Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

EVERY DISCOVERY HAS IT’S

OWN HISTORY

Retrieved from https://www.ck12.org/book/ck-12-life-science-for-middle-school/section/2.1/, 6/16/2020

Quarter 1 Week 1 Module 1

Most Essential Learning Competencies: (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)

1. Explain
2. the postulates of the cell theory. .
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
Describe the structure and function of major and
subcellular organelles.
HOW TO USE THE MODULE
Before we start, please set aside other tasks that will disturb you
while studying the lesson. Read the instructions below to successfully
achieve the objectives of this material.
1. Follow carefully all the content and instructions indicated in
every page of this module.
2. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons that will
be explained here. Remember, writing enhances learning! You can go back
to your notes to further understand each lesson.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your teacher / facilitator keep track and assess your answers
using the answer key card.
5. Analyze conceptually the pre-test and post-test and apply what
you have learned.

PARTS OF THE MODULE

Expectations - These are objectives that you need to achieve upon completing
the lessons in the module.
Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure the competencies
you learned from the previous lesson.
Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the new lesson
to be presented.
Activities - A set of activities that you will perform to assess your
understanding of the lesson being presented.
Remember - This section provides lecture notes of the concepts and
applications of the lesson.
Check your Understanding – This section will further verify the level of
your understanding of the concepts and skills learned from the lesson.
Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

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LESSON 1: CELL THEORY

EXPECTATIONS
This module will help you determine one of the basic principles of Biology which
is the Cell Theory.
Specifically, this lesson will help you to;
1. Explain the key ideas that make up the cell theory.
2. Outline the history of the development of the cell theory.
3. Describe how cell theory explains the existence of life.

Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/515451119822631374/, 6/16/2020

In 1590, Zacharias Jansen constructed the first simple microscope with only one set
of lens. In 1670, Anton Van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens maker, built a simple microscope
which could magnify microorganisms, like bacteria and protozoans, as much as 200 times.
The invention and further development of the simple to the powerful electron microscope
contributed much to our knowledge of the cell structure and organization.

Since you are about to learn a new lesson, you have to answer the
questions on the next page as your Pretest. This will determine if you have
prior knowledge about the topic. Good luck!

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PRETEST
1. Which of the following scientists contributed to the Cell Theory?
A. Rudolf Virchow, Albert Einstein, Anton Van Leuwenhoek
B. Mathias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolf Virchow
C. Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin, Anton Van Leuwenhoek
D. George Clooney, Charles Darwin, Mathias Schleiden
2. Which of the following scientists concluded that all animals are made of cells?
A. Rudolf Virchow C. Robert Hooke
B. Mathias Schleiden D. Theodor Schwann
3. The basic unit of life is called-
A. atom B. cell C. compound D. energy
4. Which of the following statements is NOT part of the Cell Theory?
A. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things
B. Only animals are composed of cells
C. All cells are produced from other cells
D. All living things are composed of cells.
5. The invention of the microscope made it possible for scientists to discover and learn
about-
A. plants B. animals C. skin D. cells
6. Why are microscopes important when studying most cells?
A. Most cells are very large. C. Most cells are very small.
B. Most cells move very quickly. D. Most cells are dead.
7. If all cells are created by other living cells, which of the following is true?
A. Spontaneous generation cannot occur.
B. Plant cells come from other plant cells.
C. Cells divide for reproduction.
D. All of the answers are correct.
8. He placed a slice of cork under a microscope and he called the structure observed as
“cell”. The person mentioned is-
A. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek C. Zacharias Jansen
B. Theodor Schwann D. Robert Hooke
9. Which scientist who was a Dutch craftsmen developed the first compound
microscope? * use the choices in number 8
10. Which of the following concepts is NOT part of the cell theory?
A. Cells are identical
B. C. Cells come from existing cells
C. All cells have DNA
D. All organisms are made of one or more cells

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LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON
Can you guess what are these?

Retrieved from https://www.microscope.com/cork-cells/, 6/16/2020

These are cork cells! The cork that Robert Hooke examined did not
actually contain “living” cells. However, the boxes he saw were the walls surrounded the
cork cells when they were alive. Over the years, more powerful microscopes enabled
scientists to observe cells in greater detail. Nearly 200 years passed before scientists
discovered that the empty boxes Hooke saw once contained the basic materials of life.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
More than 300 years ago, English scientist Robert Hooke used one of the earliest
microscopes and focused on some everyday objects from his home: the point of a pin, the
surface of a nettle leaf, and the body of a flea.
He was astonished by the fine detail he could make out in this new previously
unseen world. When Hooke looked at a thin slice of cork through his microscope, he saw
what he called “cells” which reminded him of the small rooms inhabited by monks.
Hooke was apparently the first person to publicize seeing cells, but he could not
fully define what he was observing. Modern biologists know that a cell is the smallest
entity completely surrounded by a membrane, capable of reproducing itself independent
of other cells and display all the properties of life.

(a) (b) (c)

Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-hooke-biography-and-awards-606876, 6/16/2020
Figure 1. (a) The cork cells which Hooke saw under his microscope (b). Hooke’s microscope that
was adapted from the invention of Anton van Leeuwenhoek. (c) Robert Hooke, an English scientist who
first used the word “cell”

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 In 1839 botanist Matthias Schleiden and zoologist Theodor Schwann
hypothesized that all living things are made up of cells. They realized that cells make up
the structure of all organisms especially multicellular living things like plants and animals.
It took another 50 years for scientists to understand another concept about cells. Rudolf
Virchow, who studied how cells reproduce, realized that living cells can only be produced
by other living cells. As Virchow put it, “all cells from cells”. Together, these concepts
are called the Cell Theory.

ACTIVITY
Make a Graphic Organizer about the Cell Theory. Fill in the appropriate
information given below.
What is the Cell Theory?

B. Who’s who? Paste a picture of the following scientists.

A. What are the three Include the contribution of each of the following.
components of the Cell
Theory?
1. SCHWANN SCHLEIDEN
__________________
__________________

2.
__________________
__________________ VIRCHOW HOOKE
3.
__________________
__________________

C. What are the ideas included in the modern version of the Cell Theory?

REMEMBER
The Cell Theory is a profound statement regarding the nature of living things. It
includes three basic principles:
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the
cell.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not derived from
spontaneous generation)

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 What makes these simple statements so important?
First, there are no living organisms made up of anything other than cells.
Organisms such as bacteria consists of just one cell, while humans, animals and plants
contain trillions of cells.
Second, cells are the basic units of life because the individual components that
make up cells lack the complete properties of life. For example, if you take the nucleus out
of a cell, it cannot carry out life functions or replicate on its own anymore.
Third, new cells arise only from pre-existing cells that divides and form new cells.
Each cell in your body can be tracked back to a single fertilized egg cell generated when
your mother’s egg fused with your father’s sperm cell. These sperm and egg, in turn, were
produced by other cells in your parent’s bodies; each of your parent arose from a single
fertilized egg cell produced by your grandparents, and so on back in time.

Modern Cell Theory contains four statements, in addition to the original Cell Theory:
1. The cell contains hereditary information (DNA) which is passed on from cell to
another during cell division.
2. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and metabolic
activities.
3. All basic chemical and physiological functions are carried out inside the cell.
4. Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular (organelles) structures
within the cell.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL

THEORY
• The first cells from an organism (cork) were observed by Hooke in the 1600s. Soon
after, Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed many other living cells. In the early 1800s,
Schwann and Schleiden theorized that cells are the basic building blocks of all living
things. Around 1855, Virchow saw how cells divide and added that living cells arise
only from other living cells. These ideas led to cell theory, which states that all
organisms are made of cells, all life functions occur in cells, and all cells come from
other cells.
• It was no until the 1950s that scientists could see what was inside the cell. The
invention of the electron microscope allowed them to see organelles and other
structures smaller than cells.
• There is variation in cells, but all cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm,
ribosomes, and DNA. These similarities show that all life on Earth has a common
ancestor in the distant past.

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Questions:
1. Who used the first microscope? ___________
2. Who said that plants were made of cells? ___________
3. Who coined the term “cell”? ___________

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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 4. Who said that animals were made of cells? ___________
5. Who said that cells must come from existing cells? ___________

POST-TEST
1. Which of the following is NOT a premise of Cell Theory?
I. All cells arise from other cells.
II. All living cells require water for survival.
III. All living things are only composed of cells.
A. I only B. I and II C. II only D. II & III
2. Cell Theory states that:
I. All living cells must have a cell wall.
II. All living cells require glucose for survival.
III. The basic unit of life is a cell.
A. I only B. III only C. II only D. I and III
3. What did Schleiden and Schwann both discover individually?
A. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
B. Spontaneous generation of cells is an incorrect theory.
C. All cells have organelles.
D. All living things engage in metabolic functions.
4. He advanced the cell theory with his conclusion that cells could only come from
other cells:
A. Anton van Leeuwenhoek C. Theodore Schwann
B. Rudolph Virchow D. Robert Hooke
5. Rudolph Virchow's observations helped to disprove the commonly held belief of
the time.
A. evolution C. the existence of molecules
B. spontaneous generation D. atomic models
6. What did Mathias Schleiden find out?
A. All animal cells are made of cells
B. All animals have voting rights
C. All animal cell have different functions
D. All plants are made cells
7. Which scientist(s) proposed that all plants and animals are made of one or more cells?
A. Virchow and Schleiden C. Hooke and Leeuwenhoek
B. Schleiden and Schwann D. Brown and Hooke
8. ______ are made up of at least one cell. Which word best fits in the blank?
A. All living things C. Plants
B. Animals D. Atoms
9. What do we call the basic generalizations that are accepted by modern science about
cells?
A. Cell theory C. Spontaneous generation
B. The big three D. Biological foundation theory
10. Which technology was essential for the development of the cell theory?
A. telescopes B. microscopes C. antiseptics D. microscopes

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LESSON 2: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
THE CELL AND IT’S ORGANELLES

EXPECTATIONS
This section will help you determine the features of the cell as the smallest and
fundamental unit of life.
Specifically, this lesson will help you to;
1. Identify and describe the functions of organelles found in cells.
2. Compare what type of organelles are found in plant cell and animal cell.

Retrieved from https://microbenotes.com/plant-cell-vs-animal-cell/, 6/16/2020

The basic and functional unit of life is the cell. According to the Cell Theory,
all organisms are made of cells. But just as organisms vary in many aspects, so as cells
differ from each other in many ways. Variation among cells can be observed through its
size, shape, organization, function and exclusive characteristics. That makes organisms a
living entity. Cells are microscopic units that collectively carry out processes.
For nearly 200 years after their discovery, cells were thought to be part of a
continuous membrane system in multicellular organisms such as plants, animals and
humans, not separate entities. After the development of the Cell Theory, scientists
recognized that life arose directly from the growth and division of single cells. Today,
scientists think that life on Earth represents a continuous line of descent from the first cells
that evolved on Earth.
Since you are about to learn a new lesson, you have to answer the questions
on the next page as your Pretest. This will determine if you have prior
knowledge about the topic. Good luck!

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
PRE-TEST
1. The organelle that makes proteins needed by the cell.
A. golgi bodies B. nucleus C. ER D. mitochondrion
2. What organelle is responsible for controlling the cell?
A. ER B. nucleus C. golgi bodies D. lysosomes
3. What is one major feature that plant cells have that animal cells do not?
A. lysosome B. cytoplasm C. cell wall D. cell membrane
4. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is:
A. An intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached.
B. An intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures.
C. A membranous structure found within mitochondria.
D. Only found in prokaryotic cells.
5. Nucleus:
A. Digests, recycles materials.
B. Organizes DNA.
C. Structurally supports and gives shape to a cell.
D. Organizes and moves internal parts of the cell.
6. Membrane – covered structures that have special jobs in most cells are called?
A. organs B. cell C. organelles D. nucleus
7. Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
A. centrioles C. chromosomes
B. mitochondrion D. chloroplast
8. Plant cells are surrounded by a rigid structure called-
A. cellulose C. nuclear membrane
B. cell membrane D. cell wall
9. What is a cell membrane?
A. A thin flexible barrier around the cell that regulates transport.
B. A rigid cover that provides support for the cell.
C. The place where light energy, water and carbon dioxide are used.
D. Converts solar energy to chemical energy.
10. Which type of cell has cytoplasm?
A. Plant B. Animal C. both D. neither

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

Read each question and write your answer on the space provided.
1. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?
2. Based on the findings of Hooke what are the “small rooms” that that he is
referring to?
3. What did Hooke observed in the cork slice?
4. What discovery is Anton van Leeuwenhoek noted for?
5. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

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BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Cells are the smallest units of life. They are a closed system and are the building
blocks of our bodies. In order to understand how these tiny organisms work, we will look
closely at the internal structure of a cell. We will focus on eukaryotic cells, cells that contain
a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells, cells that lack a nucleus, are structured differently.
A cell consists of two major regions, the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The nucleus is
surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contains the hereditary material, the
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The cytoplasm is a fluid matrix that usually surrounds the
nucleus and is bound by the outer membrane or the cell membrane. It houses the organelles
and is the location of most of the action happening in a cell.
An organelle is a membrane bound structure found within a cell. Just like cells have
membranes to hold everything in, these “tiny” organs are also bound in a double layer of
phospholipids to insulate their little compartments within the larger cell. You can think of
organelles as smaller rooms within the factory, with specialized conditions to help these
rooms carry out their specific task. These organelles are found in the cytoplasm and are
involved in many processes, such as energy production, building proteins and secretions,
destroying toxins, and responding to external signals.
Organelles are considered either membranous or non-membranous. Membranous
organelles possess their own membrane, a covering that separates from the cytoplasm. Non-
membranous organelles are not surrounded by a membrane. Most non-membranous
organelles are part of the cytoskeleton, the major support structure of the cell. These
include: microfilaments, microtubules, and centrioles.

Retrieved from http://sciencewithmsjones.weebly.com/living-environment/cell-basics, 6/16/2020

Figure 1. The cell organelles

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
ACTIVITY No. 1
Given are the functions of the organelle, identify what is being
asked.

Maintains structure and shape of the cell 1.

Manufactures material for the cell 2

Produces energy 3.

Waste and Storage 4.

Controlling all cell processes 5.

Cell division 6.

7.
Photosynthesis

Regulation and control of movement of 8.

organelles and substances

9.
Modifying and packaging

Mechanical support 10.

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ACTIVITY No. 2
Plant cell vs. Animal cell
I. While cells differ in size and shape, most of them have a common structure. They
have three basic parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Can you describe the
feature(s) of each?
1. Cell membrane ____________________________________________
2. Cytoplasm ____________________________________________
3. Nucleus ____________________________________________
II. Fill in the diagram below by writing the corresponding organelles found in each
type of cell. Write in the middle part the common features (organelles) of the two
types of cells.

PLANT ANIMAL

Common
features

REMEMBER
The cell is the smallest unit that shows the properties of life, which means it has the
capacity for vital processes such as metabolism, homeostasis, growth and reproduction.
The interior of a eukaryotic cell is divided into various functional compartments, known
as the organelles. Cells differ in size, shape and activities. Yet, all cells are similar in three
aspects. All cells start out life with a cell membrane, a DNA – containing region or the
nucleus, and a cytoplasm including the rest of the organelles.
A cell membrane is the cell’s outer membrane. It separates metabolic activities from
events outside of the cell, but does not isolate the cell’s interior. Water, carbon dioxide and
oxygen can cross it freely. Other substances cross only with the assistance of membrane
proteins while some, are kept out entirely.
Cytoplasm is a semi-fluid mixture of water, sugars, ions and proteins between the
cell membrane and the nucleus. Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm. The cytosol
is the fluid part of the cytoplasm.
All eukaryotic cells start life with a nucleus. This double-membrane sac holds a
eukaryotic cell’s DNA, the hereditary information of the cell. Normally, the DNA is
spread out within the nucleus as a threadlike structure called chromatin. When the cell
begins to divide, the chromatin condenses into rod-shaped bodies called chromosomes,
each of which, before dividing, is made up of two long DNA molecules and various

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histone (protein) molecules. The histones serve to organize the lengthy DNA, coiling it
into bundles called nucleosomes.

Retrieved from http://biology4alevel.blogspot.com/2014/09/27-summary-of-cell-membrane.html,

6/16/2020
Figure 2. The structural components of the cell membrane. This double-layered structure is the
foundation of the membranes of all living things.

A nuclear envelope, consists of two lipid bilayer folded together as a single

membrane, surrounds the nucleus, and controls the passage of molecules between the
nucleus and the cytoplasm. The outer bilayer membrane of the nucleus is continuous with
the membrane of another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear
envelope encloses nucleoplasm, a viscous fluid similar to cytoplasm in terms of
consistency.
Within the nucleus is a small, dense, irregularly shaped region known as the
nucleolus. It is not bound by a membrane, so it is a non-membranous organelle. This area
forms near the part of DNA with instructions for making ribosomes, structures
responsible for making proteins. Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus, and exit the
nucleus with nuclear pores.
Nuclear pores are openings of the nuclear envelope. One type of ribonucleic acid,
the messenger RNA, or mRNA, pass through these openings during transcription.
However, these openings does not allow the exit of DNA during replication.

Retrieved from https://www.nextgurukul.in/questions-answers-

forum/question/academic/Diagram-of-nucleus/172577, 6/16/2020
Figure 3. The nucleus, or controlling center of the cell and its integral parts

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 The endoplasmic reticulum, or ER, is an extension of the nuclear envelope. It
forms a continuous compartment that folds over and over into flattened sacs and tubules.
Two kinds of ER are named for their appearance in electron micrographs. The rough ER
is so-called because its surface is studded with ribosomes, the organelle in charge of protein
production.
Proteins called glycoproteins made in the rough ER are destined to either be a part
of a membrane, or to be secreted from the cell membrane out of the cell. Without rough
ER, it would be a lot harder to distinguish between proteins that should leave the cell, and
proteins that should remain. Thus, the rough ER helps cells specialize and allows for greater
complexity in the organism. Ribosomes assist in the attachment of polysaccharides to
proteins.
The smooth ER makes lipid substances, instead of being involved in protein
synthesis. These fat-based molecules are important in energy storage, membrane structure,
and communication. The smooth ER is also responsible for detoxifying the cell. It is more
tubular than the rough ER, and has no ribosomes, so it does not make proteins. Some of the
polypeptides made in the rough ER end up in the smooth ER, as enzymes. These enzymes
make most of the cell’s membrane lipids. They also breakdown carbohydrates, fatty acids
and some drugs and poisons.
In skeletal muscle cells, a special type of smooth ER called sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores Calcium ions and has a role in contraction. In liver cells, smooth ER is involved in
the breakdown of toxins, drugs and toxic by-products from cellular reactions.

Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/endoplasmic-reticulum, 6/16/2020

Figure 4. The endoplasmic reticulum, or ER is an extensive system of membranes that divides
the interior of eukaryotic cells into compartments and channels

Ribosomes are non-membranous organelles that are manufactured in the nucleolus

and consist of RNA molecules and proteins. They are made of two sub units; a small
subunit (labelled 40S) and a large subunit (labelled 60S). They move across the nuclear
envelope and into the cytoplasm where they are assembled into a single 80S ribosome.
They are found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the ER. In the cytoplasm,
ribosomes assist in the assembly of amino acids into proteins.

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 Many vesicles from the ER fuse with and empty their contents into a Golgi bodies
(Golgi apparatus or dictyosomes). This organelle has a folded membrane that typically
looks like a stack of pancakes. They are responsible for packing proteins from the rough
ER. Enzymes in a Golgi body put finishing touches on polypeptide chains and lipids that
have been delivered from the ER. They attach phosphate groups or sugars, and cleave
certain polypeptide chains. The finished products such as membrane proteins, proteins for
secretion, and enzymes – are sorted and packaged into new vesicles that carry them to the
cell membrane or to lysosomes. Golgi complex is a term collectively referring to all of the
Golgi bodies within a cell.

Retrieved from
https://alevelbiology.co.uk/notes/ribosomes-
structure-andfunctions/, 6/16/202
Figure 5 (left). A ribosome unit

TRIVIA
An S value, or Svedberg unit,
expresses how readily a product forms a
sediment in a centrifuge, with larger
values representing larger and heavier
products.

What is the endomembrane system?

It includes the rough and smooth ER, vesicles and Golgi bodies. This series of
organelles work together to synthesize and modify cell membrane proteins and lipids.

Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/golgi-apparatus-meaning-373366 6/16/2020

Figure 6. The structure of the Golgi body.

A Golgi body is a structure that collects, modifies, packages, and distributes

molecular products. When these products are ready for transport, they are pinched off into
vesicles that are moved either to cell membrane to exit the cell or to locations within the
cell.

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 The mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is a type of organelle that specializes in
making adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP), the energy currency of the cell. This oval, sausage
– shaped organelle has two membranes; the outer that is smooth and defines the shape of the
organelle, and the inner membrane, that has many folds called cristae which dip into the
interior of the mitochondrion. This structure enables the flow of ions across the inner
membrane during cellular respiration.
Nearly all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but prokaryotes do not. The number
of mitochondria varies by the type of cell and by the type of organism. For example, a
single – celled yeast (a type of fungus) might have only one mitochondrion; a human
skeletal muscle cell may have a thousand or more. Cells that have a very high demand for
energy (ATP) tend to have a profusion of mitochondria.

Retrieved from https://www.bioscience.com.pk/topics/cell-biology/item/581-structure-and-

function-of-mitochondria, 6/16/2020
Figure 7. The illustration showing the inner folds are called cristae.

Mitochondria have their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA. They
divide independently of the cell and have their own ribosomes.

TRIVIA
According to hypothesis, the mitochondria in most eukaryotic cells are thought to have
originated as symbiotic bacteria! Which suggest why they have their own DNA because
they were once free – living bacteria!

Plastids are membrane – bound organelles that function in photosynthesis or

storage in plants and algae. Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts and amyloplasts are
common types of plastids. Photosynthetic cells of plants and many protists contain
chloroplasts, organelles that are specialized for photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts have structure similar to the mitochondria. They also appear as oval
or disk shape. Two outer membranes enclose a semifluid interior called stroma. The
stroma contains enzymes and the chloroplast’s own DNA. Inside the stroma, a third, highly
folded membrane forms a single compartment or the thylakoid. The inner folds or
thylakoids resemble stacks of flattened disks; the stacks are called grana (singular,
granum). Photosynthesis takes place at this membrane, which is called the thylakoidal
membrane.

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 TRIVIA
Chloroplasts, in many ways resemble photosynthetic bacteria, and like mitochondria
they may have evolved by endosymbiosis!

Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/chloroplast, 6/16/2020

Figure 8. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane and a system of interior membranes that
form sacs called thylakoids.

The thylakoidal membrane incorporates many pigments and other proteins. The
most abundant of the pigments is chlorophyll, which appears green. This pigment and
other molecules harness the energy in sunlight to drive the synthesis of ATP. The ATP is
then used inside the stroma to build carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by the
process of photosynthesis.
The word vacuole comes from a Latin word meaning “empty”. However, these
membrane – bounded storage sacs only look empty. Amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes,
and toxins accumulate in the water – filled interior of this organelle.

The word vacuole comes from a

Latin word meaning “empty”. However,
these membrane – bounded storage sacs
only look empty. Amino acids, sugars,
ions, wastes, and toxins accumulate in the
water – filled interior of this organelle.
Fluid pressure in the vacuole keeps plant
cells – and structures such as stems and
leaves – firm. Their number, kind and size
vary in different kinds of cells. Typically,
Retrieved from this organelle takes up 50 to 90 percent of
https://sites.google.com/site/kmhvacuole6/16/2020
the cell’s interior, with cytoplasm confined
Figure 9. A plant cell with a central – to a narrow zone in between.
filled vacuole
Vesicles are small, membrane – enclosed, saclike organelles. They form in great
numbers, and in variety of types, either their own or by budding from other organelles or
the cell membrane. Many types of vesicles transport substances from one organelle to
another, or to and from the cell membrane.

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
 Peroxisomes are vesicles containing enzymes that digest fatty acids and amino
acids. They are spherical organelles responsible for destroying its own contents. They form
and divide on their own. These organelles also protect the cell from oxidant molecules
which could seriously damage the cell. Molecules like oxygen ions or peroxides as oxidant
molecules are created as a by-product of normal cellular metabolism, and also by radiation,
tobacco, and drugs. They cause what is known as oxidative stress in the cell by reacting
with and damaging DNA and lipid-based molecules like cell membranes. These molecules
are the reason why we need antioxidants in our diet.
Lysosomes are vesicles (from Golgi bodies) that contain powerful digestive
enzymes. Known as the cell’s recycling center, these organelles are spheres full of enzymes
ready to hydrolyze whatever substance crosses the membrane, so the cell can re-use the raw
material. They fuse with other vesicles carrying particles or molecules for disposal, such as
worn – out cell components. They help cells function by aiding in cell renewal, constantly
breaking down old cell parts as they are replaced with new cell parts.

Retrieved from https://kaylasanatomyclass.weebly.com/lysosomes.html, 6/16/2020

Figure 10. The process of digestion in lysosome

Many plants, algae and fungi have rigid structure called a cell wall that surrounds
the cell membrane. Almost all plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, large molecules
formed by the linking of glucose units. Cell wall is a porous structure that protects,
supports and imparts shape to the cell. Water and solutes easily cross it on the way to and
from the cell membrane.
In between the nucleus and cell membrane of all eukaryotic cells is a cytoskeleton
– an interconnected system of protein filaments. Parts of the system reinforce, organize
and move cell structures, and often the whole cell. Some are permanent, others form only
at certain times.
The cytoskeleton is made up of three different fibers: microfilaments,
microtubules and intermediate filaments. The microfilaments are the thinnest – made of
twisted double chain of subunits of globular protein actin – and are not visible with an
ordinary light microscope. They strengthen or change the shape of eukaryotic cells.
The microtubules are long, hollow cylinders that consist of subunits of protein
tubulin. They form a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes, rapidly assembling
when they are needed, dis-assembling when they are not. As the name suggests, the
intermediate filaments are in-between size. They are the most stable parts of the
cytoskeleton. They strengthen and maintain cell and tissue structures. Together, these
three types of protein fibers provide the cell with mechanical support and help anchor

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
many of the organelles. They also help move substances from one part of the cell to
another.

Retrieved from https://readbiology.com/cytoskeleton-types/ 6/16/2020

Figure 11. The Cytoskeleton and its protein fibers.

Typically found in eukaryotic cells,

centrioles are small, cylindrical (tube-like)
organelles made of microtubules which exist as
part of the centrosome, an area which helps
organize microtubules in the cell. Centrioles
aid in cell division by facilitating the separation
of chromosomes.
For this reason, they are located near the
nucleus. While centrioles are typically found
in eukaryotic cells, they are absent in higher
Retrieved from plants.
https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/74810/a
re-microtubules-in-centrioles-helical-like-they-are- Figure 12 (left). A pair of centrioles
when-in-isolation, 6/16/2020 showing its components - microtubules

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

ACTIVITY No. 3 Who am I?
1. I store the information contained in the DNA. ___________
2. I protect and support plant cells. ___________
3. I used sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and
water to glucose. ___________
4. I am the site where proteins are made. ___________
5. I transport substances inside the cell. ___________
6. I am the gatekeeper. I control what comes
in and out of the cell. ___________
7. I am always known as the powerhouse because it is
in my site where energy is produced. ___________
8. I am very large in plant cells. ___________
9. I am a jelly – like substance where
organelles are suspended. ___________
10. I assist the cell during division. ___________

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

20
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
 ACTIVITY No. 4
Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle
in the righthand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column.
Function Cell part /
organelle
1. Stores material within plant cells.
2. The sites of protein synthesis.
3. Produce and transport proteins within and outside the cell.
4. Jelly – like substance in the cell.
5. Organelle that manages and controls all the functions in a
eukaryotic cell.
7. An organelle that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
8. Digest excess or worn – out cell parts, food particles and
invading substances.
9. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants,
fungi, most bacteria and some protists.

10. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

11. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

12. Produces lipids
13. Site where ribosomes are made
14. The membrane surrounding the cell

15. Provides cell shape, internal organization and a basis of cell

movement.
16. Structures that aid in cell division
17. Digests fatty acids and amino acids
18. Controls the passage of molecules between the nucleus and
the cytoplasm
19. They form a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes
20. Many of this type of organelle transport substances from one
organelle to another, or to and from the cell membrane

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
POST-TEST
1. Which one of the following eukaryotic cell structures does not contain DNA?
A. nucleus B. ER C. mitochondrion D. chloroplast
2. Which of the following statements does not apply to the nuclear envelope? A. It is a
double membrane.
B. It has pores through which material enters and leaves.
C. It is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
D. It has inner folds to form cristae.
3. All peroxisomes carry out this function, EXCEPT:
A. Break down fats and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for
energy production by mitochondria
B. Digest macromolecules using the hydrolytic enzymes they contain
C. Synthesize membrane components such as fatty acids and phospholipids
D. Control the flow of ions into and out of the cell
4. A centriole is an organelle that is:
A. Present in the center of a cell's cytoplasm
B. Composed of microtubules and important for organizing the spindle fibers
C. Surrounded by a membrane
D. Part of a chromosome
5. Which of the following does not apply to chloroplasts?
A. They contain chlorophyll and the enzymes required for photosynthesis.
B. They contain an internal membrane system consisting of thylakoids.
C. They synthesize ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
D. They are bounded by two membranes, the inner of which is folded into the
cristae.
6. The cellular structure that is involved in producing ATP during aerobic respiration.
A. nucleus B. nucleus C. mitochondrion D. ER
7. All of the following characterize microtubules EXCEPT;
A. They are made of protein tubulin
B. They are involved in providing cell movement
C. They are developed from the cell membrane
D. They make up the structures involved during cell division.
8. A smooth ER exhibits all of the following activities EXCEPT;
A. Assembling amino acids to make proteins C. Manufacturing steroids
B. Manufacturing lipids D. Breaking down toxins
9. What is the main function of the cell wall?
A. To protect and provide support for the cell.
B. Builds proteins
C. Converts light energy to chemical energy
D. Takes in carbon dioxide
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS
22
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
10. Plant and animal cells differ mostly in the sense that –
A. Only animal cells have mitochondria
B. Only plant cells have cell membrane
C. Only plant cells have cell walls
D. Only animal cells have ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Answer Sheet for Lesson 1

Name: __________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Pre-Test
Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
1. _______ 5. _______ 9. ________
2. _______ 6. _______ 10. _______
3. _______ 7. _______
4. _______ 8. _______
Activity
Make a Graphic Organizer about the Cell Theory. Fill in the appropriate
information given below.
Who’s who? Paste a picture of the
What are the three following scientists. Include the contribution of
components of the Cell each of the following.
Theory?
1.
SCHWANN SCHLEIDEN

2.

VIRCHOW HOOKE
3.

What are the ideas included in the modern version of the Cell Theory?

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

23
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
Check Your Understanding Questions:
1. Who used the first microscope? __________________
2. Who said that plants were made of cells? __________________
3. Who coined the term “cell”? __________________
4. Who said that animals were made of cells? __________________
5. Who said that cells must come from existing cells? _____________
Post-Test
Write the letter of your choice on the space provided.
1. _______ 6. _______
2. _______ 7. _______
3. _______ 8. _______
4. _______ 9. _______
5. _______ 10. ______

Answer Sheet for Lesson 2

Name: __________________________ Date :_____________
Section: __________________________

Pre-Test
Write the letter of your choice on the space provided
1. _______ 6. _______
5. _______ 7. _______
6. _______ 8. _______
7. _______ 9. _______
8. _______ 10. ______
Looking Back To Your Lesson
1. What caused scientists to discover the existence of cells?
_______________________________________________________________
2. Based on the findings of Hooke what are the “small rooms” that that he is
referring to?
_______________________________________________________________
3. What did Hooke observed in the cork slice?
_______________________________________________________________
4. What discovery is Anton van Leeuwenhoek noted for?
_______________________________________________________________
5. What are the three parts of the cell theory?

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

24
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
ACTIVITY No. 1
Given are the functions of the organelle, identify what is being asked.

Maintains structure and shape of the cell 1

Manufactures materials for the cell 2

Produces energy 3

Waste and storage 4

Controlling cellular processes 5

Cell division 6

Photosynthesis 7

Regulation and control of movement of 8

organelles and substances

Modifying and packaging 9

10
Mechanical support

ACTIVITY No. 2 Plant cell vs Animal cell

I. While cells differ in size and shape, most of them have a common
structure. They have three basic parts: cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
Can you describe the feature(s) of each?
1. Cell membrane _____________________________________
2. Cytoplasm _____________________________________
3. Nucleus ______________________________
II. Fill in the diagram below by writing the corresponding organelles found in
each type of cell. Write in the middle part the common features (organelles) of the
two types of cells.

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

25
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
 PLANT ANIMAL

Common
features

Check Your Understanding

ACTIVITY No. 3 Who Am I?
1. I store the information contained in the DNA.
______________
2. I protect and support plant cells.
______________
3. I used sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose. ______________
4. I am the site where proteins are made. ______________
5. I transport substances inside the cell. ______________
6. I am the gatekeeper. I control what comes in and out of the cell. ______________
7. I am always known as the powerhouse because it is in my
site where energy is produced. ______________
8. I am very large in plant cells. ______________
9. I am a jelly – like substance where organelles are suspended. ______________
10. I assist the cell during division. ______________

ACTIVITY No. 4
Complete the following table by writing the name of the cell part or organelle in
the right hand column that matches the structure/function in the left hand column.

Function Cell part /

organelle
1. Stores material within plant cells.

2. The sites of protein synthesis.

3.Produce and transport proteins within and outside the cell.

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

26
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
 4. Jelly – like substance in the cell.
5. Organelle that manages and controls all the functions in a
eukaryotic cell.
6. Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plant cells only)
7. An organelle that contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

8. Digest excess or worn – out cell parts, food particles and

invading substances.
9. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants,
fungi, most bacteria and some protists.
10. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

11. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

12. Produces lipids

13. Site where ribosomes are made

14. The membrane surrounding the cell
15. Provides cell shape, internal organization and a basis of cell
movement.
16. Structures that aid in cell division
17. Digests fatty acids and amino acids
18. Controls the passage of molecules between the nucleus and
the cytoplasm

19. They form a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes

20. Many of this type of organelle transport substances from one

organelle to another, or to and from the cell membrane

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

27
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
REFERENCES:
I. Books
Alters, Sandra (1996). Biology. United States of America: Von Hoffman
Press, Inc.

Payawal, Pacifico, et.al. (2006). Biology Science Impact. Marikina City,

Philippines: Academe Publishing House, Inc.

Starr, Cecie, et.al. (2009). Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 12th
edition. United States of America: Brooks / Cole Cengage Learning

II. Electronic resources

www.biologycorner.com
https://teachers.net/lessons/
https://quizizz.com/admin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Jane R. Gumafelix, T-III

Editor: Rebecca M. Roxas – EPS
Reviewer: Lyn D. Paraguison MT II
Management Team:
Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V, Schools Division Superintendent, Manila
Aida H. Rondilla, CID Chief
Lucky S. Carpio, Division EPS, In – Charge of LRMS and Division ADM Coordinator

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS
ANSWER KEY CARD
LESSON 1: CELL THEORY
Pre-test Post – test Check Your Understanding
1. B 1. B 1. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
2. D 2. C 2. Mathias Schleiden
3. C 3. A 3. Robert Hooke
4. B 4. B 4. Theodor Schwann
5. D 5. B 5. Rudolf Virchow
6. C 6. D
7. D 7. B
8. D 8. A
9. A 9. A
10. A 10. D

Activity: Graphic Organizer

Components of the Cell Theory
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
2. The smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Who’s Who?
Pictures of scientists may vary
Theodor Schwann – one of the proponents of the Cell Theory. Studied animals and formulated
the concept that animals are made up of one or more cells.

Mathias Schleiden – one of the proponents of the Cell Theory, Studied plants and formulated
the concept that plants are made up of one or more cells.

Rudolf Virchow – made some advancements of the Cell Theory by disproving the theory of
spontaneous generation. He formulated the concept that cells can reproduce and arise from pre
– existing cells

What are the ideas included in the modern version of the Cell Theory?
1. Energy flow occurs within cells.
2. Heredity information (DNA) is passed from cell to cell. 3. All cells
have the basic chemical composition.

LESSON 2: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CELL AND ITS ORGANELLES

Pre-test Post – test
1. C 7. D 1. B 7. C
2. B 8. D 2. D 8. A
3. B 9. A 3. D 9. A
4. A 10. A 4. B 10. C
5. B 5. D
6. C 6. C

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

29
AND ITS FUNCTIONS
 Looking Back To Your Lesson
1. The development of microscope and the application of microscopy.
2. The discovery of cork cells.
3. He saw what he called “cells” which reminded him of the small rooms inhabited by monks.
4. The invention of the microscope.
5. All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The
cell is the basic unit of life.

Activity 1 Activity 2 (answers may vary)

1. Cell membrane
1. The cell membrane as a barrier selectively controls
2. Endoplasmic reticulum
the kind and amount of substances moving into and
3. Mitochondrion
out of cells.
4. Lysosomes / peroxisomes
5. Nucleus 2. The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where
6. Centrioles organelles and other substances are suspended. The
7. Chloroplast consistency assist in the control and regulation of the
8. Cytoplasm movement of organelles and molecules within the
9. Golgi bodies cell.
10. Cytoskeleton 3. The nucleus keeps the DNA separated from the
cytoplasm, makes ribosomes and controls the access to
Activity 2 the cytoplasm with rest of the organelles.
Part II
Plants Animals

Nucleus
Plastids ER Centrioles
Vacuoles Golgi bodies Peroxisomes
Cell wall Vesicles Lysosomes
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes

Activity 3: Who Am I? Activity 4

1. Nucleus 1. Vacuole 11. Golgi bodies
2. Cell wall 2. Ribosomes 12. Smooth ER
3. Chloroplast 3. Rough ER 13. nucleolus
4. Ribosomes 4. Cytoplasm 14. Cell membrane
5. ER 5. Nucleus 15. cytoskeleton
6. Cell membrane 6. Thylakoids 16. centrioles
7. Mitochondrion 7. Chloroplast 17. peroxisomes
8. Vacuoles 8. Lysosomes 18. Nuclear envelope
9. Cytoplasm 9. Cell wall 19. microtubules
10. Centrioles 10. Mitochondrion 20. vesicles

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1: THE CELL THEORY, CELL PARTS

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AND ITS FUNCTIONS