Scribd
Upload
27 views21 pages

Unit 1.4

This document covers key concepts about functions including definitions of domains, ranges, and determining whether a relation is a function using the vertical line test. It also discusses properties of functions such as symmetry, and determining if a function is increasing or decreasing by comparing the outputs of inputs. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to analyze functions algebraically and graphically.

Uploaded by

Ayanda Cebekhulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views21 pages

Unit 1.4

This document covers key concepts about functions including definitions of domains, ranges, and determining whether a relation is a function using the vertical line test. It also discusses properties of functions such as symmetry, and determining if a function is increasing or decreasing by comparing the outputs of inputs. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to analyze functions algebraically and graphically.

Uploaded by

Ayanda Cebekhulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

THEME 1: FUNCTIONS

UNIT 1.4 Functions and their Graphs

Steward Section 1.1 page 10 – 23


Definition of a Function
A function is a rule that assigns to each
element in a set 𝐷, exactly one element, called
𝑓 𝑥 in a set 𝐸
Activity
Example: Are the following relations functions?
1. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1
2. 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
How do we check for a function?
Can you recall the vertical line test?
Domain and Range
Domain 𝓓
Range 𝓡
1 1
Remember the 3 rules: (a) 𝑥 (b) (c)
𝑥 𝑥
Activity
Find the domain of the following functions.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
1
2. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −𝑥
1
3. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −5

What are dependent and independent variables?


1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2
𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0 ∴ 𝑥 ≥ −2
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ [−2, ∞)

1
2. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑥 ≠ 0 ∴ 𝑥 𝑥 − 1 ≠ 0
∴ 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ 1
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, 0) ∪ (0,1) ∪ (1, ∞)
1
3. 𝑦 =
𝑥 2 −5
𝑥2 − 5 > 0 ∴ (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 5) ≻ 0
Domain: 𝑥 ∈ (−∞, − 5) ∪ ( 5, ∞)
(Remember the visual method!)
Another Example
1. Determine the domain of the function:
2−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
log(2𝑥)
Determine the domain of the function:
2−𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
log(2𝑥)
For this problem we have three things to consider:
(1) 2 − 𝑥 ≥ 0 ∴ 𝑥 ≤ 2

(2) 2𝑥 > 0 ∴ 𝑥 > 0 (log property)

(3) log 2𝑥 ≠ 0 ∴ 2𝑥 ≠ 100 ∴ 2𝑥 ≠ 1


1
𝑥≠
2
1 1
SOLUTION: Domain 𝑥 ∈ (0 , ) ∪ ( , 2]
2 2
Piecewise Defined Functions
Activity
Sketch the graph of
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = |2𝑥 + 1|
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−3 +1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 2 − 1|
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6|
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = |2𝑥 + 1|
You basically sketch a piecewise function.
1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ − and
2
1
𝑓 𝑥 = − 2𝑥 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −
2
y
1

1
−
2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 3 + 1
If you consider transformations: The graph
shifts 3 units horizontally to the right and 1
unit vertically upwards.
y
4

0 1 2 3
3. 𝒇 𝒙 = |𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏|
Here you have to be careful…..
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 − 1 ≥ 0 and
𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 − 1 < 0
It can become VERY complicated if you want to analyse it
mathematically. SEE NEXT SLIDE FOR THE EXPLANATION
y

-1 0 1

-1
2 2
2 𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 −1≥0
𝑥 −1 =൝
− 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 2 − 1 < 0
𝑥2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) ≥ 0
=൝
1 − 𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) < 0
𝑥 2 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −1
=൝
1 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 −1<𝑥 <1

1
-1 1
4. 𝑓 𝑥 = |𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6|
= |(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)|
y
6

1
-2 3 x
2

-6
Symmetry
 A function is called EVEN if it satisfies:
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
It is symmetrically about the 𝑦 −axis
10
y

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
x

 A function is called ODD if it satisfies:


𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
It is symmetrically about the origin
y 8

-2 -1 1 2
-2
x

-4

-6

-8
Activity
Example 11: Determine whether each of
the following functions is EVEN, ODD or
NEITHER. State the symmetry also for each.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 4
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 + 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = (−𝑥)5 +(−𝑥)
= −𝑥 5 − 𝑥
≠𝑓 𝑥
but 𝑓 −𝑥 = −( 𝑥 5 + 𝑥)
= −𝑓 𝑥
So the function is ODD
Symmetric with respect to the origin
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 4
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = 1 − (−𝑥)4
= 1 − 𝑥4
=𝑓 𝑥
So the function is EVEN
Symmetric about the y-axis
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = 2 −𝑥 − (−𝑥)2
= −2𝑥 − 𝑥 2
= −(2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
≠𝑓 𝑥
≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
So the function is neither EVEN nor ODD
There is NO symmetry
𝑥
4. 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+1
(−𝑥) −𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = = ≠ 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑥 +1 −𝑥+1
Take out a minus
𝑥
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = ≠ −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥−1
∴ 𝑓 is neither even nor odd
No symmetry
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
 A function 𝑓 is increasing on an interval 𝐼
if 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ) when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
20
y

15

10

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
x

 A function 𝑓 is decreasing on an interval 𝐼


if 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
20
y

15

10

0
-4.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.5 -2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0
x

Take Note: We always use open brackets to indicate the


intervals of increasing or decreasing, NEVER closed
brackets.
 Check the learning objectives
 Check the additional notes in the study
guide page 14, 15 and 16
 Do the additional exercises on page 14, 15
and 16
 Do all the recommended problems

You might also like