Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St, Ermita, Manila

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

Cells: The Basic Units of Life

Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/what-are-the-differences-between-prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells, 6/22/2020

Quarter 1 Week 2 Module

Learning Competencies:
1. Distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their
distinguishing features (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-3)
2. Classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the
function(s) of each (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-4)
3. Describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to
carry out specialized functions (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-5)
HOW TO USE THE MODULE
Before we start, please set aside other tasks that will disturb you while studying
the lesson. Read the instructions below to successfully achieve the objectives of this
material.
1. Follow carefully all the content and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons that will be explained
here. Remember, writing enhances learning! You can go back to your notes to further
understand each lesson.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your teacher / facilitator keep track and assess your answers using the
answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the pre-test and post-test and apply what you have
learned.

PARTS OF THE MODULE

Expectations - These are objectives that you need to achieve upon completing the
lessons in the module.
Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be mastered
throughout the lesson.
Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure the competencies you
learned from the previous lesson.
Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the new lesson to be
presented.
Activities - A set of activities that you will perform to assess your understanding of the
lesson being presented.
Remember - This section provides lecture notes of the concepts and applications of
the lesson.
Check your Understanding – This section will further verify the level of your
understanding of the concepts and skills learned from the lesson.
Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire module.

1
LESSON 1: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC
CELLS
EXPECTATIONS
This module will help you determine the nature of all organisms – they are made of one or
more cells.
Specifically, this lesson will help you to;
1. Identify the basic characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2. Compare and contrast structures found in each cell type.

Retrieved from https://www.verywellhealth.com/e-coli-symptoms-diagnosis-treatment-4174407, 6//22/2020

Escherichia coli bacteria (red) is one of the most common bacteria on intestinal cells (tan) of
warm – blooded animals and in humans. This type of bacteria makes a potent toxin that can severely
damage the lining of the human intestine. Once ingested, a person may become ill with severe
cramps and bloody diarrhea that lasts for several days. However, this bacteria lives in the intestine
of other animals – mainly cattle, deer, goat and sheep – apparently without sickening them.
Humans are exposed to the bacteria when they come into contact with feces of animals that
harbor it. Meat comes in contact with feces during slaughter. Contaminated meat will enter the
digestive tract of whoever eats it.

Since you are about to learn a new lesson, you have to answer the questions on
the next page as your Pretest. This will determine if you have prior knowledge about the
topic. Good luck!

2
PRETEST
1. What is unicellular?
A. one cell B. many cells C. no nucleus D. DNA
2. First type of cell to appear on Earth.
A. plant B. animal C. prokaryotic D. eukaryotic
3. Where is the DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?
A. floating around in the cytoplasm C. in the nucleus
B. found in every organelle D. scattered in the cell membrane
4. What does the prefix "pro" mean?
C. before B. true C. nucleus D. after
5. These cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
A. prokaryotes B. eukaryotes C. both D. neither
6. All are examples of organisms which consist of eukaryotic cell except-
A. fungi B. plants C. animals D. bacteria
7. Which type of cells are ONLY unicellular?
A. prokaryotes B. eukaryotes C. plants D. animals
8. Where is the DNA found in a prokaryote?
A. in a membrane C. in a nucleus
B. it doesn't have DNA D. "loose" inside the cell
9. What do all eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?
A. nucleus B. flagella C. DNA D. cytoskeleton
10. Which of the following describes prokaryotic DNA?
A. It is circular C. It lies within the cytoplasm
B. It is within a nucleus. D. It is usually larger than eukaryotic DNA

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

A cell is the smallest unit of a living thing. A living thing, whether made of one cell (like bacteria)
or many cells (like a human), is called an organism. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all
organisms.
All organisms are made of cells. Cells are microscopic units that collectively carry out processes
that make the organisms a living entity. Their discovery revolutionized life on earth. They have captured
the interest of many scientists. If only your eyes could magnify all cells in your body, when you look at
the mirror, you could be seeing trillions of cells of around 200 different types!

Let us check if you still remember the basic parts of a cell. Answer the exercise on the succeeding
page. Good luck!

Match column A with column B

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Endoplasmic reticulum A. contains green pigment
2. Vacuole B. composed of phospholipid bilayer
3. Mitochondrion C. control center for all processes
4. Nucleus D. for cell division in animal cells
5. Golgi body E. for storage of ions, water and waste
6. Chloroplast F. serves as a transport system for
proteins

3
 7. Ribosome G. digest or break down cell debris
8. Cell membrane H. modifies, packs and sorts materials
9. Centrioles I. site of cellular respiration
10. Lysosome J. site of protein synthesis

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Organization is one of the characteristics of living things. All structures are organized to
produce and maintain stable living conditions. The simplest is the cellular level wherein an organism is
composed of one or more cells. They are known as unicellular, if the organisms like a bacterium (plural
form bacteria) and amoeba are composed of a single cell.

Retrieved from https://www.sciencealert.com/bacteria-can-shed-their-outer-skin-inside-us-to-avoid-antibiotics-

new-study-shows & https://www.arcella.nl/amoeba-proteus/, 6/22/2020
Figure 1. A bacterium (left) and an amoeba (right)

When organisms are composed of many cells, they are known as multicellular. Animals and
plants are considered multicellular. Based on simplicity and complexity of internal organelles, cells can
be classified as prokaryotic cell (pro – before; karyote – nucleus) and eukaryotic cell (eu – true; karyote
– nucleus) cell. When a cell lacks a membrane – bound nucleus, it is described as prokaryotic and the
organisms are called prokaryotes. Eukaryotic is the term used if distinct membrane – bound nucleus is
present in the cell. This is a characteristic of all organisms except bacteria. They are called eukaryotes.

ACTIVITY 1 Prokaryotic Cell vs. Eukaryotic Cell

A. Label the cell below.

D
B
E

Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/unique-characteristics-of-

prokaryoticcells/#:~:text=Figure%201.,pili%2C%20fimbriae%2C%20and%20capsules., 6/22/20

B. 1. What type of cell is shown above? Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

2. Give atleast two basis in classifying the cell whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
3. How do you know which type of cell it is?

4
 C. Place the following terms into the correct place on the chart. You will only use the
word ONCE.
Prokaryote Only Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote Only
Eukaryote

ribosomes cytoplasm nucleus DNA

cell membrane capsule mitochondria
cell wall plasmid nucleoid

REMEMBER
Prokaryotes
The word prokaryote means “before the nucleus”, a reminder that the first prokaryotes evolved
before the first eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are single – celled. As a group, they are the smallest and most
metabolically diverse forms of life.
Bacteria are examples of the prokaryotic cell type. Besides bacteria, the cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae) are a major group of prokaryotes. Domains Bacteria and Archaea comprise all prokaryotes.
Cells of the two domains are alike in appearance and size, but differ in their structure and metabolic
details. Prokaryotes do not have a complex internal framework, but protein filaments under the cell
membrane impart shape to the cell. Such filaments also act as scaffolding for internal structure. The cell
membrane of all bacteria and archeans selectively controls which substances move to and from the
cytoplasm, as it moves to and from the cytoplasm, as it does for eukaryotic cells.
A rigid cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of nearly all prokaryotes. The wall of most
bacteria consists of proteins and polymers of cross-linked peptides and peptidoglycans. A sticky
polysaccharide material forms a slime layer, or capsule, around the wall of many types of bacteria. This
capsule helps cells adhere to many types of surfaces, and it also protects them from predators and toxins.
Projecting past the wall of many prokaryotic cells are one or more flagella (singular flagellum).
These are slender structures used for motion. Protein filaments called pili (singular pilus) project from
the surface of some bacterial species. Pili help cells cling to or move across surfaces.
The cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains thousands of ribosomes. A prokaryotic cell’s single
chromosome, a circular DNA molecule, is located in an irregularly shaped region called the nucleoid. A
nucleoid is not enclosed by a membrane. Prokaryotes also have plasmids in the cytoplasm. These small
circles of DNA carry a few genes that can confer advantages, such as resistance to antibiotics.

Eukaryotes
All eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. This organelle contains all of a eukaryotic cell’s DNA. Isolated
in its own compartment, DNA stays separated from the activity of the cytoplasm, and from metabolic
reactions that might damage it.
Aside from nucleus, eukaryotes also have other membrane – enclosed organelles such as ER, golgi
bodies, vesicles, mitochondrion, plastids, lysosomes and vacuoles. They also have cytoskeleton, a
dynamic skeleton of proteins. Other organelles without a membrane are also found in eukaryotes such as
ribosomes and centrioles.

5
 Like most prokaryotic cells, many types of eukaryotic cells have a cell wall around the cell
membrane. The cell wall is a porous structure that protects, supports and imparts shape to the cell. Animal
cells do not have cell walls, but plant cells and many protist and fungal cells do.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITY 2
1. Describe the three main features inside a prokaryotic cell.
2. What is a eukaryote? How does the structures of a eukaryotic cell differs from a
prokaryotic cell?
3. Draw a quick sketch of a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell and label each of your
illustrations.

POST-TEST
1. Looking at a cell under a microscope, you note that it is a prokaryote. How do you know?
A. The cell lacks cytoplasm C. the cell lacks nucleus
B. The cell lacks a membrane D. the cell lacks DNA
2. Which of the following do all cells have?
A. flagella B. cell wall C. cell membrane D. nucleus
3. Which of the following is not true about prokaryotic cells?
A. Bacteria are prokaryotes C. prokaryotes have a nucleus
B. Prokaryotes have DNA D. prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes
4. How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar?
A. They both contain membrane-bound organelles.
B. They both have cell membranes.
C. The both have nuclei.
D. They both have chloroplasts.
5. What is the name of the region where double-stranded single circular DNA is found in the
prokaryotic cell?
A. proto-nucleus B. nucleus C. nucleoid D. nucleoplasm
6. The two domains to which prokaryotes are classified into are:
A. Bacteria and Protista C. Bacteria and Archaea
B. Archaea and Eukarya D. Eukarya and Monera
7. The overall shape of a bacterial cell is determined by which of the following?
A. cytoskeleton B. cell wall C. nucleoid D. cell membrane
8. Which type of cell has membrane bound organelles?
A. prokaryotic cells C. eukaryotic cells
B. plant cells D. animal cells
9. Distinction of prokaryotes and eukaryotes is based on-
A. proteins B. nucleus C. DNA D. cell membrane
10. Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is NOT true?
A. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus, one of the largest structures within the
cell.
B. Eukaryotic cells are more complex than are prokaryotic cells.
C. Eukaryotic cells are usually smaller than prokaryotic cells.
D. Eukaryotic cells a believed to have evolved more recently than did prokaryotic cells.

6
LESSON 2: CELL TYPES AND TISSUES
EXPECTATIONS
This section will help you determine how cells vary.
Specifically, this lesson will help you to;
1. Identify the similarities and differences among cells and tissues found in multicellular
organisms.

2. Describe the diversity of each type in terms of organization, structure and function.

Retrieved
from https://www.simply.science/images/content/biology/cell_biology/basic_unit_of_life/conceptmap/Cell_s
hapes.html, 6/22/2020

Just as organisms vary in many ways, so cells differ from each other in many ways. Our human
body has trillions of cells. Surprisingly enough, each of these cells varies in shapes and sizes. Usually,
cells are round, elongated or spherical. There are also some cells which are long and pointed on both
ends. In some cases, the cells are very long. Some may be branched like the neuron or the nerve cell.
Most cells are microscopically small, providing surface area with respect to volume for cell
survival. Cell size ranges from 1 micrometer to 100 micrometers. There are 1000 micrometers in 1
millimeter – the width of a paper clip’s wire. So as you might expect, most cells are invisible to the
naked eye without the aid of a microscope.

Since you are about to learn a new lesson, you have to answer the questions on the
next page as your Pretest. This will determine if you have prior knowledge about the topic.
Good luck!

7
PRE-TEST
1. What cell normally has a circular shape?
A. animal cell B. plant cell C. prokaryotic cell D. eukaryotic cell
2. Which tissue provides mechanical strength to plant?
A. sclerenchyma B. parenchyma C. collenchyma D. chlorenchyma
3. The fiber cells of plants are a type of-
A. parenchyma B. meristematic C. sclerenchyma D. phloem
4. Vascular plant tissue includes all of the following cell types EXCEPT
A. companion cells C. sieve cells
B. cambium cells D. tracheids
5. The photosynthetic cells in the interior of a leaf are what kind of cells?
A. parenchyma B. phloem C. collenchyma D. endodermis
6. Which functional plant cells lack a nucleus?
A. sieve tube cells only C. companion cells only
B. both companion and parenchyma cells D. both xylem and sieve tube cells
7. Glands are composed of which of these tissue types?
A. epithelium B. connective C. muscle D. nervous
8. Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
A. Covers surfaces C. Secretion and absorption.
B. Support of the body D. Lining of the digestive tract
9. Connective tissue mainly contains______.
A. actin B. reticulin C. collagen D. keratin
10. Which of the following tissue types controls body functions?
A. muscle tissue B. nervous tissue C. blood D. epithelial tissue

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

A. Label the parts of an Animal Cell.

3 4
5
2
1 8

10
6
7
Retrieved from https://microdok.com/taxonomic-groups-of-microorganisms/, 6/22/2020
Figure 1. A typical animal cell.

8
 B. True or False. Write if the statement is correct and if not.
1. All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular.
2. Prokaryotic cells are more complicated than eukaryotic cells.
3. Only eukaryotic cells have membrane – bound organelles.
4. Bacteria and protists like amoeba are made of prokaryotic cells.
5. Prokaryotic cells have mitochondria.
6. Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes.
7. Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells.
8. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have nucleus.
9. Prokaryotic cells have a circular DNA called plasmid.
10. Eukaryotic cells have DNA that floats in the cytoplasm.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Cells in multicellular organisms are organized to form the structures and perform the functions of the
organism. The next more complex, or more inclusive, level of organization is the tissue. Tissues are groups of similar
cells that work together to perform a function.
The size of the cells, their shape, and the structures within the cells give clues about the function of the tissue.
For example, nerve tissue is organized like telephone wires. Messages are sent along the long, thin nerve cells that
make up the tissue.

TRIVIA
The cells of some kinds of tissue can recognize other cells like themselves. When the cells are
separated, they group themselves into tissues again. Scientists think the cells may carry a kind of
“password” molecule on their cell membranes. The molecule may help the cell recognize each other.
Tissues of most multicellular organisms are organized into more complex structures. Different kinds
of tissues in these structures, or organs, work together to perform a task. Plants have fewer distinct organs
than animals do. Their organs include roots, stems, leaves and reproductive organs such as flowers. Unlike
in animals where each organ is made up of many different cell types, these plant organs are made up of
basically the same three cell types.

Leaves, stems and roots in plants consist of

three tissue systems. The ground tissue, the
vascular tissue and the dermal tissue. The ground
tissue functions in several tasks, such as
photosynthesis, storage and structural support of
other tissues. Cells of the vascular tissue
distribute water and mineral ions that the plant
takes up from its surroundings. They also carry
sugars produced by photosynthetic cells to the rest
of the plant. The dermal tissue consists of cells
that cover and protect to exposed surfaces of the
plant.
The ground, vascular and dermal tissue
consist of cells that are organized as simple and
complex tissues. Simple permanent tissue is
formed by one type of cell while complex Retrieved from
permanent tissue is formed by different types of http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/p
cells that perform various functions. ants/tissue.html , 6/22/2020
Figure 2. The Plant Tissue Systems

9
 Examples of simple permanent tissues are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Examples
of complex permanent tissues are xylem and phloem. In addition, simple permanent tissue is present in all
parts of the plant, while complex permanent tissue is mainly present in vascular tissue.
All plant tissues arise at meristems, a region of undifferentiated cells that can divide rapidly. Portion
of the descendant cells differentiate and mature into specialized tissues. Primary growth occurs at the apical
meristems located at the tips of shoots and roots. Secondary growth which involves the thickening of stems
and roots occur in the lateral meristems.
Animals are also multi-celled organisms and have cells organized into tissues. Four types of tissues
occur in all vertebrate bodies. Epithelium (plural form epithelia) or epithelial tissues are made of sheet of
cells that cover body surfaces and line internal cavities. Connective tissues made of cells that hold body
parts together and provide structural and functional support to other body tissues. Cells of muscle tissues
contract – or forcefully shorten – in response to signals from nervous tissue. Muscle tissues move the body
and its parts. Nervous tissues consist of cells that detect stimuli and relay information.

Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cuny-csi-ap-1/chapter/higher-order-structures-tissues-organs-

organ-systems/,6/22/2020
Figure 3. Animal Tissues

A body’s cells, tissues and organs interact smoothly when the internal environment stays within a
range that the cells can tolerate. In most animals, blood and interstitial fluid (fluid between cells) are the
internal environment.

ACTIVITY 1 Cross Word Puzzle about Plant Tissues and Cells

Across
3. Certain cells associated with sieve tube.
4. Tubes with pits rather than openings at the ends.
6. Most abundant of the cell types found in the major parts of higher plants.
7. Tissue only meant for growth
10. Provide flexible support for growing and mature plant organs.

10
 11. Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis.
12. Pairs of cells that border stomata.
Down
1. Outermost layer of cells.
2. Parenchyma tissue with connected air spaces.
5. Thick, tough secondary walls impregnated with lignin.
8. Component of the waxy outer coating of aquatic plant leaves.
9. Chief conducting tissue of water and minerals.

ACTIVITY 2 Word Scramble about Animal Tissues and Cells

1. SUAOSMQU ____________________
2. LARTEACGI ____________________
3. RTMXIA ____________________
4. EDIAPSO ____________________
5. RADCICA MUESCL ____________________
6. NOUERN ____________________
7. ANCUORML ____________________
8. DLSAGN ____________________
9. LOODB ____________________
10. SOHTOM SLMCUE ____________________

11
REMEMBER
PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES
Generally, there are two types of plant tissues: meristematic tissue and permanent (or non-
meristematic) tissue. Cells of the meristematic tissue are found in meristems, these are areas where cells
are active in cell division, where they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant. In
contrast, permanent tissue consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing.
There are three types of meristematic tissue based on their location in the plant. Apical meristems
are located at the tips of stems and roots. This tissue enables a plant to extend in length. Lateral meristems,
normally found in roots and stems, facilitate growth in thickness or girth in a maturing plant. Intercalary
meristems are usually found at internodes, or stem regions between the places at which leaves attach, and
leaf bases, especially of certain monocot plants like grasses. This tissue enables the monocot leaf blade to
increase in length from the leaf base. For example, it allows lawn grass leaves to elongate even after
repeated mowing.
The tissues that are completely grown and has lost the ability of division are known as permanent
tissues. The meristematic tissues divide and differentiate to form the permanent tissues. Such cells take
on specific roles and lose their ability to divide further. By function, they differentiate into three main
types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue.
Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars
to different parts of the plant and the ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a
structural support and for storage of water, food, minerals and other ions.
Permanent tissues are also classified based on complexity. There are simple tissues and
permanent tissues. Simple tissues are made up of only one type of cell. Here, all the cells that make up
the tissue are similar and have the same structure, with the same type parts. The complex tissues are made
up of more than one type of cell. They coordinate together to perform the same specialized functions in
the plant body.

Simple Tissues Parenchyma tissue makes up most of the

soft primary growth of roots, stems, leaves and
flowers. Parenchyma cells are the least specialized,
and they carry out a wide variety of functions in
plants.
It has storage and secretion functions, while
some are for photosynthesis and tissue repair. It
consists mainly of parenchyma cells which are
typically thin – walled, flexible and many-sided.
They are alive even when the plant organism
Retrieved from reaches maturity, as they can continue to divide.
https://www.sciencelessonsforlife.com/2016/11/plant- Parenchyma cells are also specialized in
tissues-living-tissues.html, 6/22/2020
terms of their function.
Figure 4. Parenchyma

Chlorenchyma cells are specialized parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts, therefore, these
cells do not just support other plant tissues, but perform photosynthesis as well. Aerenchyma are also
specialized cells that forms spaces in leaves, stems and roots of some plants, which allows exchange
of gases between the shoot and the root.

12
 Collenchyma is a simple tissue that
consists mainly of collenchyma cells. These cells
are elongated and alive in mature tissue. A
stretchable tissue as they support growing plant
parts such as young stems and leaf stalks. Pectin,
a polysaccharide, imparts the flexibility of
collenchyma cells.
Retrieved from
https://www.sciencelessonsforlife.com/2016/11/plant-tissues- Figure 5 (right). Collenchyma tissue.
living-tissues.html, 6/22/2020
Sclerenchyma is a simple tissue made of cells that are variably shaped and dead at maturity. Fibers
and sclereids are typical sclerenchyma cells. Fibers are long, tapered cells that structurally support the
vascular tissues in some stems and leaves. They flex and twist, but resist stretching. The far stubbier and
often branched sclereids strengthen hard seed coats. Walls of sclerenchyma cells are rich in lignin, an
organic compound that structurally supports upright plants, and helped them evolved on land.

Retrieved from https://www.sciencelessonsforlife.com/2016/11/plant-tissues-living-tissues.html, 6/22/2020

Figure 5. Sclerenchyma

Complex Tissues
Xylem and phloem are vascular tissues that thread through ground tissue. Both consist of elongated
conducting tubes that are often sheathed in sclerenchyma fibers and parenchyma.
Xylem, which conducts water and dissolved inorganic nutrients, consist of two types of cells,
tracheids and vessels, that are dead at maturity. The secondary walls of these cells are stiffened and
waterproofed with lignin. They interconnect to form conducting tubes, and they also lend structural
support to the plant. The perforations in adjoining cell walls align, so fluid moves laterally between the
tubes as well as upward through them.

Retrieved from https://www.sciencelessonsforlife.com/2016/11/plant-tissues-living-tissues.html, 6/22/2020

Figure 6. Xylem tissue.

13
 Phloem conducts carbohydrates the plant
uses as food along with other needed organic
solutes. Its main cells, sieve – tube member, are
alive in mature tissue. They are the conducting
cells but are not “typical” cells. They contain
cytoplasm but lack nuclei. The ends of these
elongated cells have pits that allow the easy Longitudinal section of phloem tissue
passage of sugar – filled water from where it is
produced (for example, in the leaves) Phloem’s
companion cells, that contain organelles, are
parenchyma cells that load sugars into sieve tubes.
Retrieved from
https://www.sciencelessonsforlife.com/2016/11/plant-
tissues-living-tissues.html, 6/22/2020
Figure 7. Phloem tissue.
Epidermis, the first dermal tissue to form on a plant, is usually a single layer of cells. Epidermal
cell walls form a cuticle, which is rich in deposits of cutin, a waxy substance. Cutin helps the plant
conserve water and repel pathogens that might affect the growth of the plant.

The epidermis has a number of

differentiated cell types to serve the various
functions. Guard cells are specialized epidermal
cells that regulate the opening and closing of
stomata (singular stoma). Stomata are openings in
the epidermis of a leaf bordered by guard cells
responsible for transpiration and gas exchange.
Retrieved from Figure 8. Guard cells.
https://lima.osu.edu/academics/departments/biology/plant-
anatomy/leaves.html, 6/22/2020
Periderm, another dermal tissue that forms on older stems and roots replaces epidermis of younger
stems of woody plants.

ANIMAL CELLS AND TISSUES

All animals are multi-celled, with cells joined by cell junctions. Typically, cells are organized in
four tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Organs, which consist
of combination of tissues, interact in organ systems.
Epithelia (singular form, epithelium) or epithelial tissues are made of epithelial cells that guard
and protect our body. This tissue lines body surfaces and internal cavities as well as form glands. All
epithelia have an apical surface and a lower attached basal membrane (basement membrane) that differ in
structure and function.
There are three main shapes of epithelial cells: squamous, cuboidal and columnar. Squamous cells
are thin and flat. They are found in places such as air sacs of the lungs and lining of blood vessels.
Cuboidal cells look like cubes when the tissue is cut at right angles to the surface. These cells are found
lining tubules in the kidney and ducts of some glands. Columnar cells look like tiny columns when they
are viewed from the side. Most of the digestive tract is lined with columnar epithelium.

14
 Retrieved from http://anatomycorner.com/histology/, 6/22/2020
Figure 9. Epithelial cells.

The various types of epithelial cells

may also be arranged in various ways.
Epithelial tissue that is only one cell thick is
referred to as simple epithelium. It is usually
found in areas where substances diffuse
through the tissue and where substances are
secreted, excreted or absorbed. Stratified
epithelium is made up of two or more layers.
These layers are usually protective. The surface
of our skin is stratified squamous epithelium.
Retrieved from
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/362610207467889254/,
Figure 10. Arrangement and location of epithelial
tissue.

Pseudostratified epithelium looks as though it is layered. In reality, this tissue is made up of only
one layer of cells – some tall, some are short. Transitional epithelium is a tissue that can stretch. The
cells of transitional epithelium are cube-like; when stretched, the cells appear thin and flat.

Retrieved from Retrieved from

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/469218854899045197/, https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/469218854899045220/,
Figure 11. Pseudostratified epithelium 6/22/2020
Figure 12. Transitional epithelium
Epithelial tissue functions in six different ways: for protection, absorption, sensation, secretion
(certain epithelial cells are specialized to produce and discharge substances called glands), excretion
and for surface transport.
15
 Connective tissues consist of cells that are usually spaced well apart from one another and are
embedded in a non-living substance called the extracellular matrix. This matrix varies in consistency
among the different types of connective tissue – from a fluid to a gel to crystals. By the name itself,
connective tissues “connect” body parts and provide structural and functional support to other body
tissues.
I. Soft Connective Tissues
There are two types of soft connective
tissues: loose and dense. In both, fibroblasts
are the main type of cell. These cells secrete
a matrix of complex carbohydrates with long
fibers of structural proteins collagen and
elastin.
Retrieved from
https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/biology/loose-
connective-tissue.html, 6/22/2020
Figure 13 (left). Soft connective tissue with
fibroblasts and protein fibers

1. Loose connective tissue has fibroblasts and fibers dispersed widely through its matrix.
This tissue is the most common type in the vertebrate body which helps hold organs and epithelia in place.
2. Dense connective tissue could be regular and irregular. Dense regular connective tissue
has fibroblasts in orderly rows between parallel, tightly packed bundles of fibers. This organization helps
keep the tissue from being torn apart when placed under mechanical stress. Tendons and ligaments are
mainly dense regular connective tissues. In dense irregular connective tissue, the matrix is packed with
full of fibroblasts and collagen fibers that are oriented every which way. This tissue makes up deep skin
layers and also around organs that do not stretch, such as kidneys.

Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/nemcc-ap/chapter/connective-tissue-supports-and-protects/ 6/22/2020

Figure 14. Regular and irregular dense connective tissues

II. Specialized Connective Tissues

1. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue that is common to all vertebrate skeleton. It has a
matrix of collagen fibers and rubbery glycoproteins. Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) secrete the matrix.
When you were an embryo, cartilage formed a model for your developing skeleton; then bone replaced
most of it. This tissue is found in outer ears, nose and throat. It also cushions joints and acts as a shock

16
absorber between vertebrae. Unlike cells of other connective tissues, cartilage cells do not divide often
in adults.
2. Bone tissue is a connective tissue in which bone-making cells (osteocytes) are imprisoned in a
calcium-hardened matrix that they secreted. Bone tissue is the main component of bones – organs that
interact with muscles to move a body. Bone also supports and protects internal organs and the site where
blood cells are formed.
Figure 15. Bone Figure 16. A cartilage showing
ti h d

Retrieved from https://www.scientistcindy.com/cartilage-sac.html, 6/22/2020

3. Adipose tissue is the body’s main energy

reservoir. Adipose cells (adipocytes) have little
matrix between them. These cells can store fat
substances that the nucleus gets pushed to one side
and flattened. In addition, adipose tissue cushions
and protects body parts, and a layer under the skin
functions as insulation.
Retrieved from
https://www.iversonfitnessandwellness.com/fat-cell-
frenzy-understanding-the-complexity-of-obesity/,
6/22/2020

Figure 12. A fat cell / adipocyte

4. Blood is considered a specialized connective

tissue because its cells are descended from stem cells
in bone. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) filled with
hemoglobin transport oxygen. White blood cells
(leukocytes) help defend the body against dangerous
pathogens. Platelets (thrombocytes) are cell
fragments that function in clot formation. Cells and
platelets drift in plasma, a fluid extracellular matrix
consisting mostly of water, with dissolved nutrients
and other substances.
Retrieved from https://www.sciencefacts.net/types-of-
blood-cells.html, 6/22/2020
Figure 17 (left). The blood
ll

17
 Muscle tissue is made up of cells that can contract. – or forcefully shorten – in response to signals
from the nervous tissue. The distinguishing characteristic of muscle cells is the abundance of special
thick and thin microfilaments. These microfilaments are highly organized to form strands called
myofibrils. Muscle fibers (muscle cells) are composed of many myofibrils. Myofibrils, in turn, are made
up of microfilaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction.

Retrieved from https://quizlet.com/107647357/2-muscle-tissue-havorka-flash-cards/6/22/2020

Figure 18. A muscle fiber

Skeletal muscle, the functional partner of bone (or cartilage), helps move and maintain the
positions of the body and its parts. This type of muscle tissue is called involuntary muscle because you
have conscious control over their action. They are also called striated muscles because the tissue has
“stripes” – microscopically visible bands or striations. These striations result from the organization of
thick and thin microfilaments. Skeletal muscle cells (muscle fiber) are extremely long and has many
nuclei that are pushed to the edge of the cell and lie just under the cell membrane. Bundles of these muscle
cells are wrapped with connective tissue and joined with other bundles to form the muscle itself.
Cardiac muscle occurs only in the heart wall. Like skeletal muscle, it is composed of striated
muscle fibers, but these fibers are arranged differently. Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, it consists of
branching cells. Cardiac muscle cells are attached at their ends by adhering junctions that prevent them
from being ripped apart during forceful contractions. Compared to other muscle tissues, cardiac muscle
has far more mitochondria, which provides the beating heart with a dependable supply of ATP from
aerobic respiration. Cardiac muscle tissue occurs as “involuntary” muscle.
Smooth muscle tissue is found in the wall of many soft internal organs, such as the stomach,
uterus and bladder. Smooth muscle cells are long, with bulging middle part, tapered ends and a single
nucleus. The cells are organized into sheets but are not striated as compared to skeletal and cardiac muscle.
This tissue contracts involuntarily – you cannot consciously control it. Because it is found in the organs,
or viscera, smooth muscle tissue is often called visceral muscle tissue.

Retrieved from https://basicmedicalkey.com/muscle-tissue-4/ 6/22/2020

Figure 19. Muscle tissues

18
 Nervous tissue is an animal tissue that detects internal and external stimuli and coordinates
responses to these stimuli. Two cells comprise nervous tissue: the neurons (nerve cells) and the
neuroglial cells (supporting cells.
Neurons are cells specialized to conduct an electro-chemical “current” or signal. By function there
are three types of neuron: sensory neuron, interneuron and motor neuron. A neuron has a cell body that
holds its nucleus and other organelles. Projecting from the cell body are long cytoplasmic extensions
called the dendrites ad axons. Dendrites act as antennae foe the reception of nerve impulses and conduct
these impulses toward the cell body. Axon conducts impulses away from the cell body. When axons or
dendrites are long, they are referred to as nerve fibers. Some nerve fibers are long, in fact, they can extend
from your spinal cord all the way to your fingers or toes.
In addition, the nerve contains numerous neuroglial cells, supporting cells bunched around the
nerve fibers. These cells keep neurons positioned where they should be and provide metabolic support.

Retrieved from https://www.scientistcindy.com/nervous-tissue.html,6/22/2020

Figure 20. A neuron

ACTIVITY 3 Concept Mapping

Organize the following terms related to plant cells and tissue using the given
concept map.
PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES

XYLEM SIMPLE APICAL VASCULAR PERMANENT

SCLERENCHYMA MERISTEMATIC PERIDERM
LATERAL COMPLEX INTERCALARY PARENCHYMA
PHLOEM PARENCHYMA DERMAL EPIDERMIS COLLENCHYMA

19
ACTIVITY 4
Complete the table. Fill – in the necessary information for each row and column. Given are
the different animal cells and tissue, identify the type of animal tissue (second column), location or
area where the cell is found (third column) and the specialized function of the cell.

Animal Cell Type of Tissue Location Function

Ex. chondrocyte Connective Cartilage Support

Animal Cell Type of Tissue Location Function

1. Columnar cells
2. Osteocyte
3. Skeletal muscle
4. Neuron
5. Squamous cell
6. Adipocyte
7. Cardiac muscle
8. Cuboidal cell
9. Erythrocyte
10.Smooth muscle
11.Dense regular
12.Fibroblast
13. Transitional
14. Pseudo-stratified
15. Loose connective

Now that you have completed studying about the structure and function of the cell and its
organelles, you are now ready to take the final assessment to determine what concepts you have
learned in this lesson. Good luck!

POST-TEST
1. Which of the following is not a major type of tissue found in the human body?
A. Skeletal tissue C. Nervous tissue
B. Connective tissue D. Epithelial tissue
2. The spinal cord in humans extends from the base of the brain and downward through the back.
What type of tissue is the majority of the spinal cord comprised of?
A. Epithelial C. Connective
B. Muscular D. Nervous
3. What is the main function of epithelial tissue?
A. To receive information from stimuli and communicate with the spinal cord and brain
via electrical impulses
B. To bind, support, and protect structures within the body
C. To contract and move parts of the body
D. To provide a protective barrier for external body surfaces and line internal body
cavities

20
 4. What is the primary function of muscle tissue in an animal’s body?
A. To receive information from stimuli and communicate with the spinal cord and brain
via electrical impulses
B. To contract and move parts of the body
C. To provide a protective barrier for internal and external structures
D. To bind, support, and protect structures within the body
5. What is the main function of connective tissue?
A. To receive information from stimuli and communicate with the spinal cord and brain
via electrical impulses
B. To bind, support, and protect structures within the body
C. To provide a protective surface for internal and external tissues
D. To contract and move parts of the body
6. The voluntary movement of the legs is made possible due to-
A. Epithelial tissue C. Cardiac muscle
B. Smooth muscle D. Skeletal muscle
7. Epithelial cells can be classified according to shape. Which is not a characteristic shape of
epithelial cells?
A. Rectangular C. Cubed
B. Columns D. Squamous
8. Cell of this tissue may absorb and/or secrete substances.
A. Epithelial C. connective
B. Muscle D. nervous
9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles?
A. Having one nucleus per cell
B. Being attached to bone
C. Having striations
D. Having voluntary or “willed” muscles
10. What are the four types of tissue?
A. Sensory, connective, nervous, dermal
B. Muscular, connective, nervous, epithelial
C. Cardiac, connective, sensory, epithelial
D. Muscular, dermal, gastric, epithelial

21
LESSON 3: CELL MODIFICATIONS
EXPECTATIONS
This section will help you determine how cells are modified to carry out
specialized functions.
Specifically, this lesson will help you to;
1. Describe the different types of cell modifications.
2. Explain the function of each type of cell modification.

Retrieved from https://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=respiratory-system-structures,

6/262/2020

A color-enhanced scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a nasal section showing cilia (red),
tiny microscopic hairs with trapped foreign particles (pink and green color).
If you are healthy and sitting quietly, air probably entered through your nose, rather than your
mouth. As air moves through your nostrils, tiny hairs filter out any large particles. Mucus secreted by
cells of the nasal lining captures most
fine particles and airborne chemicals. Ciliated cells in the nasal lining also help remove any inhaled
contaminants.
Ciliated cells also line the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory tract. It is one of many
defenses that protect you from respiratory infections. When the lining of the respiratory tract is exposed
to contaminants (such as cigarette smoke), epithelial cells become irritated and secrete too much mucus.
Excessive mucus triggers coughing and provides a moist, nutrient rich place for pathogens to grow.

Since you are about to learn a new lesson, you have to answer the questions on the
next page as your Pretest. This will determine if you have prior knowledge about the topic.
Good luck!

22
PRE-TEST
1. Specialized cells that absorb water by osmosis.
A. nerve cell B. xylem C. palisade D. root hair cell
2. The cellular surface extension that increases cell surface area is the-
A. microvillus B. flagellum C. cilium D. pseudopodium
3. The mucus secreted by the respiratory tract (deep in your lungs) comes up to your throat with
attached dust and other debris through the action of the respiratory tract’s-
A. cilia B. flagella C. microvilli D. pseudopodia
4. Flagella are found-
A. on sperm only C. in both males and females
B. on cells lining the female oviducts D. both a and c
5. Villi are finger-like projections that are a network of _____ and cytoplasm.
A. microvilli C. microfilaments
B. plasma D. lipids
6. Microvilli are frequently found in the _____.
A. bladder B. kidney C. small intestine D. heart
7. Root hairs ______.
A. Are found at the root tip C. Occur in the thousands
B. Are extensions of the roots D. Are single-celled
8. Extracellular fluids are least likely to move through the space between-
A. desmosomes C. tight junction
B. plasmodesmata D. gap junction
9. Which tissues in our body contains abundant desmosomes?
A. epithelial tissue C. muscle tissue
B. connective tissue D. nervous tissue
10. Which cellular junction will be most useful in preventing the movement of material between
cell membranes?
A. tight junctions C. desmosomes
B. gap junctions D. none of these

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

The unique organization of tissues in plants is organized in shoot system, which includes stems,
roots and leaves. All plant tissues arise at meristems, each a region of undifferentiated cells that can divide
rapidly. These cells can differentiate and mature into permanent and specialized tissues.
The simple tissues in plants are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem) and dermal tissues (epidermis and periderm) are examples of complex plant tissues.
In animals and also humans, the four basic types of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue,
muscle tissue and nervous tissue.

ACTIVITY 1 Matching Type

Match column A with Column B
Column A Column B
1. Where roots and shoots lengthen through A. phloem
cell division B. sclerenchyma
2. Distribution of sugars C. apical meristem
3. Distribution of water D. parenchyma

23
4. Source of secondary growth E. sclereids
5. Lignin-rich cell walls F. xylem
6. Thin-walled cells G. collenchyma
7. Replaces the epidermis in woody plants H. lateral meristem
8. Covers and protects the outer surface of I. epidermis
plants J. periderm
9. Ground tissue composed of “flexible” cells
10. Found in hard seed coats

ACTIVITY 2 Complete the table

Identify the name of the animal cell / tissue and classify its specific type.

Example Specific Name of Animal Main Type of

cell / tissue Animal Tissue

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Cell modification is a specialized function of the cell. It is actually a process that occurs after cell
division where the newly formed cells are structurally modified or specialized so that they can perform
their function efficiently and effectively.
There are three types of cell modification based on location: apical, basal and lateral modification.
Apical modification is a cell modification found on the apical or free surface of the cell especially in
epithelial tissue. Basal modification is found on the basal surface (basement membrane) of the cell. Lateral
modification is found at the lateral or sides of the cell.
Examples of apical modification are cilia, flagella, villi and microvilli and pseudopods. Desmosomes
are the most common type of basal modification while tight and gap junctions are examples of lateral
modification.

24
ACTIVITY 3 Who Am I?
1. My structure looks like that of
a hair strand but I am shorter.
Primarily I am responsible for
locomotion.

2. I am a thread-like structure of
the cell. I am responsible for
the locomotion of prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell.
3. I am a foot-like extension of
one-celled organisms, such as
an amoeba. I am responsible
for moving the cell and
acquiring food molecules.
4. I form links between cells, and
provide a connection between
intermediate filaments of the
cell cytoskeletons of adjacent
cells.
5. I connect cytoplasm of
adjacent cells and form “gaps”
allowing molecules to pass
directly in between cells.

REMEMBER
Apical modifications are specialized to carry out functions that occur at surfaces of cells and tissues
including secretion, absorption, and movement.
Cilia (singular, cilium) are small hair-like projections on the outside of eukaryotic cells. They are
made up of microtubules coated in plasma membrane. These microtubules are small hollow rods made of
the protein tubulin. Cilia play an important role in locomotion. This can include movement of the cell itself,
or of other substances past the cell. In some organisms known as ciliates, cilia are responsible for movement
of the organism as a whole.
In humans, cilia can help to remove contaminants from organs or tissue by moving fluids over the
cell. The lining of the nasopharynx and the trachea are covered in cilia. These ciliated epithelial cells remove
mucus, bacteria, and other debris from the lungs. The cilia in the fallopian tubes are responsible for helping
in fertilization by movement of the egg towards the uterus.

Figure 1. Cilia, pseudopodia and flagellu

Retrieved from https://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=respiratory-system-structures, 6/262/2020

25
 Flagella (singular, flagellum) are long, thread-like projections of the cell body that act primarily as
an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms. The flagella closely resemble cilia in
structure, they are also made of microtubules. Each microtubule is composed of the protein tubulin. The
coordinated sliding of these microtubules confers movement. Most motile bacteria move by means of
flagella. It is also a characteristic of the protozoan group Mastigophora, and present on the gametes of algae,
fungi, mosses and animals. Sperm cell in humans are motile because of the presence of flagellum.
Pseudopodia (singular, pseudopodium) are temporary projections of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic
cell. They are arm-like projections filled with cytoplasm. The projecting cytoplasm, in turn, primarily
contains cytoskeleton, such as actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Pseudopodia are
responsible for locomotion and ingestion of particles
Villi and microvilli are structures in our
body which have their own set of functions.
Microvilli (singular, microvillus) augment the
surface area of the cell. The main function of
microvilli includes secretion, absorption and
adhesion. Villi (singular, villus) on the other hand,
are finger-like projections that are found in the
intestinal wall. Each villus also contains a
microvillus. The villi has the same function as the
microvilli, to increase the surface area, but this
time the surface area is the intestinal lining. This
is to promote better absorption.
Retrieved from
https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/162052/The+
Digestive+System+Part+II%3A+Accessory+Organs/, Figure 2. A villi showing microvilli
06/26/2020
A cell that is surrounded by a wall or other secretions is not isolated; it can still interact with other
cells and with the surroundings. In multicellular organisms, such interaction occurs by way of cell junctions,
which are structures that connect a cell to other cells and to the environment. Cells send and receive ions,
molecules or signals through some junctions. Other kinds help cells recognize and stick to each other and
to extracellular matrix.
In plants, channels called plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma) extend across the primary wall
of two adjoining cells, connecting the cytoplasm of the cells. Substances such as water, ions, nutrients, and
signaling molecules can flow quickly from cell to cell through plasmodesmata.
Desmosomes are intercellular junctions that provide strong adhesion between cells. They form
adhesive bonds in a network that gives mechanical strength to tissues as they link the intermediate filament
of cytoskeleton of adjacent cells. By mediating both cell to cell adhesion and cytoskeletal linkages,
desmosomes mechanically integrate cells within tissues.
The main function of desmosomes is to adhere cells together. They are found in high numbers of
tissues that are subject to a lot of mechanical forces. In humans for example, many are found in the
epidermis, which is the outer layer of skin, and the myocardium, which is muscle tissue of the heart. They
are also found in between squamous epithelial cells, which form the lining of body parts like the heart,
blood vessels, air sacs of the lungs, and esophagus.
Gap junctions are cell junctions in which adjacent cells are connected through protein channels.
These channels connect the cytoplasm of each cell and allow molecules, ions, and electrical signals to pass
between them. These junctions are found in between the vast majority of cells within the body because they
are found between all cells that are directly touching other cells. However, gap junctions are only found in
animal cells.

26
 Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/answer/compare-contrast-the-structure-and-function-of-tight-junction-
desmosomes-gap-junction and-plasmodesmata.html 6/26/2020
Figure 3. The different types of junctional complex in plant and animal cells. (a) Plasmodesma,
(b) tight junction, (c) desmosomes and (d) gap junction

These junctions are for connecting cells together so that molecules may pass from one cell to the
other. This allows cell-to-cell communication and makes molecules to go directly and enter neighboring
cells without having to go through the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells. Gap junctions are especially
important during embryonic development, a time when neighboring cells must communicate with each
other in order for them to develop in the right place at the right time. If gap junctions are blocked, embryos
cannot develop normally.
Tight junctions are important to help cells form a barrier that prevents molecules from getting
through, and to stop proteins in the cell membrane from moving around. Tight junctions are often found at
epithelial cells, which are cells that line the surface of the body and line body cavities. Not only do epithelial
cells separate the body from the surrounding environment, they also separate surfaces within the body.
Tight junctions link cells that line surfaces and internal cavities of animals. These junctions seal the
cells together tightly, so fluid cannot pass between them. Those in your gastrointestinal tract prevent gastric
fluid from leaking out of your stomach and damaging your intestinal tissues.

Other Specialized Cells

Plants absorb water from the soil by
osmosis. Root hair cells are adapted for taking up
water and mineral ions by having a large surface
area to increase the rate of absorption. They also
contain lots of mitochondria, which release
energy from glucose during respiration in order to
provide the energy needed for active transport.

Retrieved from
http://cosmosforschools.com/PDFs/Lesson_070_handout.p Figure 4. A root hair cell from the epidermal layer of
df, 6/26/2020 a root.

27
 Guard cells are two bean-shaped cells that
surround a stoma. As epidermal cells, they play an
important role in gaseous exchange in and out of
plant leaves by regulating the opening and closing
of pores known as a stoma. In addition, they are
the channels through which water is released from
leaves to the environment.
Retrieved
fromhttp://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench
/lab9/guard.html , 6/26/2020 Figure 5. Swollen (left) and shrunken (right) guard
cells.

ACTIVITY 4 Complete the table.

Cell Modification Location Function

1. Microvilli

2. Desmosome

3. Cilia

4. Gap junction

5. Flagella

28
POST TEST
1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the cilia?
A. to sweep food into the paramecium's "mouth"
B. to allow the paramecium to move
C. to secrete poison to kill predators
D. to trap food
2. Long and thin, tail-like appendage used by cell for movement
A. Cilia B. Pseudopodia C. Flagella D. Villi
3. What amoeba structure is a finger-like projection of the cell membrane used for movement and
obtaining food?
A. Flagella B. Pseudopodia C. Villi D. Cilia
4. In addition to increasing surface area, villi carry out what function?
A. Move nutrients into the circulatory system via capillaries
B. Secrete nutrients into the lumen
C. Introduce microvilli into the circulatory system
D. Eliminate waste products of digestion
5. Stomata are surrounded by ____.
A. sweat glands C. potassium ions
B. guard cells D. humidity
6. The main function of root hairs in plants is ______.
A. Structural support C. Nutrient and water storage
B. Photosynthesis D. Water and nutrient absorption
7. A plasmodesma is like a-
A. A small organelle C. A specific plant cell that absorbs sunlight
B. A vacuole found in plants D. A “tunnel-like” between adjacent cells
8. Bind cells together and prevent molecules from passing in between the cells
A. Gap junctions C. desmosomes
B. Tight Junctions D. plasmodesma
9. Allows small molecules like ions to move from one cell to another.
A. Desmosomes C. tight junctions
B. Plasmodesma D. gap junctions
10. Tight junctions fuse adjacent cells together and seal off the passageway between them. This
characteristic can be seen in the following organs, except-
A. Stomach C. urinary bladder
B. Intestines D. skin

29
Answer Sheet for Lesson 1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell
Pre-Test
Name: ________________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____

Looking Back To Your Lesson

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____
Activity 1
A. A. _______ B. _______ C. _______ D. _______ E. ______
B. 1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________________
C.
Prokaryote Only Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote Only
Eukaryote

Check Your Understanding

Activity 2
1. ______________________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
(for number 3, you may use a separate sheet for your illustration)
Post Test
Name: ________________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. _______ 6. _______
2. _______ 7. _______
3. _______ 8. _______
4. _______ 9. _______
5. _______ 10. ______

30
Answer Sheet for Lesson 2. Cell Types and Tissues
Pre-Test
Name: ________________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____

Looking Back To Your Lesson

A. B.
1.______ 6. ______ 1. ______ 6. ______
2.______ 7. ______ 2. ______ 7. ______
3.______ 8. ______ 3. ______ 8. ______
4.______ 9. ______ 4. ______ 9. ______
5.______ 10. _____ 5. ______ 10. _____

Activity 1

Down
1. Outermost layer of cells.
2. Parenchyma tissue with
connected air spaces.
5. Thick, tough secondary
walls impregnated with lignin.
8. Component of the waxy
outer coating of aquatic plant
leaves.
9. Chief conducting tissue of
water and minerals

Across
3. Certain cells associated with sieve tube.
4. Tubes with pits rather than openings at the ends.
6. Most abundant of the cell types found in the major parts of higher plants.
7. Tissue only meant for growth
10. Provide flexible support for growing and mature plant organs.
11. Conducts dissolved food materials produced by photosynthesis.
12. Pairs of cells that border stomata

31
ACTIVITY 2 Word Scramble about Animal Tissues and Cells
1. SUAOSMQU __________________
2. LARTEACGI ____________________
3. RTMXIA ____________________
4. EDIAPSO ____________________
5. RADCICA MUESCL ____________________
6. NOUERN ____________________
7. ANCUORML ____________________
8. DLSAGN ____________________
9. LOODB ____________________
10. SOHTOM SLMCUE ____________________

ACTIVITY 3 Concept Mapping

PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES

XYLEM SIMPLE APICAL VASCULAR PERMANENT

SCLERENCHYMA MERISTEMATIC PERIDERM

LATERAL COMPLEX INTERCALARY PARENCHYMA

PHLOEM PARENCHYMA DERMAL EPIDERMIS COLLENCHYMA

32
ACTIVITY 4

Animal Cell Type of Tissue Location Function

3. Columnar cells
4. Osteocyte
5. Skeletal muscle
6. Neuron
7. Squamous cell
8. Adipocyte
9. Cardiac muscle
10. Cuboidal cell
11. Erythrocyte
10.Smooth muscle
11. Dense regular
12.Fibroblast
13. Transitional
14. Pseudo-stratified
15. Loose connective

Post Test
Name: ________________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____

Answer Sheet for Lesson 3. Cell Modifications

Pre-Test
Name: ________________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____
Activity 1
1. _______ 6. _______
2. _______ 7. _______
3. _______ 8. _______
4. _______ 9. _______
5. _______ 10. _____

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 Activity 2 Identification
Identify the name of the animal cell / tissue and classify its specific type.

Example Specific Name of Animal Main Type of

cell / tissue Animal Tissue

Activity 3 Who Am I?
1. My structure looks like that of a
hair strand but I am shorter.
Primarily I am responsible for
locomotion.
2. I am a thread-like structure of the
cell. I am responsible for the
locomotion of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell.
3. I am a foot-like extension of one-
celled organisms, such as an
amoeba. I am responsible for
moving the cell and acquiring food
molecules.
4. I form links between cells, and
provide a connection between
intermediate filaments of the cell
cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
5. I connect cytoplasm of adjacent
cells and form “gaps” allowing
molecules to pass directly in
between cells.

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Activity 4 Complete the table.

Cell Modification Location Function

1. Microvilli

2. Desmosome

3. Cilia

4. Gap junction

5. Flagella

Post Test
Name: ____________________________ Date :_____________
Section: ___________________________

Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.

1. ______ 6. ______
2. ______ 7. ______
3. ______ 8. ______
4. ______ 9. ______
5. ______ 10. _____

35
REFERENCES:
I. Books
Alters, Sandra (1996). Biology. United States of America: Von Hoffman Press, Inc.

Payawal, Pacifico, et.al. (2006). Biology Science Impact. Marikina City,

Philippines: Academe Publishing House, Inc.

Starr, Cecie, et.al. (2009). Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 12th
edition. United States of America: Brooks / Cole Cengage Learning

II. Electronic resources

www.biologycorner.com
https://teachers.net/lessons/
https://quizizz.com/admin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Jane R. Gumafelix, T-III

Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas – EPS
Reviewer: Arlen Gatpo – PSDS
Management Team: Malcolm S. Garma, Regional Director
Genia V. Santos, CLMD Chief
Dennis M. Mendoza, Regional EPS In - Charge of
LRMS and Regional ADM Coordinator
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools
Division Superintendent, Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS In – Charge of
LRMS and Division ADM Coordinator

36
ANSWER KEY CARD
LESSON 1: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL
Pre-test Post – test Looking Back To Your Lesson
1. A 6. D 1. C 6. C 1. F 6. A
2. C 7. A 2. C 7. D 2. E 7. J
3. C 8. D 3. C 8. C 3. I 8. B
4. C 9. A 4. B 9. B 4. C 9. D
5. B 10. C 5. C 10. D 5. H 10. G
Activity 1
A. A. cell membrane B. cell wall C. flagellum D. ribosome E. plasmid
B. 1. Prokaryotic cell
2. Absence of organelles, structure of DNA (or answers may vary)
3. based on the presence of inner compartments / organelles
C.
Prokaryote Only Both Prokaryote and Eukaryote Eukaryote Only
Capsule Ribosomes Mitochondria
Plasmid Cytoplasm nucleus
nucleiod DNA
Cell membrane
Check Your Understanding
Activity 2

1. Prokaryotic cell is unicellular, no

organelles like nucleus, and with circular
DNA molecules called plasmid
2. A eukaryote is a term used to describe a
multicellular organism. Eukaryotic cell
differs from prokaryotic cell in terms of
the presence of organelles.
3. A sample of a labelled plant cell and
animal cell. (illustrations with labels
may vary)

LESSON 2: CELL TYPES AND TISSUES

Pre-test Post – test Looking Back To Your Lesson
1. A 1. A 1. ER B. 1.
2. A 2. D 2. Nucleolus 2.
3. C 3. D 3. Nucleus 3.
4. B 4. B 4. Cytosol/cytoplasm 4.
5. A 5. B 5. Ribosome 5.
6. D 6. D 6. Cell membrane 6.
7. A 7. A 7. Lysosome 7.
8. B 8. A 8. Cytoskeleton 8.
9. C 9. A 9. Mitochondria 9.
10. A 10. B 10. Golgi bodies 10

37
 Activity 1 Activity 2
Across 3. Companion cells Down 1.epidermis 1. Squamous 6. neuron
4.Sieve tube 2.aerenchyma 2. Cartilage 7.columnar
6.parenchyma 5.sclerenchyma 3. Matrix 8. glands
7.meristematic 8.cutin 4. Adipose 9. blood
10.intercalary 9.xylem 5. Cardiac muscle 10. smooth
11.phloem muscle
12.guard
Activity 3 Concept Mapping
PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES

meristematic permanent

apical intercalary
lateral simple complex

vascular

xylem phloem

ground dermal

parenchym sclerenchyma
epidermis periderm

collenchyma

Activity 4
Animal Cell Type of Tissue Location Function
1. Columnar cells Epithelial Stomach* Absorption*
2. Osteocyte Connective Bone Support
3. Skeletal muscle Muscular Muscles attached to bones Voluntary contraction
4. Neuron Nervous Brain* Transmission of signals
5. Squamous cell Epithelial Inner lining of cheeks* Protection
6. Adipocyte Connective Subcutaneous layer of skin Insulation
7. Cardiac muscle Muscular Heart Voluntary contraction
8. Cuboidal cell Epithelial Glands Secretion
9. Erythrocyte Connective Blood Transportation of oxygen
10.Smooth muscle Muscular Intestines Voluntary contraction
11. Dense regular Connective Tendons Support

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 12.Fibroblast Connective Matrix of connective tissues Secretion
13. Transitional Epithelial kidneys Support*
14. Pseudo-stratified Epithelial Skin Protection
15. Loose connective Connective Most organs Support
Answers with (*) may vary

LESSON 3: CELL MODIFICATIONS

Pre-test Post – test Looking back To Your Lesson
1. D 6. C 1. C 6. D 1. H 6. D
2. A 7. A 2. C 7. D 2. A 7. J
3. A 8. C 3. B 8. C 3. F 8. I
4. A 9. A 4. A 9. D 4. C 9. G
5. A 10. B 5. B 10. D 5. B 10. E

Activity 2
Example Specific Name of Animal Main Type of
cell / tissue Animal Tissue
Cuboidal cells Epithelial

Bone tissue Connective

Skeletal muscle Muscular

Neuron Nervous

Red blood cells connective

Activity 3
1. Cilia 4. desmosomes
2. Flagellum 5. Gap junctions
3. Pseudopodia

Activity 4
1. Microvilli Intestines* Increase surface area and absorption

2. Desmosome Cardiac muscle* Anchorage / support

3. Cilia Respiratory tract filtration

4. Gap junction Smooth muscle* Muscle coordination

5. flagella Human sperm cell motility

Answers with (*) may vary

39