic Control Services


o Traffic Advisories:
n ATC issues traffic
advisories based on
observed radar targets
n The traffic is referenced by
azimuth from the aircraft in
terms of the 12-hour clock
n The pilot should note that
traffic position is based on
the aircraft track, and that
wind correction can affect
the clock position

51

Radio Communication
o Restricted Radio License:
n Issued by the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC)
n Required to be in pilots possession for international
operations
n Valid indefinitely
o Radio Station License:
n Issued by the FCC
n Required for airplanes flying international or weighing
over 12,500 lbs
n Valid for 10 years (to the day)

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Radio Communication
o Radio Equipment
n In general aviation, the most common types of radios are
Very High Frequency (VHF)
n A VHF radio operates on frequencies between 118.0 and
136.975 and is classified as 720 or 760 depending on the
number of channels it can accommodate
n The 720 and 760 use .025 spacing (118.025, 118.050)
with the 720 having a frequency range up to 135.975 and
the 760 going up to 136.975
n VHF radios are limited to line of sight transmissions;
therefore, aircraft at higher altitudes are able to transmit
and receive at greater distances

53

Radio Communication
o Technique:
n Listen – Understand what the air traffic is telling
you
n Think – Decide what is required for the readback
n Speak – Read back only instructions

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Radio Communication
o Basics of Communication:
n When communicating with an air traffic
controller the following should be said:
o Who you are

o Where you are


o What you want to do

55

Key Terms
o General
o Controlled Airspace
o Class G Airspace
o Special Use Airspace
o Other Airspace Areas
o Prohibited Areas
o Restricted Areas
o Alert Areas
o Warning Areas
o Military Operations Areas
o National Security Areas
o Controlled Firing Areas

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