Data Communication Networks

EEL3080

Lecture – 2 (Introduction to Networks)

Prof. Manoj Choudhary

IIT Jodhpur
06 Jan 2022
Introduction
Lecture goal: Overview/roadmap:
• Get “feel,” “big picture,” • What is the Internet? What is a
introduction to terminology protocol?
• Network edge: hosts, access network,
• more depth, detail later in physical media
course • Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
• Performance: loss, delay, throughput
• Protocol layers, service models
• Security
• History

Source: Kurose 2/32

Some network apps

▪ social networking ▪ voice over IP (e.g., Skype)

▪ Web ▪ real-time video conferencing
▪ text messaging (e.g., Zoom)
▪ e-mail ▪ Internet search
▪ multi-user network games ▪ remote login
▪ streaming stored video ▪…
(YouTube, Hulu, Netflix)
▪ P2P file sharing Q: your favorites?

Source: Kurose 3/32

The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view

Billions of connected mobile network

computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
Source: Kurose 4/32
Internet-connected devices

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones Fitbit
Source: Kurose 5/32
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view

mobile network
4G
• Internet: “network of networks” national or global ISP

• Interconnected ISPs
▪ protocols are everywhere Skype
IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network
▪
datacenter
Internet standards Ethernet
network

• RFC: Request for Comments

TCP
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
Force network

WiFi
Source: Kurose 6/32
The Internet: a “services” view

• Infrastructure that provides mobile network

services to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games, Streaming
e-commerce, social media, Skype video
inter-connected appliances, … local or
regional ISP
▪ provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network

Source: Kurose 7/32

What’s a protocol?

Human protocols: Network protocols:

▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

Rules for: Protocols define the format, order of

… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt

Source: Kurose 8/32

What’s a protocol?

A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

Source: Kurose 9/32
Lecture 2: Continued

• What is the Internet?

• What is a protocol?
• Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
• Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
• Performance: loss, delay, throughput
• Security
• Protocol layers, service models
• History
Source: Kurose 10/32
A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Source: Kurose 11/32

A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

•wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Source: Kurose 12/32

A closer look at Internet structure

mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
• hosts: clients and servers
• servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

•wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network
Network core:
▪ interconnected routers
▪ network of networks enterprise
network

Source: Kurose 13/32

Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end systems to mobile network

national or global ISP
edge router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks (school,
company)
local or
• mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Source: Kurose 14/32

Access networks: cable-based access

cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Source: Kurose 15/32
Access networks: cable-based access

cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

▪ HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbps downstream transmission rate, 30-100 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
▪ network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Source: Kurose 16/32
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)

central office telephone

network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Source: Kurose 17/32
Access networks: home networks

Wireless and wired

devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Source: Kurose 18/32
Wireless access networks

Shared wireless access network connects end system to router

▪ via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Source: Kurose 19/32
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link
to
institutional
ISP (Internet)
router
Etherne institutional
t mail,
switch web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Source: Kurose 20/32
Access networks: data center networks

mobile network
▪ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s Gbps) national or global ISP
connect hundreds to thousands of
servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network

Source: Kurose 21/32

Host: sends packets of data

host sending function:

▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each

▪ transmits packet into access

2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, aka link host
capacity, aka link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Source: Kurose 22/32
Links: physical media

▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)

transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Source: Kurose 23/32

Links: physical media

Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:

▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional ▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise

Source: Kurose 24/32

Links: physical media

Wireless radio Radio link types:

▪ signal carried in various ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum ▪ wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
▪ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
▪ broadcast, “half-duplex” ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver) • short distances, limited rates
▪ propagation environment ▪ terrestrial microwave
effects: • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• reflection
▪ satellite
• obstruction by objects
• up to 45 Mbps per channel
• Interference/noise • 270 msec end-end delay
Source: Kurose 25/32
Lecture 2: Continued

• What is the Internet?

• What is a protocol?
• Network edge: hosts, access network,
physical media
• Network core: packet/circuit switching,
internet structure
• Performance: loss, delay, throughput
• Security
• Protocol layers, service models
• History
Source: Kurose 26/32
The network core

mobile network
• mesh of interconnected routers national or global ISP
• packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
• network forwards packets from one local or
regional ISP
router to the next, across links on
path from source to destination home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network

Source: Kurose 27/32

Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
▪ global action:
header value output link determine
• aka “switching” 0100
0101
3
2 source-destination
• local action: move 0111 2
paths taken by
1001 1
arriving packets
from router’s packets
input link to 1 ▪ routing algorithms
appropriate router
output link 3 2
1
011

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Source: Kurose 28/32
Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

• packet transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to One-hop numerical example:

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at R bps ▪ L = 10 Kbits
• store and forward: entire packet must arrive at ▪ R = 100 Mbps
router before it can be transmitted on next link ▪ one-hop transmission delay
= 0.1 msec

Source: Kurose 29/32

Packet-switching: queueing

R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Source: Kurose 30/32

Packet-switching: queueing

R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
• packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
• packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Source: Kurose 31/32
THANK YOU