Data Communication Networks

EEL3080

Lecture - 1

Prof. Manoj Choudhary

IIT Jodhpur
04 Jan 2022
Best wishes for a very happy and healthy new
year 2022
My Background (1/2)
❑ Currently, a Professor at IIT Jodhpur (since Oct 2021)
❑ Worked in the Industry for > 2 decades after PhD, at senior techno-management executive levels (as Head
of Business Unit)
❖ Ph.D thesis “Studies on some new classes of Optical Orthogonal Codes” – IIT Kanpur (2002)
❖ Industry:
Novell (Computer, Software)
Samsung (Electronics, Software, IT, Semiconductor)
Texas Instruments (Semiconductor, Electronics)
❑ Area of work: Communication Systems (5G/5G+, WLAN, WPAN) & Networks, Internet of Things (Smart
Homes), SOC Development (including Software), CMOS Image Sensors, AI, ML and computer vision
❑ Areas of interests: Telecom regulation, Cyber security, Medical technologies, Skill development, addressing
societal problems through technological interventions
❑ Research Outcomes: 30+ Granted Patents, 7 Standards co-authored, 1 Book, in addition to Papers/tutorials
in conferences
❖ Worldwide standards leader
❖ Ultra Wide Band Communications (UWB), Ultra Low Power Communications (ULP)
❖ Heterogeneous systems and networks (Cellular-WLAN interworking)
❖ 5G research to prototype to standards to product
3/22
My Background (2/2)
❑ R&D – Product Development & Management: 20+ years with significant outcomes
❖ (Samsung) Led Business Unit of 1,200 R&D Engineers across SW/HW in 5G Modem, WiFi, SOC Development,
CMOS Image Sensor Development for Mobile, Automotive and wearables
❖ (Samsung) Led Digital Media & Communication – “research to market” for 5G, wireless standards, affective
computing, Smart Homes & IOT
❖ (Samsung) previously set up & led Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT) in the broad areas of
communications, reconfigurable processors, affective computing, connected healthcare and battery.
❖ (Texas Instruments) Led Mobile Handset Modem Protocol Software Development for GSM/GPRS/EDGE
❖ (Novell) Research engineer in network security area (distributed denial of service attacks)
❖ (ERNET) Networks Engineer
❑ Academic Ecosystem collaboration
❖ Set up >10 projects across different IITs/IIIT for collaborative projects with Samsung

4/22
 Ever wondered…

What it takes to share a photo, using whatapp, from one

mobile phone to another one (miles away) ??

5/22
A Communication Model
❑ Source
❖ generates data to be transmitted
❑ Transmitter
❖ Converts data into transmittable signals
❑ Transmission System
❖ Carries data
❑ Receiver
❖ Converts received signal into data
❑ Destination
❖ Takes/consumes incoming data

6/22
Simplified Communications Model - Diagram

7/22
Today’s Internet
❑ Today’s Internet is arguably the
largest engineered system ever
created by mankind,
❖ with hundreds of
millions of connected
computers, communication
links, and switches; with billions
of users who connect
via laptops, tablets, and
smartphones; and with an array
of new Internet-connected
“things” including
game consoles, surveillance
systems, watches, eye glasses,
thermostats, body scales, and
cars. Given
❖ With so many diverse
components and uses, we must
understand how it works
❖ By now, we have ~ 30 billion
devices (and ever growing)
connected to the Internet 8/22
What’s Protocol?
❑ Agreed set of
request-response
behavior
❖ A protocol defines
the format and the
order of messages
exchanged between
two or more
communicating
entities, as well as
the actions taken on
the transmission
and/or receipt of a
message or other
event.
❑ Standards that
define the protocols
❖ IETF
❖ IEEE 9/22
Networking
❑ Point to point communication not usually practical
❖ Devices are too far apart
❖ Large set of devices would need impractical number of connections

❑ Solution is a communications network

❖ Wide Area Network (WAN)
❖ Local Area Network (LAN)

10/22
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
❑ Large geographical area
❑ Consists of intermediate nodes
❖ provides switching from node to node
❑ Rely in part on common carrier circuits

❑ Implementation
• Traditionally
Circuit switching
Packet switching
• Recently
Frame relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

11/22
Circuit Switching
❑ Dedicated communications path established for the duration of the conversation

❑ Connection oriented communication

❖ Establish a circuit
❖ Transmit messages
❖ Release the circuit

❑ Example 🡺Telephone Network

12/22
Packet Switching

❑ Data sent out of sequence

❑ Small chunks (packets) of data at a time

❑ Packets passed from node to node between source and destination

❑ Need to have methods to identify, and combine packets

❑ Used for terminal to computer and computer to computer communications

13/22
Frame Relay
❑ Packet switching systems have large overheads to compensate for errors

❑ Modern systems are more reliable

❑ Errors can be caught in end system

❑ Most overhead for error control is minimized

❑ Frame is a variable size of data

❑ Intermediate node does not perform error detection & correction

14/22
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

❑ ATM is also known as cell relay network

❑ Fixed packet size, called Cells

❑ Gives almost same overhead for error control

❑ It gives less processing overhead than the frame relay

❑ Higher layer performs error detection & correction

❑ Anything from 10Mbps to Gbps

❑ Constant data rate using packet switching technique

15/22
Local Area Networks (LAN)

❑ Smaller scope than WAN

❖ Building or small campus
❑ Usually owned by a single organization
❖ E.g., different departments have their own LANs
❑ Data rates much higher than WAN

❑ LAN Configuration
❖ Switched LANs
Switched Ethernet LAN
May consists of one or more switches
❖ Wireless LANs
Allow user mobility
Ease of installation

16/22
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)

❑ A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN

❑ Unlike LAN, it ranges from several blocks of buildings to entire cities

❑ Like LAN, a MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization

❑ Often provide means for internetworking of local networks

❑ Gives High speed and covers Large area

17/22
Aspects of Networks systems
❑ Speed
❖ How to leverage physical resources
❑ Error Free Transmission
❑ Reliability
❑ How to allow quality of service guarantees
❑ Addressing & Routing in the network, traffic behavior, congestion control
❑ How to maximize # of simultaneous users
❑ Security Vulnerabilities → addressing them
❖ A network is as secure as its weakest link

18/22
 Course Contents
❑ Introduction: Introduction to data communication, layered architecture.
❑ Data Link Control:
❖ Measure of information, entropy, source coding
❖ Error detection: linear block code examples, cyclic redundancy check
❖ Retransmission strategies: ARQ protocols, framing
❑ Delay models in Data Networks:
❖ Introduction to Queueing theory, Little’s theorem, different queueing systems
❖ Priority queueing, Burke’s theorem, network of queues
❑ Multi-access Communication:
❖ Random access techniques, tree algorithms
❖ FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
❖ Reservation, polling, token ring and buses, High speed LANs
❑ Circuit Switching and packet switching:
❖ Circuit-switched networks, packet switching principles, introduction to switch architecture, high speed switch scheduling
❑ Routing in Data Networks:
❖ Spanning trees, shortest path routing
❖ Broadcast routing, optimal routing
❑ Flow and congestion control:
❖ Window/Credit Schemes, Rate based schemes
❑ TCP/IP and ATM:
❖ TCP operation, TCP error, flow and congestion control, ATM reference architecture, traffic and congestion control.
19/22
Evaluation
Goal

❑ Model data networks and analyze their performance

❑ Understand the issues and design the next-generation data networks
❑ Understand how systems are realized; with quality metrics

Continuous Evaluation
❑ Two (2) Quiz – 10% weightage each (total 20%)
❑ Two (2) Assignment – 10% weightage each (total 20%)
❑ One Mid-semester exam – 20% weightage
❑ End-Semester Exam (40%)

20/22
Books/reading material
Recommended
❑ Bertsekas, D. P. and Gallager, R. G., (1992), Data Networks, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall
❑ Stallings, W., (2007), Data and Computer Communications, 8th Edition, Pearson
❑ Tanenbaum, A.S. and Wetheral, D.J. (2011), Computer Networks, 5th Edition, Pearson
❑ Korose, Ross, Computer Networking – A top down approach, 7th Edition, Pearson
❑ Forouzan, B. A., (2007), Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill

21/22
THANK YOU