SOLID MECHANICS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT SECOND SEMESTER (200LEVEL) SM: BEAM EACTION ‘TITLE: Determination of the Reactions of Simply supported Beams. AIM(S): §) To determine the reaction of simply supported beam, and ii) To compare the results with those obtained theoretically. INTRODUCTION ‘The reactions of simply supported beams can be calculated by the application of equation of equilibrium (resolution of forces and moments). Such beams are referring o as being statically determinate. That isthe numberof equilibrium equation is Same or equa tothe number of the unknown reaction in the beam (also means that total upward forces is equal to the sum of the counteracting downward forces). ‘The frst step in the solution of problems of statically determinate structure (beams) isto draw the free body diagram (taking in to consideration the type of support reaction and loading). The equations of statically equilibrium, such as those given ere then applied. EFH=0 BY =0 mM=0 APPARAUTUS: © A tecquipment Universal test rig with a mild steet Beam (2Smmx6.7mm) © A selection of rigid, fixed and simple supports. ‘© Three elastic supporis( load cells which need calibrating © Weighing hangers and weights EXPERIMENT HINTS: 1) Limit each concentrated loads on the beam either a maximum of 4.5kg ( about 45N) or such that the maximum deflection does not exceed 1/200 of the beam span. 1g. Make sure that you return to b) Take readings for the load increasing and decreas: your original zero reading.PROCEDURE: «© Devise a method for calibrating the load cells. . system for different combinations of loads as shown inthe ‘© Setup the beam figres below in each eas note and record he reactions RAs KB, RC. at the support. RESULTS! = For each beam system showing the reaction atthe supports using the equation of equilibrium. in figures below the free body diagram and calculate «Present your results in tabular form showing foreach figure, the calculated readings and the measured reaction. © Discuss your results and make necessary conclusion. 18All dimensions are in emSMI: BENDING OF BEAMS, TITLE: Ream Deflection: AIM (8): 1 To study the central vertical deflection of simply supported beam. To study the deflection ofa simple controller 3. To verify the bending theory equ TROUCTIO’ The bending theory predicts thatthe central defleetion (8) of a simple supported ‘beam (fig. 2.1) is given by the equations. ion, Where by W: is the vertical applied load Ec is the young modulus of elasticity. L: Length ofthe beam I: is the second moment of area of the beam. Deflection on simply supported beam deflection on a cantilever beam Fora simple cantilever beam (fig. 2.2) the deflection at a point x from the fixed end given. by 8 =[ w/6El] (x*-31x"). 20APPARATUS: A tecquipment universal lost rig with a mild steel beam (25.4mm x6.7mm) * A selection of rigid, fixed and simple support, © Three elastic supports (load cells) with need calibrating. © Weight han; rs and weights, EXPERIMENTAL TINT, 2). limit each concentrated load on the beam to either maximum of 4.5kg (45N) or such thatthe maximum deflection does no exceed 1/200 ofthe spa. &). to overcome fiction inthe system, tap the base siate until dial gauge reading settles: ‘ ©) take reading for load increasing and decreasing and make sure you return to your original zero reading. EXPERMENTS: TEST 1 ‘Set up the beam system in figure 2.3. Increase the central load gradually and ‘record deflection at mnid-span (withthe aid ofthe dial gauge indicator) for each load, Note thatthe load should not be more than 4.5 kg (45N). TEST Set up the beam in fig. 24 fora suitable length L of cantilever. Apply different loads to the cantilever at mid way between the fixed and free end. Record the deflection (8) for each load, REPEAT THE SAME PROCEDURE: () Mid way between the fixed end and the middle of the beam, (ii) Mid way between the free end and the middle of the beam. (iil) Atthe free end of the cantilever. Record your reading in the different tables for the test Plot a graph of deflection 6) against loads (W) for the simply supported beam. 21ORSION TEST: SVTLE: TORSING TEST: am To cary out tests inorder to determine for ductility and bite of material specimen 4) Modulus of rigidity, Elastic limit and modulus of rupture, ’ 1) The general characteristics ofthe torque angle of twist relationship. j THEOR' A ctoula rod or tube subjected to twisting moments acting on its ends is said t be in i pure shear, the resulting forces represent the act tangentially on the cross section s ofthe tod, ‘The shear stress and shear strain ae linearly proportional within the elastic limit for most engineering materials, The constant of proportionality is the shear modulus of elasticity ofthe material, When the twisting moment (torque) increases beyond the limit, of elasticity it becomes plastic the maximum value of shear stress attained in a torsion test is known as the modulus of rupture, ‘The theoretical relations are: | Gemodulus of rigidity J= polar moment of inertia, Tv += angular shear strain ngular shear stress = angle of twist ‘T= applied torque Lelength of material radius of material EQUIPMEN The teequipment torsion test machine shown in fig 3.1 consists of rigid base (A) carrying 8 fixed head stock (B) atthe left end, and a manually ~ operated straining head (C) which 5 allowed to move horizontally. A balanced torque arm is fited on the free end of the heac! stock main shaft (D) the torque applied to the specimen measured by a circular 23spring balance (E). The specimen is firmly held between two identical chucks (F) and (G), The hand wheel (H) on the angular displacement of the rotated end of the specimen js measure by protractor scales and the revolution counter, all mounted on the straining head. SPE MEN: “Torsion specimens are eut from rods having hexagonal cross section the standard configuration and dimensions of the torsion specimen are shown in fig. 3.2. The materials available for this test are mild steel and brass. PROCEDURE: 1. Measure the gauge length and test diameter of the specimen. 2. Draw a line through the length of pencil, This serves fa test section of the specimen using, @ as; visual aid to the degree of twist being put on the specimen during loading. Mount the specimen firmly in the torsion machine. 4, Zero at scales on the machine 5, For each increment of strain record the following, (@) Angle of twist of the rotating end @, in degree (b) Applied torque T in Nm TEST RESULTS: (@) Plot the torque (T) against angle of twist (0) (b) Plot the shear stress (T) against shear strain (8) (©) Determine for each material i) The modulus rigidity G in GN/m* ii) The elastic limit of rupture in Nim? ili) The modulus of rupture in Némm? Fig. 3.1 the test rig for version test.4) State and comment upon the value obtained from the test 1) Comment on the overall behavior of ench material <) Compare the test results with the tabulated properties for test material and discuss any error involved. 25