Nasc SG4 22

NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING
CONFEDERATION
SG4:22
Safety Guidance 4: 2022
Preventing Falls in
Scaffolding Operations
A guide to good practice for tube and fitting and system scaffolding
November 2022
i
SG4:22 | Preventing Falls in Scaffolding Operations
ii
Preventing Falls in
Scaffolding Operations
Safety Guidance 4: 2022
NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
National Access and Scaffolding Confederation

4th Floor, 12 Bridewell Place, London EC4V 6AP
enquiries@nasc.org.uk
www.nasc.org.uk
Tel: 020 7822 7400
i
Published by: The preparation of this NASC Guide to Preventing Falls
in Scaffolding was entrusted to The NASC SG4 Working
National Access & Scaffolding Confederation (NASC) Party by the Council of the National Access and Scaffolding
4th Floor, 12 Bridewell Place Confederation.
London EC4V 6AP
Tel: 020 7822 7400 Technical Author
Email: enquiries@nasc.org.uk Simon Hughes CMIOSH, MIIRSM
Website: www.nasc.org.uk Simian Risk Management Limited
© NASC 2022 This guide takes the form of recommendations and guidance.
It should not be quoted as if it were a specification. It does not
First published 2022 purport to include all the necessary provisions for a contract
and users are responsible for their application.
ISBN 978-0-9934076-3-5
The guide has been written on the assumption that the
Designed by execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately
Steve Phillips qualified and experienced people and that construction and
supervision of scaffolds will be carried out by capable and
Illustrated by experienced organisations.
Steve Phillips
Computer and Design Services Ltd. NASC and Simian Risk Management Limited shall be under
no liability of whatsoever kind however caused whether or
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be not due to the negligence or wilful default of NASC or their
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any servants or agents arising out of or in connection with this
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, document or any part thereof.
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
publisher and copyright owner.
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No.
Date
Comments
ii
Contents
Contents iii
Figures v
Foreword vii
HM Chief Inspector of Construction, HSE (awaiting)
Foreword viii
Suzannah Nichol MBE, Chief Executive Build UK
Preface ix
Lynn Way, President NASC
01 Introduction 1
02 Planning for work at height 3

2.1 Competence and capability 6
2.2 Training and instruction 6
2.3 Supervision 7
2.4 Site inspection and risk assessment 8
2.5 Rescue planning 8
2.6 Collective fall protection (Third Party) 8
2.7 Weather conditions 8
2.8 Fragile Surfaces 8
2.9 Temporary works design 11
2.10 Scaffolding operatives’ responsibilities 12
03 Principles of fall prevention and protection 13 NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
04 Collective Fall Protection 14

4.1 The scaffolders’ safe zone 14
4.2 Working platforms 15
4.2.1 System scaffold decking 17
4.3 Collective fall protection methods 19
4.3.1 Scaffolders’ step 20
4.3.2 Proprietary Advanced Guardrail Systems (AGS) 21
4.3.3 Short-lift system 22
4.3.4 Tube and fitting frame type AGS 23
4.3.5 Tube and fitting horizontal type AGS 24
05 Personal Fall Protection 25

5.1 PFPE in scaffolding applications 26
5.2 Fall arrest harnesses and lanyards 27
iii
5.3 Single fall arrest lanyards 28

5.4 Double fall arrest lanyards 28
5.5 Anchor points, connectors and anchor devices 30
5.6 Anchorage to tube & fitting scaffolds 30
5.6.1 Suitable scaffold anchor points 30
5.6.2 Unsuitable scaffold anchor points 31
5.7 Anchoring to scaffold standards 31
5.8 Anchorage to proprietary scaffolding systems 31
5.9 Guidelines for anchorage on other structures 32
5.10 Anchorage to lightweight mobile access towers (MATs) 32
5.11 Inertia reels 33
5.12 Hybrid self-retracting lanyards 34
5.13 Horizontal line systems 34
5.14 Inspection and maintenance of personal fall protection equipment 35
5.15 Personal fall protection equipment manufacturers’ instructions 35
5.16 Climbing scaffold structures 35
5.17 Rescue 36
5.18 Assisted rescue (without specialist rescue equipment) 36
5.19 Specialist rescue equipment 37
5.20 Rescue training 38
06 Methods of access and egress 39
07 Other scaffolding applications 43

7.1 Scaffolding from a mobile elevating work platform 43
7.2 Proprietary system scaffolding 44
7.3 Shorter lifts (Bricklayers’ lifts) 44
7.4 Tall lifts (floor height lifts, pavement lifts and gantries) 45
7.5 Birdcage access scaffolding 46
7.6 Loading bays 46
7.7 Chimney-stack scaffolding and roof saddles 47
7.8 Working from beams 48
7.9 Cantilevered structures 50
7.10 Temporary roofs 51
7.10.1 Proprietary roof systems 51
7.10.2 Traditional temporary roofs 52
7.11 Sheeting and cladding operations 54
7.12 Hoist towers and debris chutes 55
7.13 Temporary edge protection 55
7.14 Falswework, formwork and other temporary structures 56

08 Appendix 57
Relevant Health and Safety Law 57
British and European Standards 58
References and further reading 59
Acknowledgements 60
iv
Figures
page
1 NASC Members’ Falls from Height 1999-2021 1

2 Guardrails attached to pre-cast concrete staircase sections 3
3 Pre-assembled guardrails – fixed to structural steelwork (‘I’ beams) 3
4 Examples of pre-assembled modular sections of complex scaffolding lifted into place 4
to avoid significant risks associated with working at height
5 Scaffolder protected by a guardrail in the scaffolders’ safe zone 4
6 Work at Height Regulations 2005 Hierarchy of Controls 5
7 CISRS cards 6
8 Summary of Regulation 9 of the Work at Height Regulations 2005 for fragile surfaces 9
9 Example of protective measures for fragile surfaces 10
10 Examples of collective fall arrest below fragile surfaces 11
11 Extract from a drawing showing hazard warning 11
12 Example of Collective Fall Protection 13
13 Example of Personal Fall Protection 13
14 Inherent risk of a fall in scaffolding 14
15 Shows a scaffolder exposed to a risk of falling 15
16 A temporary scaffolders working platform to form the minimum scaffolders’ safe zone 15
17 A finished working platform for users 15
18 A scaffolder reaching below the single guardrail must be clipped on 16
19 Safe handling bay 16
20 Temporary working platform 16
21 Boarding out the first lift from below 17
22 Example of an assembly aid to place and remove decking from a boarded platform 17
23 Examples of other collective fall arrest systems 18
24 Restricted access 18
25 Illustration shows a scaffolder hemping a standard over a guardrail 19
26 Example of a scaffolder’s step 20
27 Examples of a scaffolders’ step used to install guardrails in advance 20
28 Scaffolder installing a guardrail in advance to the next lift from a scaffolders’ step 20
29 System scaffold side brackets used to create a scaffolders’ step 21
30 Push type Advanced Guardrail Tool (AGT) 21
31 Example of a system scaffold specific advanced guardrail tool 21
32 An example of an integrated advanced guardrail system 22
33 Example of a system scaffold specific tool for advance guardrail frames 22
34 Sequence showing short lift system 22
35 AGS frame constructed on the ground and fixed to the base lift 23
36 AGS frame constructed on the ground and fixed to the base lift 23
37 Tube and fitting horizontal advanced guardrail sequence 24
38 A minimum suggested personal fall arrest system 25
39 High specification harness and lanyard systems 25
40 An industrial helmet for working at height 26
41 Scaffolder clipping on from the ladder trap before accessing an unprotected platform 26
42 Scaffolder clipping on before encroaching within 1 metre of a leading edge 26
43 Scaffolder traversing on an unprotected platform remaining attached using a twin lanyard 26
44 Fall factors 27
45 The maximum length of a fixed length lanyard 27
46 Hybrid self-retracting fall arrest lanyard 27
47 Single fall arrest lanyard 28
v
page
48 Twin-tail lanyard that shares a common energy absorber 28
49 Double lanyard system using two separate fall arrest lanyards 28
50 An example of a sacrificial lanyard parking point 29
51 Typical options for stowing and securing a lanyard when not in use 29
52 Examples of suitable anchor points 30
53 Examples of unsuitable anchor points 31
54 Anchor devices 31
55 A selection of special connectors and anchor devices 32
56 The pendulum effect 33
57 A slung scaffold being erected by a scaffolder 33
58 Examples of a hybrid self–retracting lanyard system 34
59 A proprietary line system 34
60 Recovery from height by emergency services 36
61 Retrievable type inertia reel 36
62 Examples of remote rescue equipment for scaffolding applications 37
63 Fully assisted rescue situation 38
64 Scaffolder raising platform boards 39
65 Typical proprietary system scaffold stairway 40
66 Ladder access bays with single lift ladders 41
67 Internal ladder access with a protected ladder trap 41
68 External ladder access using a safety gate 41
69 A standalone loading tower with access built in 42
70 Scaffolders using a MEWP to erect a suspended scaffold 43
71 Work restraint lanyard and adjustable combination lanyard 43
72 An example of an anchor point for a proprietary scaffolding system 44
73 Example of sequence of work to erect guardrails in advance for shorter lift heights 44
74 A sequence of work for floor height lifts 45
75 Tall Lifts - Scaffolder using a scaffolders’ step to form a floor height lift 45
76 Example of a birdcage scaffolding system of work 46
77 Example of a loading bay gate to maintain collective fall protection 46
78 Temporary guardrail for loading bay gate installation and removal 46
79 Example of a roof saddle sequence of work with eaves edge protection and 47
continual attachment
80 Examples of bridging with beams 48
81 Examples of collective protection for the construction of gantry scaffolding 49
82 Falling object protection fan erected using an inertia reel 50
83 An example of a temporary guardrail assembly used to provide a scaffolders’ 50
safe zone during the erection of a truss-out cantilevered scaffold
84 Examples of proprietary temporary roof systems 51
85 A traditional temporary roof with edge protection and safe access and egress 52
86 Scaffolders crabbing beams to fix a chord tie maintaining continual attachment 53
87 Scaffolders maintaining continuous attachment whilst fixing sheeting to a temporary roof 53
88 An example of safe access to the roof surface via a cantilevered eaves platform 53
89 Shows perimeter edge protection to a traditional temporary roof 53
90 Showing good practice for fall protection during sheeting operations 54
91 Debris chute or hoist tower construction 55
92 Scaffolder erecting roof edge protection from a MEWP 55
93 Safety net fan system provides protection for erecting temporary edge protection 55
94 Scaffolder utilising an installed fall protection system for roof access 56
95 Fully decked and guardrailed working platform to form a scaffolders’ safe zone 56
vi
SECTION
03
vii
Foreword
The application of consistently high standards is key to both safety and productivity on
construction projects.
Scaffolding professionals provide temporary working platforms and other structures

that are used throughout the construction sector and they often face significant risks in
establishing safe temporary access and work environments for other workers. Specialist
construction trades, such as scaffolders, perform a vital role in our supply-chain and we
all rely upon current industry guidance to establish, and maintain, safe working practices
that have become the benchmark for our members’ projects.
Written by NASC and industry experts, over the years this guidance has challenged
industry practices and has clearly demonstrated an impact in saving lives and preventing
serious injury. All scaffolding operatives should hold a current CISRS card and be trained
to SG4:22 Preventing Falls in Scaffolding Operations which sets the standard across the
UK.
Suzannah Nichol MBE

Chief Executive Build UK
viii
Preface
FallsAsfrom height continue
a long-serving to beand
member thecurrent
largest President
single cause of fatal
of the NASC,andI have
life changing injuries
experienced first-
for workers across industry. Scaffolders, when erecting, altering or dismantling
hand the positive influence this flagship guidance has had on our industry. I am delightedscaffolding
are to
regularly exposed to
have witnessed the change
a sea risk of a in
fall.
theThis guidance
attitudes andclearly showsofthat
behaviours with proper
scaffolding contractors
planning, preparation, provision and use of the correct equipment and systems
and their scaffolders towards all matters relating to health and safety, and particularly of work,
the work
risk ofataheight.
fall canThe
be eliminated
contributionor this
minimised.
guidance has made in helping our industry to
become a more professional trade cannot be over emphasised. The true impact of SG4
It is isencouraging
evidenced by that the
the 87%NASC continues
reduction to rate
in the fulfil of
their commitment
falls from heightas
byaNASC
trade members
organisation
with 93 in 1999 to 12 in 2021, these statistics speak for themselves andestablishing
to develop its own industry guidance. In taking ownership and provide a clear
good practice it has
demonstration enabled
that scaffolding contractors to better manage the risk and
SG4 works!
NASC acknowledges that a scaffolder’s work is generally hazardous and this guidance
accepts that employers have responsibility to ensure that adequate measures are
provided for employees to eliminate or minimise the risks involved. The NASC works
advice
hardinto action. safety, not only amongst its members but also clients, site owners
to promote
and the general public. We must continue to support our clients to demand increasing
compliance levels with this key industry safety guidance on sites they control. For those
who choose not to comply, we must demand more frequent and robust levels of action
from all stakeholders, including client organisations and the enforcing authorities, thereby
maintaining continuous improvements in the Health, Safety and Wellbeing of everyone
working on or impacted by construction sites.
This revision has been more of a fine-tuning following a systematic review of the guidance
and understanding the realisation of substantial health and safety improvements in work
areas previously targeted. The core principles of SG4 remain unchanged, albeit with
continued emphasis on the ‘SCAFFOLDERS’ SAFE ZONE’ method of working.
The guidance has also been updated to reflect recent advances within our industry
and particularly the broadened scope of the new TG20:21 Operational guide – A
comprehensive guide to good practice for tube and fittings scaffolding. The NASC and
its members are continuing their drive to move the industry forward on matters relating
to safety and consistency, and it is our intention that this revised document will enable NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
scaffolding contractors to continue their demonstration of industry good practice.
Lynn Way
NASC President
ix
Note
Illustrations used in this publication use the following colour code:
Yellow - featured components and equipment
Red - indicates active collective protection
x
SECTION 01 | Introduction
Introduction
SECTION
03
01
Falls from height account for almost half of the fatal accidents protection technology, updated Technical Guidance (TG20) and
in the construction sector. Falling from height is a significant changing methods of construction and maintenance.
risk faced by scaffolders when erecting, altering or dismantling
scaffolding during most scaffolding operations. The NASC also recognises that statistics1 have shown falls
from height rarely involve scaffolders from our membership who
The NASC and HSE acknowledges that scaffolders have to are working from scaffold structures they have constructed
work in hazardous situations, and this guidance note accepts themselves. We also recognise that the instances of fatal and
that employers have a responsibility to ensure that adequate RIDDOR 2 specified injuries resulting from falls of scaffolders
measures are provided for employees during scaffolding have significantly reduced since the introduction of SG4 in
operations to eliminate or minimise those risks. the mid-1990s. The previous revisions of SG4 in 2000, 2005,
2010 and again in 2015 have seen changes to the methods of
The scaffolding industry has seen significant improvement working that have been adopted by the industry.
over the last twenty years in working practices for improving
health and safety performance. However, it remains evident that NASC members accident statistics have shown that since 2000
large elements of our industry continue to accept standards there has been an 87% reduction in the number of falls recorded
of work and levels of risk that fails to meet the minimum legal from scaffolding operations – from 93 in 1999 to 12 in 2021.
requirements and established industry good practice, exposing This reduction is more remarkable when you consider there has
workers and others to significant risk of injury. NASC and its been a 46% increase in the number of operatives working within
membership are committed to promoting good practice through the NASC membership, which represents an 88% reduction in
our published guidance. the accident frequency rate during this period ( Figure 1).
In recognition of the significant hazards and risks that scaffolders Note 1:

are exposed to day to day, the NASC have produced this edition Figures obtained from NASC members’ accident returns and annual safety report
1999-2021.
of Safety Guidance Number 4 (SG4) as ‘scaffolding industry
good practice’ for work at height. This updated guidance Note 2:
reflects the challenges facing our industry through new fall Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 2013.
100 0.50
90
80 0.40
70
Number of Falls from Height
60 0.30
Frequency Rate
50
40 0.20 NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION

30
20 0.10
10
0 0.00
2021
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Year
Total Falls Frequency Rate
Figure 1: NASC Members’ Falls from Height 1999-2021.
The aim of this document remains the same and is to illustrate establish collective protection by creating a scaffolders’ safe
current preventative and protective measures which represent zone and therefore minimising the time exposed to a fall risk
good industry practice that could be utilised when establishing and reliance upon personal fall protection equipment (safety
safe systems of work to prevent and protect against falls harnesses). The introduction of these collective methods
from height during scaffolding operations. This edition of SG4 of working will not completely remove the risk of a fall in all
continues to focus on the measures scaffolding contractors situations, therefore the NASC recognises that scaffolders
and scaffolders have to take to create a scaffolders’ safe will still be required to wear and use personal fall protection
zone where they are suitably protected against the risk of equipment in accordance with this Safety Guidance when
falling. The key priority and objective for scaffolders is to working at height.
1
SECTION Employers have legal duties to provide safe systems of  Explain the legal requirements for work at height;
work for employees and to carry out suitable and sufficient
01
assessment of the risks to the health and safety of employees  Identify and explain the significant hazards that
and others. This management guidance note is designed scaffolders are exposed to during typical scaffolding
to be used as reference by employers, clients, designers, operations;
contractors and enforcing authorities when preparing and
reviewing risk assessments for the erection, alteration and  Highlight practical solutions available to control the risks
dismantling of temporary access and other structures by that arise from those hazards.
scaffolders. This guidance note is again supported by a user
guide (SG4:You) to provide essential information to scaffolders This guidance is not exhaustive and does not feature every
in a user-friendly format. Other information and training aids scaffolding operation. However, it has been designed so that
are available via the NASC website (www.nasc.org.uk). the basic principles contained within this document can be
applied as solutions to most scaffolding operations.
The types of structure, nature of work and environmental
conditions vary considerably within the scaffolding trade.
However, within the guidance the NASC has endeavoured to:
Contractor fined for unsafe working
A concerned member of the public sent pictures of

scaffolders working unsafely to the HSE.
The subsequent HSE investigation resulted in a

prosecution based on the photographic evidence
and the blatant safety failings. Magistrates were told
there was nothing in place to prevent or mitigate
them falling. HSE established that the work was
poorly planned and managed, and two of the three-
man scaffolding gang were lacking in training and
accreditation to prove their competence.
The scaffolding contractor was fined £5,000 and

ordered to pay £734 in costs.
Source: HSE
2
SECTION 02 | Planning for work at height
Planning for work at height

SECTION
03
02
‘Work at height’ is defined by the Work at Height Regulations

2005 as ‘work in any place... where, if measures required
by these Regulations were not taken, a person could fall a
distance liable to cause personal injury’. The Work at Height
Regulations do not specify a distance that a person could fall
before specific precautions must be taken.
Before scaffolders undertake work at height, it is essential to

consider the work to be performed, taking account of any
foreseeable hazards arising from that work and establish
control measures to be implemented. This will ensure the
safety of scaffolders and others that may be affected by
scaffolding operations. It is essential that a competent person
carries out a suitable risk assessment and prepares the
method statement. For guidance reference should be made
to NASC Safety Guidance 7 (SG7) Risk Assessments and
Method Statements (RAMS). The more complex or hazardous
the scaffolding structure, then the more detail needs to be
identified within the planning and preparation of the RAMS.
Planning for work at height must consider the hierarchy of

preventative and protective measures that are central to the
Work at Height Regulations (WAHR), summarised as follows:
I. Avoid work at height

Figure 2: Guardrails attached to pre-cast concrete staircase
By virtue of the fact that a scaffolding contractor has been
sections before being lifted into place.
engaged, usually means that another party has made the
decision not to avoid work at height (e.g. Client, Designer or
Contractor). There are few options available to the scaffolding
industry which enable the task to be performed without
working at height e.g. fixing guardrails to precast stair sections
at ground level before craning them into place, thus avoiding
the need for the scaffolder to work at height (Figure 2).
However, there is greater opportunity to eliminate the need NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
to work at height at the design and planning stages of a
project by designers and principal contractors e.g. the pre-
assembling of guardrails to steel beams prior to being installed
by the steel erectors will eliminate the need for scaffolders to
install the edge protection at height (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Pre-assembled guardrails – fixed to structural steel-

work (‘I’ beams) prior to craning into position.
3
SECTION In some cases, innovative temporary works design for III. Mitigate the distance and
scaffolding structures can avoid certain higher risk aspects
02 consequences of a fall
of work at height in the erection or dismantling sequence,
thus reducing the risk of a fall by scaffolders. For example,
Whatever methods of work are chosen, if it is not reasonably
assembling complex elements of a structure on the ground
practicable to prevent a fall, then both the distance and the
before lifting into position by crane (see Figure 4 – example of
consequences of a potential fall must be minimised. For
pre-assembled modular sections of scaffolding erected on the
example, if a fall arrest harness is used with a fixed length
ground and lifted into place to avoid erection at height and the
lanyard then it should be attached to a suitable anchor point
associated risk).
as high above the working platform as practicable, then
should a fall occur the distance would be minimal compared
with an attachment at foot level.
IV. Collective over personal protection

At all stages in the WAHR hierarchy (Figure 6), scaffolding
contractors must consider collective protection over personal
protection. This means using measures that protect everyone
working at height at all times, (e.g. guardrails or other
collective measures) before specifying personal fall arrest
equipment (e.g. safety harnesses) as the primary control
measure.
For collective protection in scaffolding operations see Section

4 – Collective fall protection.
Figure 4: Example of pre-assembled modular sections of The use of personal fall protection equipment (safety
complex scaffolding lifted into place to avoid significant risks harnesses) requires discipline from the users to ensure
associated with working at height. they are used correctly. Scaffolders must wear and use
harnesses when they are exposed to a risk of falling and are
If avoiding work at height is not possible then you must
not protected by the collective measures in a scaffolders’
consider the next stage of the hierarchy – prevent falls.
safe zone. It is not acceptable for scaffolders to be working
II. Prevent falls at height and be exposed to a risk of a fall that could cause
personal injury, without, as a minimum, being clipped on to a
Scaffolding contractors should consider measures that create suitable anchor-point.
a safe zone (Figure 5) by preventing falls from height, such as
providing adequate work platforms with suitable guardrails In simple terms, when working at height, scaffolders must not
or other collective measures (see Section 4 – Collective traverse or climb the scaffolding structure without suitable
Fall Prevention), before resorting to personal fall protection collective or personal fall protection in place and the law
equipment as the primary means of protection (see Section requires that preference should be given to using collective
5 – Personal Fall Protection). Scaffolders are not permitted to measures first.
work at height while being exposed to a risk of a fall, without
taking appropriate actions to prevent or protect against a fall
from height.
Figure 5: Scaffolder protected by a guardrail in the scaffolders’

safe zone.
4
SECTION
WORK AT HEIGHT REGULATIONS 2005 HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS 03
02
Avoid work Avoid work at height so far as is reasonably practicable:
at height ■ Not normally an option for the scaffolding contractor.
■ Designers and principal contractors should identify opportunities

to avoid work at height.
■ Scaffolding contractors should promote innovations to their

clients that can avoid work at height.
Prevent falls Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid work

at height you should:
■ Prevent all falls from height where there is a risk of injury,

irrespective of the height.
GIVE COLLECTIVE ■ Consider collective fall protection measures to create a safe
PROTECTION PRIORITY zone before resorting to personal fall protection equipment
OVER PERSONAL such as harnesses and lanyards.
PROTECTION
■ Establish a scaffolders’ safe zone with a boarded platform
and guardrail protection, as a priority, to prevent falls occurring.
Mitigate the Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid or prevent

falls; then,
distance and
consequences ■ The distance a person can fall and the consequences (potential
injury) must be minimised.
of a fall
■ Collective protection in the form of soft landing systems (e.g.
soft landing bags, air-bags and safety nets) are not commonly a
GIVE COLLECTIVE practical solution for scaffolding.
PROTECTION PRIORITY
■ Personal fall protection systems (safety harnesses) MUST be
OVER PERSONAL worn and attached to a suitable anchor point when at risk of a
PROTECTION fall in accordance with this guide.
Figure 6: This diagram is a simple illustration of how the ‘Work at Height Regulations 2005 Hierarchy of Controls’ could
be interpreted for scaffolding operations.
5
SECTION 2.1 Competence and capability Construction Industry The authenticity of this card can be checked by telephoning
02
0844 815 7223
Scaﬀolders Record Scheme Registration No: 00000000
CISRS Advanced Scaffolder (Tube & Fitting)
The Work at Height Regulations require that any person A Sample

00000000
who carries out work at height is deemed competent to Expires End: Mar 2027
do so by their employer (Regulation 5). Competence is

defined as a combination of relevant practical and theoretical ADVANCED SCAFFOLDER
knowledge, training and experience. Scaffolders should be
selected who have appropriate attitude, aptitude, fitness,
training, knowledge and experience for the particular work Construction Industry The authenticity of this card can be checked by telephoning
0844 815 7223
to be completed. When considering scaffolder competence CISRS Scaffolder (Tube & Fitting)
A Sample
reference should be made to the Construction Industry 00000000
Scaffolders’ Record Scheme (CISRS). The scaffolders Expires End: Mar 2027
competence and CISRS record cards should be relevant

SCAFFOLDER
to the work being undertaken (e.g. Scaffolder or Advanced
Scaffolder) and current, as they require renewal every five
years (Figure 7).
Construction Industry The authenticity of this card can be checked by telephoning
0844 815 7223
A Sample
CISRS Trainee Scaffolder
CISRS Operative Training Scheme
Part 1 - Tube and Fitting
When allocating work at height duties, employers must 00000000

Expires End: Mar 2027
consider the competence and capabilities of all members of
the working party. Each gang should be led by a Scaffolder or TRAINEE SCAFFOLDER
Advanced Scaffolder. Inexperienced or trainee scaffolders who
are working towards their industry accredited qualifications
must work under the supervision of a competent scaffolder. Construction Industry The authenticity of this card can be checked by telephoning
Employers must also consider the limited skills of labourers

0844 815 7223
CISRS Scaffolding Labourer
and trainee scaffolders by restricting work at height activities A Sample CISRS Operative Training Scheme
00000000
until they have been assessed as competent and hold the Expires End: Mar 2027
appropriate Scaffolder or Advanced Scaffolder CISRS record

card. SCAFFOLDING LABOURER LIMITED SITE SKILLS ONLY
Figure 7: CISRS cards.
Trainee scaffolder killed in 18 metre

fall from unsafe scaffold
A 17 year old trainee scaffolder was tragically killed 2.2 Training and instruction
when he fell approximately 18 metres while erecting
an access birdcage scaffold. All scaffolders should have received appropriate and
recorded training in the requirements of this safety guidance,
In the subsequent prosecution by the Health and together with any specific instructions to be followed for a
Safety Executive (HSE), the court heard that the particular task (e.g. method(s) for creating the scaffolders’
scaffold was constructed with incomplete working safe zone, other protective measures, the rescue plan etc.) in
platforms, a lack of guardrails and inadequate ladder accordance with the risk assessment and method statement.
access. The competence and supervision of the
scaffolding gang was also insufficient. Other issues Employers must ensure training and instruction is provided
included were inadequacies regarding the use of for any new fall protection equipment or rescue equipment
personal fall protection equipment (harnesses). introduced to the workers. Training should be properly
organised and include both theory and practical elements.
The supervisor was found guilty of failing to take Line-management responsible for the supervision and
reasonable care for the health and safety of others monitoring of scaffolding operations also need training to
affected by his acts or omissions at work (HSW raise their level of awareness of the requirements for work
Act 1974, Section 7(1)). He was fined £7,500 and at height. Induction training and toolbox talk programmes
ordered to pay £15,000 in costs. should be used by employers to reinforce the requirements
of SG4 and maintain levels of awareness with scaffolding
Three companies were prosecuted (including the operatives. In addition, employers should also ensure that
scaffolding contractor) with fines totalling £217,500 refresher training is provided periodically and records kept.
plus £125,000 costs.
Source: HSE
6
Other operatives supporting scaffolding operations (such SECTION

as labourers) who are required to work at height must be
03
02
provided with safe access and egress and safe working
platforms complete with guardrails and toeboards to the
equivalent standard of a completed scaffold structure.
Labourers should receive basic skills and safety awareness

training through the CISRS operative training scheme (COTS).
Trainee scaffolders and apprentices may work at height in

accordance with the training and instruction received and only
under the direct supervision of a competent scaffolder (see
supervision below).
2.3 Supervision
Employers should ensure appropriate levels of competent Apprentice injured following
supervision are provided when considering the nature of the
work and competence of the scaffolders involved. scaffolding fall
A scaffolding firm has been fined £100,000 for
Supervision on site may be full-time or a visiting role. The
breaching safety regulations after an apprentice
NASC recognises that the core skills required for supervision in
suffered a number of injuries following a fall from
contract scaffolding are covered by the Construction Industry
scaffolding.
Scaffolders’ Record Scheme (CISRS) scaffolding supervisor
The apprentice was working on scaffolding at
training course.
a construction site when his foot became caught
between the scaffolding and loading bay whilst
However, typically the designated role of a ‘Supervisor’ in
passing materials to a colleague. This caused him
scaffolding, due to the peripatetic nature of the industry, is often
to fall backwards under a single guard rail and
a visiting role where they may look after several sites or gangs
subsequently fall 4 feet to the ground. From the
which are visited periodically. For example, a Supervisor would
accident the 16-year-old suffered from injured ribs,
be responsible for a number of sites or gangs, each gang
a broken wrist, a fractured cheekbone and required
should have a nominated Charge-hand Scaffolder. The Charge-
thirteen stitches above his left eye.
hand Scaffolder would be responsible for supervising the
An investigation carried out by the Health & Safety
activities of the gang. For a large site with a number of gangs
Executive (HSE) found that the scaffolding company
there may also be a nominated Lead Scaffolder in either a
had failed to include an intermediate guard-rail or
working or non-working capacity (e.g. dedicated to supervisory
toe board on the loading bay edge protection, which
duties). The NASC recommends that records of supervisory
could have prevented the apprentice’s foot from
visits are retained.
becoming caught in the first place.
The case was heard at the Magistrates’ Court,
Inexperienced workers require a higher degree of supervision,
during which the scaffolding company plead
direction and control. Trainees should be periodically assessed
guilty to the breach of Regulation 8(a) of the Work
to determine their knowledge, experience and individual NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
at Height Regulations 2005, and was ultimately
capability and must work under the direct supervision of a
fined a substantial penalty of £100,000 plus HSE
qualified scaffolder, who must be made aware of any limitations
investigation costs recovered under ‘Fee for
by their Chargehand Scaffolder, Supervisor or Manager. For
Intervention’ or ‘FFI’, The Health and Safety and
example, a newly appointed trainee scaffolder, in the early
Nuclear (Fees) Regulations.
stages of their development may be restricted from certain
higher risk activities until formal training has been completed
and training records updated. For further information on
scaffolder training and assessment refer to the CISRS general
information booklet (CAP609) – www.cisrs.org.uk.
Employers who gain high degrees of employee co-operation

and compliance also demonstrate a positive attitude,
management commitment to safety and effective supervisory
control. Engaging with employees and soliciting their opinion
can help encourage support for safety initiatives and greater
co-operation.
7
SECTION 2.4 Site inspection and risk assessment

02 Use of technology to avoid work
When carrying out a risk assessment, it is recommended
that an inspection of the site is undertaken by a suitably
at height
competent person before work commences. The purpose
of the assessment is to take due account of all foreseeable
hazards in the workplace, in addition to any commercial
considerations for the job. The risk assessment must identify
all the preventative and protective control measures required
to eliminate or reduce the risk of injury. These controls should
then be recorded in the scaffolding risk assessment and
method statement documents (RAMS). See NASC Safety
Guidance 7 (SG7) Risk Assessments and Method Statements.
When selecting the most suitable preventative and protective

measures as part of the risk assessment process, the primary Scaffolding contractors are embracing technology
consideration should always be safety of employees and to avoid work at height and the associated risks
others. However, employers should take into account; the when undertaking site surveys, inspections and risk
logistical effort, productivity and financial impact of using the assessments for scaffolding operations. Site wide
methods selected. features can be assessed using internet-based maps
and street views from the comfort of an office.
Due considerations need to be made to safeguard against Drone images allow surveys to be undertaken from
falls from height whilst surveying a location for scaffolding e.g. the ground without the need to work at height.
accessing roofs, refurbishment work, emergency protection, Digital mapping using drones and laser scanners
retention or shoring scaffolds for dangerous buildings etc. Many enable the use of 3D modelling software for existing
employers are using technology to survey buildings and other building to establish millimetre-accurate dimensions
structures at height to avoid the need to work at height. This without manual measurements at height.
technology includes long-reach pole cameras, laser measures,
digital mapping, drones and building information modelling (BIM).
2.5 Rescue planning 2.7 Weather conditions
Arrangements for emergencies and rescue from height Weather conditions must be considered as part of the risk
also need to be considered as part of the planning and assessment and planning for work at height. Adverse weather
risk assessment for each task by employers. It is a legal conditions can significantly increase the risk of a fall when
requirement for scaffolding contractors and their clients to scaffolding at height e.g. lightning, high winds, rain, snow,
address the need for timely evacuation and rescue in an ice and extreme temperatures. High winds and icy or wet
emergency when working at height. See further information for surfaces can be especially hazardous. The employer’s risk
rescue planning in Section 7 and in NASC Safety Guidance 19 assessment should consider all aspects of working in adverse
(SG19) – A Guide to Formulating a Rescue Plan. weather conditions, and not just simply specify protective
clothing, footwear or sun cream.
2.6 Collective fall protection (Third party)
2.8 Fragile Surfaces
This guidance focuses on the various methods of creating
and using collective fall protection for scaffolding operations Erecting scaffolding to existing buildings often presents the
(erecting, altering and dismantling). In certain situations both risk of falls through fragile surfaces (e.g. cement fibre roofs or
the scaffolders and the users of the scaffolding could be fragile rooflights). Every year scaffolders are killed or seriously
faced with a risk of a fall, where protection measures may be injured falling through fragile roofs or rooflights.
the responsibility of a third party to establish and maintain.
For example, the Principal Contractor may be responsible for Site surveys as part of the employer’s risk assessment
ensuring that safety netting is rigged for roof work or internal process should consider the risks associated with falls through
safety decking is provided for brickwork, which will also offer potentially fragile surfaces. When planning for work on or near
protection for falls from the external scaffolding. fragile surfaces the client and contractors should work closely
together to agree arrangements for managing the risk.
Collective fall arrest systems are commonplace throughout the
construction industry (e.g. safety nets, soft landing systems, Scaffolders should be made aware of the general risks
platform decking etc.), however their application in routine associated with fragile roofs through awareness and
scaffolding operations is limited. Employers must co-operate occupational skills training (such as the CISRS scheme).
and co-ordinate activities to ensure such third-party fall Where scaffolders are working at height and identify the
protection measures are in place and are suitable before work presence of a potential fragile surface hazard, not previously
at height can continue. Otherwise scaffolding contractors identified in the planning stages, they should stop work and
would have to ensure suitable alternative protection is report to their employer so that suitable protective measures
provided, such as temporary guardrails installed. can be implemented.
8
The WAHR (Regulation 9) places duties on employers and is summarised in Figure 8 below: SECTION
03
02
WORK AT HEIGHT REGULATIONS 2005 – Regulation 9 Fragile Surfaces
Avoid fragile Avoid accessing near, across or on fragile surfaces:
surfaces ■ Planning to consider alternative methods of work

that avoid the risks from fragile surfaces.
■ Working from a MEWP above or below the surface.
Prevent falls Prevent falls through fragile surfaces:
■ Provide platforms, coverings, guardrails, or similar protection

to prevent falls through fragile surfaces.
■ Work from stagings or platforms with guardrails.
■ Use a harness system to prevent access on or near a fragile

surface (work restraint).
Mitigate falls Mitigate falls through fragile surfaces:
■ Mitigate falls where scaffolders are providing coverings, platforms,

guardrails etc to protect other workers.
■ Take suitable and sufficient steps to minimise the consequences

and distance of a fall through a fragile surface.
■ Install safety netting or protection decking below the surface. NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
■ Use a harness system with adequate anchorage points (fall arrest).
Warnings Provide instructions and warnings:
■ All roofs accessed by scaffolders should be treated as fragile until

a competent person has confirmed they are not!
■ Post warning signs on the approaches to the fragile surface area.
■ Scaffolders to receive specific information, instruction and training

before commencing the work on or near a fragile surface (e.g. pre-
Warning work briefing of the RAMS, training in the use of equipment etc.).
Fragile roof
Figure 8: Summary of Regulation 9 of the Work at Height Regulations 2005 for fragile surfaces.
9
SECTION Occasionally scaffolders need to access or work on roofs,

where there is a risk of a fall through a fragile surface, such
02 Scaffolder fell to his death through
as cement roof sheets or fragile roof lights. Clients should
provide all available information regarding fragile roof surfaces fragile roof
to the scaffolding contractor. Scaffolders must not walk on or
next to fragile materials unless fall prevention or fall mitigation
measures are in place and used. These may include one or a
combination of; barriers, covers, crawling boards, personal fall
protection systems (safety harnesses). Where it is not practical
to cover the fragile materials, fall arrest safety nets (Figure 9)
or similar collective protection (Figure 10) could be used on
the underside of the structure to protect against any such fall.
Where collective fall arrest systems are chosen, they must be
installed in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions and
any recognised training scheme.
A scaffolding firm and a roofing contractor have been

prosecuted by the HSE after a 26 year old scaffolder
died following a fall through a fragile roof during
construction work at a factory.
The Crown Court heard how a scaffold
company employee was fatally injured after falling
approximately 11.5 metres through a fragile roof. The
employee was working on the asbestos cement roof
to move and fit temporary scaffold guardrails as part
of a roof refurbishment project at the site.
An investigation by the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) found that the scaffolding contractor
failed to ensure the health and safety of his
employees in relation to the work taking place on the
fragile roof at the site. The investigation also found
that a roofing contractor who was in overall control
of the roof refurbishment project, failed to ensure
that people not in its employment were not exposed
to risks arising from work on the fragile roof.
Speaking after the hearing, the HSE inspector
said:
“Falls through fragile roof materials remain
one of the most common causes of work-related
fatalities during construction work. These risks are
well known, and the required control measures well
documented in both HSE and industry guidance.
Figure 9: Example of protective measures for fragile surfaces This was a tragic and wholly avoidable accident that
with safety netting rigged below the roof surface. Source: led to the death of a young man. This death could
FASET. easily have been prevented if suitable safe systems
of work had been in place.”
The owner of the scaffolding business pleaded
guilty to breaching Section 2(1) of the Health and
Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. He was sentenced to
six months imprisonment suspended for two years,
180 hours of unpaid community service and ordered
to pay costs of £14,000.
The Stourbridge-based roofing contractor
pleaded guilty to breaching Section 3(1) of the Health
and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and was fined in
excess of £41,000 plus £33,000 costs.
Source: SIMIAN
10
SECTION
02
(i) (ii)
Figure 10: Cross-sections showing examples of collective fall arrest below fragile surfaces,
(i) fall arrest safety netting and (ii) birdcage protection deck.
2.9 Temporary works design

When designing scaffolding structures, engineers have Designers must include adequate health and safety information
a duty as designers under the Construction (Design and about significant hazards that remain in the design and the
Management) Regulations (regulations 9 and 11) to consider resulting risks. It is good design practice for scaffolding
the risks to health and safety of those who erect, alter and designers to highlight on the drawings any known significant
dismantle temporary works and those who use the equipment. hazards or hazardous work sequences critical to the design
Section 2 of BS 5975 is a code of practice for procedural that require particular consideration. Caution signs and notes
control of temporary works that can be used to assist the are commonly used to draw attention to important detail
management of all construction temporary works, including (Figure 11). TG20 compliance sheets and manufacturers’
access scaffolding. Many clients and contractors already follow instructions should also include health and safety information
BS 5975 procedures as they assist the parties to ensure that from the designers. Residual risk from the design and the
all aspects of the procurement, design and use of temporary control measures established should be included in the
structures is suitable. operational risk assessment and method statement (RAMS)
by the scaffolding contractor and communicated to the
Designs and calculations should consider fall protection scaffolders before commencing the work.
measures that will form part of the scaffolding structure and
2000
those used during scaffolding operations e.g. scaffolders’

guardrails, transoms for non-working lifts and guardrails
for internal fall hazards, where appropriate. Also ensuring
2000
compliance with the relevant generally recognised standards

to ensure scaffolds are suitably secured and stable i.e.
2000
British and European Standards, NASC Technical Guidance SG4 Guardrails to
notes (including TG20 compliance sheets for tube and remain in place on
un-boarded lifts.
fitting scaffolds) and manufacturers’ instruction manuals for

2000
proprietary equipment.
Suitable temporary edge
protection or harness
The use of digital design technology, such as BIM and 3D anchor pointSuitable
required prior
temporary edge Beam work to strictly
to scaffolding start.
protection or harness follow SG4 Guidance.
modelling software now allows engineers to identify significant

anchor point required prior
hazards and hazardous build sequences as part of their design

risk assessment process. This technology better enables
engineers to design-in fall prevention and protection solutions TYPICAL SECTION - 1 TYPICAL SECTION - 4 Anchor points and rescue
equipment must be in
at design stage and to provide accurate details, animations Temporary tied ladder access
points not shown.
place prior to starting to
construct drop lifts.
and images to assist employers with the operational risk

assessments and method statements.
Figure 11: Extract from a drawing showing hazard warning.
Source: MSS.
11
SECTION 2.10 Scaffolding operatives’ responsibilities

02 Daredevil scaffolder
All employees have legal duties under health and safety law
to take reasonable care of themselves and others who may avoids jail
be affected by what they do, or fail to do, at work and to
co-operate with their employer to enable them to carry out
their duties. Serious breaches of health and safety law by
employees can result in them being personally prosecuted
with fines and possible imprisonment.
With particular consideration for working at height and the

potential hazards involved, scaffolders should always:
 take positive steps to understand the hazards involved

and requirements of the risk assessment and method
statement (RAMS);
An experienced Scaffolder was seen working at a
height of approximately 20m without using any fall
 utilise techniques and equipment provided to prevent or
protection measures, was spared jail after a court
protect against falls, in accordance with instruction and
heard that his actions were ‘a moment of stupidity’.
training received and not to act in a reckless or careless
At the Magistrates Court, the scaffolder was told
manner;
that his actions… posed a risk to himself and
to others during scaffolding work in a busy city
 establish a scaffolders’ safe zone, wherever possible, as
centre. He was not working to established industry
the priority when working at height;
guidance and although he was wearing a safety
harness it was not attached to the scaffolding. He
 not tamper with or modify equipment provided, or use
made his way safely down from the scaffold, only
equipment that is not authorised by the employer;
to learn later that his actions had been spotted by a
former HSE Inspector, who took a photograph.
 check fall arrest equipment daily and report to their
His employer had demonstrated with records that
employer any damaged or defective equipment
the correct safety equipment, ample training and
identified, for example badly worn or cut webbing on a
sufficient time, so that he was not under pressure to
harness or lanyard;
complete the scaffolding work quickly.
Speaking after the case, the Health and Safety
 report to their employer any additional or emergent
Executive said, “This result goes to show the HSE
hazards not previously considered so that appropriate
will prosecute where we see people being put at risk
corrective actions can be taken to avoid any potential
or killed. We are grateful to the court for recognising
incidents;
that, while no one was hurt, the potential risk of
harm or death was very real.”
 not work at height if affected by drugs or alcohol
The scaffolder was given a six-month suspended
(including prescription medication that may affect ability
prison sentence with 100 hours community service
to work safely);
and ordered to pay £615 in costs and victim
surcharge.
 inform employers of any medical condition that may
Source: HSE
affect ability to work safely at height.
12
SECTION 03 | Principles of fall prevention and protection
Principles of fall prevention

SECTION
03
and protection
The priority for any scaffolder working at height is to use In some scaffolding operations there is an inherent risk of a
safe methods of access and egress and to prevent falls by fall that cannot be eliminated and will require scaffolders to
using suitable collective measures as their primary means of use PFPE as the primary means of fall protection (see Figure
protection, before resorting to personal protection. The NASC 14 – examples of the inherent risk). It is also recognised that
defines this collective protection as the ‘Scaffolders’ Safe some of the Collective Fall Protection measures featured in
Zone’ (see Section 4 below for further information). this guidance require scaffolders to use PFPE as a secondary
means of fall protection. For example, using a scaffolders step
This guidance identifies a range of control measures that can to install guardrails requires scaffolders to use their harnesses
be considered by employers when designing the most suitable and remain clipped on (see Section 4 and Figures 26 & 27).
safe systems of work for various scaffolding operations.
The control measures featured in this guidance have been When scaffolding operations require the use of PFPE as the
divided into two key categories defined by the primary means primary means of protection, scaffolders must sequence the
of protection used in each scenario – ‘Collective Fall work to prioritise the creation of a scaffolders’ safe zone (e.g.
Protection’ and ‘Personal Fall Protection’ (Figures 12 & 13). remaining clipped on until a working platform and guardrail
protection is installed). The scaffolders’ safe zone should be
The WAHR hierarchy of control measures places a legal installed or removed progressively to minimise the time a
duty on all employers to select measures that offer collective scaffolder is exposed to a risk of a fall and is therefore relying
protection before resorting to personal protection at each on their PFPE as primary protection (see Section 5).
stage of the hierarchy (see Section 2, Figure 6, Planning for
Work at Height). The recommendations for the use of collective fall protection
and methods for creating a scaffolders’ safe zone are aimed at
The NASC acknowledge that collective fall protection is not a reducing the time scaffolders are exposed to the risk of a fall
practicable solution for all scaffolding operations and in certain and their reliance on PFPE.
circumstances Personal Fall Protection Equipment (PFPE) is
the most suitable means of primary protection.
Figure 12: Example of Collective Fall Protection. Figure 13: Example of Personal Fall Protection.
13
Collective Fall Protection

SECTION
04
4.1 The Scaffolders’ safe zone

It must be recognised that the scaffolders’ safe zone does
A scaffolders’ safe zone is a form of collective fall protection not completely eliminate the risk of a fall for all scaffolding
utilising platforms and guardrails. This section identifies what a operations, for example when raising or lowering working
scaffolders’ safe zone is, and how to safely create it. platform boards as the erection or dismantling of the scaffold
progresses. Personal fall protection equipment (safety
Scaffolders must focus upon creating a scaffolders’ safe zone harnesses) will still be required at some point in the system of
utilising one, or a combination, of the methods detailed in this work unless every lift remains fully boarded and all edges are
section, as a priority when working at height, with a minimum protected with guardrails or similar. In addition, some methods
of: of creating a scaffolders’ safe zone and elements of work
within a scaffolders’ safe zone may also expose scaffolders
a correctly boarded and supported platform without gaps to a risk of a fall and necessitate the need for personal fall
through which someone could fall (see Section 4.2 – protection equipment to be used (see Section 5 Personal Fall
Working Platforms); and, Protection).
a single main guardrail (minimum of 950mm above the When scaffolders are working without a fully boarded platform
platform) where there is a risk of a fall. (e.g. raising or lowering platform boards) or without guardrail
protection, then they must remain continually clipped on to a
The principles of creating a scaffolders’ safe zone should suitable anchor point when exposed to the risk of a fall (Figure
be adopted for all scaffolding operations where suitable. 14).
Scaffolders should focus on establishing a scaffolders’
safe zone as their priority when working at height, where Before scaffolders encroach from a scaffolders’ safe zone to
appropriate, to reduce reliance on personal fall protection within 1 metre of an area not protected by guardrails they are
equipment (PFPE). Employers should choose the most suitable considered ‘at risk’ and personal fall protection equipment
method of installing the scaffolders’ safe zone that best suits must be clipped on and remain attached (Figure 15).
the scaffolding application contemplated.
Figure 14: These illustrations show examples of the inher-

ent risk of a fall in scaffolding where personal fall protection
equipment will be the primary method of fall protection (e.g.
(i) raising and lowering boards and (ii) working without a
scaffolders’ safe zone).
14
SECTION 04 | Collective fall protection
4.2 Working platforms SECTION
04
It is important to identify that there are different types of
working platforms used in scaffolding. The term ‘working
platform’ applies to a temporary platform provided for
access at various stages of the erection, use, alteration and
dismantling of scaffolding, these include:
 The finished working platform (Used by others)

 Platforms for other purposes (e.g. loading towers for
materials that require personnel access)
 Platforms for the erection, alteration or dismantling of
scaffolding ONLY! (The scaffolders’ safe zone)
Scaffolders must consider the following working platform

Unprotected requirements for creating the scaffolders’ safe zone:
area
1m  Scaffolders should install a minimum of a single guardrail,
at least 950mm above the platform, on all faces of the
scaffold from where a fall could occur (Figure 16). On
finished working platforms for others, progressively install
the double guardrails and toeboards (with no gap greater
than 470mm). (Figure 17).
 Inside gaps (greater than 225mm) between the inner

standard of the working platform and façade or structure
and openings in the façade (e.g. windows), where
scaffolders face a risk of falling, need to be protected
with guardrails in same manner as the outer faces of the
platform or, as a last resort, scaffolders need to utilise their
PFPE (also see NASC Safety Guidance 29 (SG29) Internal
Figure 15: Shows a scaffolder exposed to a risk of falling at a edge protection on scaffold platforms).
leading edge (within 1 metre from the edge of the scaffolders’
safe zone).  Guardrails should be erected and left in place for the
duration of the works (e.g. for alterations or dismantling).
 Scaffolders’ guardrails should be installed on all lifts where

the lift height is substantially greater than 950mm (e.g.
progressive bricklayers’ lifts 1.35 -1.5 metres).

950 Min
950 Min
950 Min
Max
470
Max
470
225
Max 225
Max
150 Min
150 Min
Figure 16: A cross-section of temporary scaffolders working Figure 17: A cross-section of a finished working platform for
platform to form the minimum scaffolders’ safe zone. users
15
SECTION  When it is necessary to reach below a single guardrail

scaffolders must be clipped on to the highest available
04
anchor point (e.g. when fixing bracing or handling
materials below the height of the single guardrail see
Figure 18).
 When raising or lowering materials scaffolders should be

clipped-on or create a safe handling platform with double
guardrails, including stop-ends so that there is no gap
greater than 470mm through which a scaffolder could fall
(Figure 19).
 Scaffolders must remain clipped on when moving, raising

or lowering platform boards, working less than 1 metre
from an exposed edge or outside of guardrail fall protection,
where exposed to a risk of a fall (Figures 14 & 15).
 The working platform should be fully boarded out,

without gaps through which a person could fall, except
when access is required to a ledger below the lift for
Figure 18: A scaffolder reaching below the single guardrail attaching fall arrest equipment, then one board may be
must be clipped on. omitted for ease of access to the ledger as an anchor
point (Figure 20).
 Scaffold boards must be correctly supported by

transoms or bearers in accordance with NASC Technical
Guide TG20 Operational Guide (Tables 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5).
For example, 38mm thickness timber scaffold boards
for scaffold load classes 1 to 3 must be supported a
minimum of every 1.2 metres. Exceeding the specified
maximum span of scaffold boards increases the risk of a
fall due to the board failing.
 Ensure boards are suitably stable and trap-ends avoided

by not exceeding minimum or maximum specified
overhangs (TG20 Operational Guide, table 6.3). For
example, 38mm thick timber scaffold boards (BS 2482)
have a minimum overhang of 50mm and a maximum
overhang of 150mm.
 Gaps formed in working platforms to create ladder

Figure 19: Safe handling bay. This illustration
access traps should be protected against accidental
shows a scaffolder using a safe handling bay
falls once the scaffold is completed. Scaffolders should
with double guardrails (including stop-end
install these measures progressively to provide protection
returns) for raising or lowering materials,
for themselves as the job progresses (see Section
without the need to be clipped on.
6 – Methods of access and egress and NASC Safety
Guidance Note 25 (SG25) Access and egress from
scaffolds).
 The first lift should, where possible, be boarded out from

below to avoid the risk of a fall when working at low level
(Figure 21).
 All other lifts, where practical, should be boarded out and

removed from below.
Fully boarded Gap to one side Boards centralised
 All guardrails should be secured so that they cannot
become accidentally displaced should someone fall
Figure 20: Shows the options for a boarded platform when against them.
anchorage is required to the structure. A maximum gap equiva-
lent to the width of one board (225mm) may be permitted only if  Lateral gaps in guardrails are only permitted at a point of
required to access the ledger below the platform as an anchor access to a ladder or stairway where a gap is necessary
point. (see Section 6 – Methods of access and egress).
16
4.2.1 System Scaffold Decking SECTION
03
04
Advanced guardrail In the case of system scaffolding using proprietary decking (or
battens), the decking must be erected, altered and dismantled
in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and follow the
same principles of this guidance, as outlined above (section
4.2).
All manufacturers and suppliers of proprietary system

scaffolding have a legal duty to provide instructions for the
safe erection, altering, dismantling and use of their products
Scaffolders’ (also see Section 7.2 Proprietary System Scaffolding, page
step 44). Manufacturer’s instructions for the safe system of work
for erecting, altering or dismantling is particularly important
if the design incorporates un-boarded lifts. The instructions
should include methods of installing and removing decking
Figure 21: Boarding out the first lift from below. for scaffolding structures that do not require every lift to be a
boarded working platform.
 When a 3rd party has agreed to provide collective protection
for use by a scaffolding contractor, work should not proceed For such partially boarded structures manufacturers and
without such measures in place, unless alternative steps employers should consider the following examples for
have been taken e.g. installing a scaffolders’ safe zone or the safe erection, alteration and dismantling of system
using personal fall protection equipment (safety harnesses). scaffolding in accordance with the principles of this
A common example is the traditional building process, guidance:
such as home building, where the fall risk to the interior of
Install decking on every lift to allow all decks to be

the building from the external scaffolding is often protected
installed and removed from the lift below.
with a collective fall arrest system, rather than guardrails
or internal scaffold platforms (see Figure 23). For further Retain decking on alternate lifts to allow temporary

information and guidance see NASC Safety Guidance Note decking to be installed and removed from the lift below.
29 (SG29): Internal edge protection on scaffold platforms.
Use assembly aids that allow decks to be installed and

 Any incomplete scaffold working platform, where someone removed from a scaffolders safe zone and avoid the need
may fall or where an object could fall and injure someone, to climb the structure, such as temporary boards that
needs to be clearly identified with warning signs, and allow system decks to be slid into position (Figure 22),
access restricted by suitable physical measures to prevent use of temporary erection decks, or other similar devices
unauthorised access (e.g. guardrails and toeboards, ladder and techniques.
access removed or ladder guarded) (Figure 24). For further
information on restricting access to incomplete scaffolding The practice of leaving partly boarded bays behind for
see NASC Safety Guidance 25 (SG25): Access and Egress future alteration or dismantling purposes should be avoided.
from Scaffolding. However where this is necessary and cannot be avoided
decks must be secured against accidental displacement.
 Where boards or decking remain in place on non-working Methods of work that allow scaffolders to install and remove
lifts solely for the purpose of erecting, altering or dismantling decking from a boarded working platform or scaffolders safe
scaffolding, employers must ensure the following measures zone should be used at all times.
are taken:
All scaffolders encroaching within 1 metre of an


incomplete platform must use their PFPE and remain
attached to a suitable anchor point.
Any boards or decking left in place are secured to


prevent accidental displacement (e.g. wind uplift).
The additional boards or decking have been considered


in the design and calculations for the structure.
Access to incomplete working platforms is restricted with

 Do not stand on an unsupported
physical barriers and warning signs (as above). board. Skills training will be required
for use of this technique.
Figure 22: Example of an assembly aid to place

and remove decking.
[New Figure – “Example of an assembly aid to place and remove decking from a boarded working
platform”].
17
SECTION
04
i. ii.
Figure 23: Examples of other collective

fall arrest systems to provide internal fall
protection (i. Internal scaffolding birdcage,
ii. Proprietary decking system and iii. Fall
arrest safety netting).
iii.
Figure 24: Restricted

access. Shows examples for
restricting access by physical
means with warning signs
for access by authorised
No access
personnel ONLY!
for No acc
un
aut ess
per ho
for unauthorised
son ris
s ed
persons
Scaffolder lost leg in fall from unprotected platform

An unqualified scaffolder lost his leg in a 4 metre fall from an unprotected
platform. He was not wearing a safety harness and the platform he was
standing on was only two boards wide. He sustained life-changing injuries,
spent almost a year in hospital and underwent several operations. In court it
was established that the worker had not been given any training in the safe
erection or dismantling of scaffolding. The employer pleaded guilty to breaching
the Work at Height Regulations 2005 (amongst other breaches) and was fined
£15,000, plus £1,118 costs.
Source: HSE
18
4.3 Collective Fall Protection methods SECTION
04
This guidance establishes the principle of creating a
scaffolders’ safe zone with a suitable platform and guardrails
installed as a priority, where possible, when working at height.
To assist employers, when completing their risk assessment
and selecting the most appropriate method of creating the
scaffolders’ safe zone for the task, a range of established and
proven solutions are featured in this section.
This section highlights products and methods of working that

provides collective protection for scaffolders working at height
as the primary means of protection. Some of these methods
of work provide the same levels of collective fall protection as
similar proprietary products, but utilise standard scaffolding
materials without the need to invest in specialist equipment
(e.g. short-lift method).
When selecting the most appropriate system or method of

working, (or a combination of systems), employers must
always consider:
 The suitability of the method(s) chosen for the scaffolding

application.
 The requirements of the manufacturer’s instructions for

the use of proprietary equipment.
Figure 25: Illustration shows a scaffolder hemping a standard
 Different techniques required e.g. hemping a standard over a guardrail.
over a guardrail (see Figure 25).
 The tasks to be performed from a smaller platform (e.g.

handling long materials or the risk of over-reaching from a
scaffolders’ step).
 Are all fall risks protected e.g. stop-end guardrails, inside

face, access traps (ladder openings) or leading edge?
Scaffolding business owner
 Is additional personal fall protection equipment (safety received prison sentence following
harnesses) required for safe use (e.g. clipping on as fatal fall
secondary protection when using a scaffolders’ step)?
A scaffolding business owner
 Can the equipment be used as an anchor point for received a 15 month prison NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
personal fall protection equipment (e.g. an advanced sentence following a fall from
guardrail system may not be used as an anchor point)? height accident, where a
scaffolder fell 14 metres to his
 Any training or instruction the scaffolders may need to death. He was found guilty of
ensure safe use. a breach of the Work at Height
Regulations 2005 (amongst
 Arrangements for the handling, delivery and storage of other breaches) for failing to
special equipment. properly plan, supervise and
carry out work at height in a safe manner. The HSE
 Any inspection and maintenance arrangements required investigation established that edge protection was
for special equipment used. missing and the scaffolder was not provided with any
other means to prevent or protect against a fall, such
as a safety harness. Fines to the business totalled
£12,000 plus costs of £5,601 under the Health and
Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Employers’ Liability
(Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969.
19
SECTION 4.3.1 Scaffolders’ step

03
04
This popular system utilises a proprietary step that is fixed
to the main guardrail approximately 1m above the working
platform. This enables the scaffolder to erect the guardrail
protection on the lift above in advance or remove them from
below during dismantling (Figure 26).
For some modular scaffolding systems, standard side brackets

(hop-ups) can be used to create an internal temporary platform
to install guardrails in the lift above, in a similar fashion to the
proprietary scaffolders’ step system (see Figure 29).
Scaffolders should fix transoms to the ledgers and place Figure 26: Example of a scaffolders’ step used to install
boards or decking in the lift above from the working platform to guardrails in advance.
act as temporary guardrails to enhance the primary collective
protection provided when using a Scaffolders’ Step (see Figure
27).
Note that a guardrail will need to be fixed to the base lift to

accommodate the step for the first lift (Figure 28i). A foot tie
may also be required to secure the base lift with certain step
designs – see manufacturers’ instructions. For uneven ground
the base lift may need to be boarded out to ensure some
types of step are correctly supported at the base (Figure 28ii).
IMPORTANT
Scaffolders must be clipped on to a
suitable anchor point, ideally to the back
ledger, due to the risk of falling from the
scaffold when using a scaffolders’ step
system.
Scaffolders must be clipped on as a
secondary means of protection before
climbing on the temporary platform and
must not jump down onto the boarded
platform due to the risk of board failure Figure 27: Scaffolder installing a guardrail in advance to the
from impact loads. next lift from a scaffolders’ step protected by the ledgers and
transoms.
Figure 28: Shows the scaffolders’ step being used with (i. Left) an additional
guardrail to the base lift to support step and (ii. Above) boarded base lift to
support the step on uneven ground.
26 ii Boarded base lift to support step on uneven ground
20
SECTION
03
04
Scaffolders’ guardrail
Short lift
Figure 29: System scaffold side brackets used to create a scaffolders’ step platform in alternate bays. The middle bays can be
reached from adjacent bays to fix the guardrails.
4.3.2 Proprietary Advanced Guardrail

Systems (AGS)
Several proprietary collective fall protection systems are
available and have become known as ‘Advanced Guardrail
Systems’ (AGS) (see Figure 30).
Advanced guardrail systems provide collective fall prevention

for scaffolders traversing along a boarded lift and when
erecting, altering or dismantling scaffolding. These temporary
guardrails remain in place whilst the platform guardrails are
installed or removed, allowing scaffolders to maintain guardrail Figure 30: Example of an Advanced Guardrail System (AGS).
edge protection on working platforms at all times.
The suitability of advanced guardrail systems needs to be

considered as part of the risk assessment process when NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
planning work at height and included in the method statement.
These systems are best suited to straight uniform scaffold
structures without complex elements (e.g. long straight
facades with minimum returns, recesses or protrusions).
When using advanced guardrail systems scaffolders should

ensure that all leading edges are protected where there exists
a risk of falling (e.g. stop-ends, returns and inside faces).
Where an AGS is pushed up the outside of the structure, their

operation can be impeded by protrusions from the scaffold
or façade. Scaffolders may have to ensure that the transoms,
ledgers, bracing etc. are correctly sized so that they do not
have excessive overhang.
Where there exists a risk of a fall to the inside face of the

scaffold, scaffolders may need to change the normal sequence
of work to accommodate the AGS (e.g. locate the AGS above,
before fixing transoms, hop-up brackets or tie assemblies Figure 31: Shows the modified sequence of erection to
(Figure 31). allow an AGS to be used on the inside face before fixing
transoms, ties or inside board brackets above.
21
SECTION Manufacturers of proprietary system scaffolding have

developed an integrated AGS that form the permanent
04
guardrails for the completed scaffold structure (Figure 32) And
another manufacturer provides advanced guardrail tools that
are bespoke to their particular product (Figure 33). Special
arms are used to locate/remove the guardrail frame in the lift
above.
Figure 32: An example of an integrated advanced guardrail Figure 33: Example of a system scaffold specific tool for
system for a proprietary scaffolding system. installing and removing guardrail frames in advance.
4.3.3 Short lift system

To use the short-lift system of work, the ledgers and transoms IMPORTANT
of the next lift are erected as normal to form a main lift (e.g. 2m Scaffolders must be clipped on to a
above the current lift). Then a temporary intermediate 1m high suitable anchor point before climbing
short-lift is formed (also referred to as a dummy lift). Therefore, on and off the temporary platform and
as the scaffolders access the next 1m level, the ledgers and must not jump down onto the boarded/
transoms are already in place and act as guardrails to provide decked platform due to the risk of
collective fall protection (Figure 34). Decking on the temporary board/deck failure from impact loads.
short-lift can be raised to the next lift and any temporary
transoms no longer required can be removed to provide clear
access on all working lifts for other trades.
This system of working can be used on all scaffolds with

conventional lift heights of up to 2.1m, however it is best suited
to scaffolds designed without ledger bracing (e.g. modular Scaffolders’
system scaffolding or tube and fitting scaffolding using guardrail
prefabricated transom units used in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions and TG20).
System decking also eliminates

the need to install temporary
intermediate transoms as board Main lift
bearers. Scaffolders’
guardrail
Suitable methods of access
and egress between the main
lifts of the scaffold must be
used (see Section 06 – Methods Short lift
of access and egress).
Figure 34: This sequence shows the short-lift system used to erect a system
scaffold tower.
22
4.3.4 Tube and fitting frame type AGS For stop-end guardrails the advance guardrail can be fixed SECTION
to standards using swivel couplers in parallel, otherwise
04
This tube and fitting frame type advanced guardrail system scaffolders will need to clip on before encroaching within 1m of
(AGS) functions similarly to proprietary advanced guardrail the leading edge.
systems but is constructed using standard scaffolding
components. Where tie assemblies, transoms for inside boards, buttresses
or other protrusions may obstruct the raising of the advanced
Step 1 guardrail, the build sequence will be critical, ensuring the
Select tubes to suit the length of the scaffold elevation and bay advanced guardrail is raised prior to the transoms etc. being
sizes to be protected. The uprights are formed with 2.7 metre installed.
or 3 metre (9ft or 10ft) scaffold tubes, and a single tube is used
to form the temporary guardrail. Aluminium tube can also be If the advanced guardrail is obstructed by the façade bracing,
used to reduce the handling weight. then fix the brace once the advanced guardrail has been raised.
Step 2 This advanced guardrail system can also be used for

Lay out the tubes on the ground to form a ‘goal post’ frame. dismantling and alterations that necessitate the removal of
Then fix the guardrail to the end of the upright tubes using guardrail protection.
right-angle couplers (EN74)
Step 3
Now fix a second right-angle coupler to each upright tube.
Measure 1100mm down from the centre of the top coupler.
Note that these couplers must be to the opposite side of the
tube and fixed ‘up-side-down’ (see Figure 35 inset).
Step 4
Two scaffolders are required to lift the frame and fix to the
ledger. Note by fixing the coupler ‘up-side-down’ it will help
support the frame until it is secured (see Figure 35 inset). Also
note that an additional guardrail is required for the base lift only
for the vertical tube to act against.
Step 5
The couplers can now be secured to fix the advanced guardrail
in place. Scaffolders can now access the platform and erect
the next lift once the collective protection is in place. (i).
Step 6
When the permanent guardrails have been installed, the
advanced guardrail can be raised to the next level (Figure
36(ii)). This is more easily achieved by pulling back the outside
board to access the coupler, from above (Figure 36(i)).
1100mm
Guardrail in
the base
(ii).
Max. span 2 bays
Figure 36: AGS frame constructed on the ground and fixed

Figure 35: AGS frame constructed on the ground and fixed to to the base lift. (i). Releasing the guardrail from the ledger.
the base lift. (ii). Raising the guardrail to the next level.
23
SECTION 4.3.5 Tube & Fitting Horizontal type AGS

04
This tube and fitting advanced guardrail system is best suited
to independent tied scaffolding (façade scaffolds) and features
the principle of pushing a tube out horizontally to form a
temporary guardrail from within a scaffolders safe zone. The
temporary guardrail fixes to the standards and can provide
protection to both inside and outside faces of the scaffold. (i)
To provide full collective protection it must be used in

conjunction with an additional AGS method that can be fixed/
removed from below for the first bay during erection and the
last bay when dismantling. Again, additional precautions need
to be taken at stop-ends or corner returns.
However, until the temporary guardrail is secured scaffolders

must remain clipped on before leaving the established (ii)
scaffolders’ safe zone.
Step 1
Working from behind the guardrail protection, fix two right-
angle couplers to the standards above the existing guardrail
(Figure 37 (i)), ensuring to clip on before encroaching within 1m
of an unprotected edge.
Step 2 (iii)
Using another tube to form a temporary guardrail, place
it loosely into the two fittings so the tube can still slide
horizontally (Figure 37 (ii)).
Step 3
Push the tube out horizontally past the next standard (one bay
max) and tighten the end coupler (Figure 37 (iii)).
Step 4
(iv)
Now walk out to fix the temporary guardrail to the standard,
clipping on until the guardrail is secured and if encroaching
within 1m of the end (Figure 37 (iv)).
Step 5
The working platform guardrail(s) can now be completed and
next lift constructed with the scaffolders’ safe zone in place
(Figure 37 (v)).
Step 6
The temporary guardrail can then be released and slid along
horizontally to the next bay (Figure 37 (vi)). This sequence is
repeated one bay at a time to provide the scaffolders’ safe (v)
zone.
(vi)
Figure 37: Shows a sequence of installing a tube
and fitting advanced guardrail horizontally.
24
SECTION 05 | Personal Fall Protection
Personal Fall Protection

SECTION
05
The working platforms and guardrails that form the scaffolders’ used. Always read the manufacturers’ instructions carefully and
safe zone do not completely eliminate the need for Personal if in any doubt seek advice from the supplier. It is important to
Fall Protection Equipment (PFPE) for scaffolding operations. note that some fall arrest equipment is only designed, tested
and manufactured to meet the minimum British and European
Therefore, it is recommended that all scaffolding operatives Standard and will only be safe to use within certain limitations.
involved with scaffolding operations should wear and use For example, a standard retracting inertia reel (designed and
personal fall arrest equipment (harnesses etc.) when working tested to BS EN 360) may only be used if attached above the
at height, in accordance with the training and instruction scaffolder and traversing horizontally is limited to the maximum
received. angle from the vertical, as specified by the manufacturer.
It is widely acknowledged that there is an inherent risk of a

fall in all scaffolding operations, which cannot be completely
eliminated. The use of PFPE that is designed to arrest a fall,
does not prevent a fall occurring and therefore does not
eliminate the risk of injury completely. However, it is important
to recognise that PFPE may be the most suitable, or only,
option in certain circumstances.
For most scaffolding operations PFPE is used to arrest a fall

should it occur, to prevent the worker from hitting the ground
(or other surface) or structure. The fall arrest equipment and
anchorage points must be capable of withstanding the forces
involved and minimising those forces to an acceptable level.
In some circumstances PFPE may be used for work

positioning or work restraint. These systems of work are
designed to prevent a scaffolder from falling from height
by supporting them or by restricting movement to prevent
them accessing a fall position at a leading edge. Where work
positioning or restraint systems are chosen, then specialist
equipment and training in its use is required.
Typically PFPE systems include equipment such as:
 Harnesses Figure 38: A minimum suggested personal fall protection

 Lanyards equipment.
 Energy absorbers
 Line systems NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
 Inertia reels
 Connectors
 Anchorage points
All personal fall protection systems are classed as active

protection that is only effective if used correctly (e.g. a fall
arrest harness and lanyard system requires a suitably secure
anchor point and a minimum clearance distance to arrest
a fall), unlike collective protection (sometimes referred to as
passive protection) that offers protection continuously.
When a personal fall arrest system is used, consideration must

be given to reducing the distance a person is liable to fall and
the consequences of the fall, particularly the ease of rescuing of
a person suspended in a harness (see Section 5.17 – Rescue).
When choosing personal fall protection equipment, as part of a

risk assessment to establish a safe system of work, employers
must ensure that the equipment is suitable, having been
designed and tested for the purpose that it is intended to be Figure 39: High specification personal fall protection equipment.
25
SECTION Head Protection For most routine scaffolding operations, methods of work that
The risk of a head injury is significant in any fall from height, this use collective fall protection measures can be used to create
05
includes striking your head in an arrested fall and a swinging the scaffolders’ safe zone. Throughout this guidance situations
fall when using PFPE. have been highlighted where scaffolders must resort to using
Personal Fall Protection Equipment, when working at height.
Industrial helmets for working at height and climbing helmets Some of the Collective Fall Protection methods (see Section
can offer scaffolders a greater level of protection, when working 4) also recommend the use of PFPE as a secondary means of
at height and in the event of a fall, compared to conventional protection (e.g. clipping on when using the scaffolders’ step).
construction safety helmets. Employers must carry out a risk
assessment when choosing personal protective equipment Typical scaffolding operations, where scaffolders are exposed
(PPE) to ensure that the PPE is suitable for the application. to a risk of a fall and must remain clipped on using PFPE, as
their primary means of protection, include:
Safety helmets used for scaffolding operations must meet
 Before encroaching within 1 metre of a leading edge
the appropriate British and European Standards. Industrial
(Figure 42).
helmets designed for work
at height must conform to  Before raising or lowing platform boards/decking.
BS EN 397. However, where  Before reaching down below the height of a scaffolders’
climbing helmets designed guardrail.
for mountaineering to BS  Climbing or traversing on the scaffold structure (e.g.
EN 12492 are used, the crabbing a beam or erecting a suspended scaffold).
risk assessment must give
 Before accessing a boarded lift without a guardrails in
special consideration to the
place to form a scaffolders’ safe zone (e.g. clipping-on
risks associated with use
through the ladder trap before accessing an unprotected
in an industrial application
lift – see Figure 41).
(e.g. the risk from objects
penetrating through the vents or  When traversing along an unprotected working platform
strangulation from the chinstrap (e.g. progressively creating a scaffolders’ safe zone by
if entangled on scaffolding. installing guardrails and remaining continually clipped-
Note that industrial helmets on – see Figure 43). Note that guardrails should be
chin straps must release at a Figure 40: An industrial helmet for progressively installed/removed one bay at a time to limit
maximum of 250N force). working at height. time and distance traversing exposed to a risk of a fall
and reliance on PFPE.
 Remaining clipped-on whilst temporarily removing or
adapting guardrail protection that forms the scaffolders’
5.1 PFPE in scaffolding operations safe zone, until the guardrail protection is reinstated and
secured.
It has been established in the previous sections that collective
fall protection should be considered before resorting to the
use of personal fall protection equipment (safety harnesses).
However, it is recognised that that there is an inherent risk Figure 42:
of a fall within most scaffolding operations that cannot be Shows a scaffolder clipping
completely eliminated. Planning for systems of work should on before encroaching
prioritise collective protection methods and progressively within 1 metre of a leading
creating a scaffolders’ safe zone, where possible. edge and being exposed to
a risk of falling.
1m
(i)
Figure 41: An example of a
scaffolder clipping on from the MAXIMUM 1 BAY
ladder trap before accessing
an unprotected platform.
The scaffolder must remain
attached until guardrails
have been installed to form Figure 43: Scaffolder traversing on an unprotected platform
the scaffolders safe zone. remaining attached using a twin lanyard system of work with
Inset (i) showing a special anchor devices for fixing to standards. The scaffolder should
anchor device for attaching to not traverse more than one bay before installing the guardrail
standards. that forms the scaffolders’ safe zone.
26
ipping through the ladder trap. Inset showing special anchor devices for attaching to standards. [inset
5.2 Fall arrest harnesses and lanyards Employers must consider all available PFPE technology when SECTION
establishing a safe system of work, in order that the distance
05
Previous sections of this guidance have established that, and consequences of any potential fall are minimised. A higher
in most scaffolding operations, the risk of a fall cannot level of comfort and ease of use may be gained by selecting
be completely eliminated. Therefore the NASC strongly some of the alternative personal fall protection equipment
recommends that safety harnesses be: and techniques highlighted in this section. Employers must
assess the suitability of the personal fall protection equipment
i. Issued to ALL scaffolders*, for the users. Safety harnesses are available with a range of
adjustment, sizes and load rating to suit different body sizes
ii. Worn at all times when working at height; and, and weights.
iii. Used in accordance with this guidance note and the The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations
training and instruction received. requires employers to ensure that PFPE is:
It is suggested that the following equipment should be issued  properly assessed before use to make sure it is fit for
to all scaffolders as part of a minimum personal fall protection purpose;
system (Figures 38 and 39):  maintained and stored properly;
 provided with instructions on how to use it safely;
 Fall arrest harness complete with rear dorsal ring (BS EN  used correctly by employees.
361) to offer maximum protection to the user;
When using personal fall protection equipment, it is important
 Fall arrest lanyard (BS EN 354) incorporating an energy to position your anchor point as high as possible and to use
absorber (BS EN 355) designed to reduce the forces as short a lanyard as possible, to minimise the potential fall
imposed on the body in the event of a fall; (see Figure 45 distance. The shorter the fall distance, the lesser the forces
for max length. See also 5.3 Single Fall Arrest Lanyards). generated from the fall. The ideal fall arrest system would
utilise an anchor point and lanyard with virtually no fall distance
 55mm opening scaffold connector for one handed at all, effectively creating a fall factor zero (Figures 44 & 46).
operation (BS EN 362) (see Section 5.5 – Anchor points,
connectors and anchor devices – page 30). Fall Factor = Fall Distance ÷ Length of Lanyard
*Excludes labourers and other non-scaffolding operatives, who Figure 44 explains fall factors 1 and 2.
are only permitted to access completed scaffolds.
Risk of injury increases with greater fall distance, illustrated in
Figure 44 Fall factors (Fall Factor 2).
Fall factor 1 Fall factor 2
Before Before
Ideal 1.75 m
Max 2.0 m
Figure 45: The maximum length of a fixed length lanyard. NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
Fall distance
Fall distance
After
Figure 46: Shows

a hybrid self-
retracting fall arrest
lanyard to minimise
the potential fall
distance and the
After consequences in
a fall.
Figure 44: Fall factors.
27
SECTION 5.3 Single fall arrest lanyards

05
Personal fall arrest systems that utilise a single fall arrest lanyard
are only effective if continually attached whilst exposed to a
risk of a fall. If the scaffolder has to change anchor positions to
overcome an obstruction, they would be without fall protection,
and exposed to an unacceptable risk (e.g. passing transoms
when sliding a scaffold hook along a ledger). Scaffolders
utilising a personal fall arrest system, with a single lanyard
(Figure 47), are NOT permitted to traverse outside of guardrail
protection, ‘beyond the length of the lanyard’ as they will be
exposed to a risk of an unprotected fall. Scaffolders working
within 1 metre of an unprotected edge (e.g. the end of a
guardrail where there is a fall risk) must remain clipped on (see
Figure 15), otherwise they must resort to an alternative system, Figure 47: Single fall arrest lanyard.
such as double fall arrest lanyards where they can remain
anchored.
5.4 Double fall arrest lanyards

Certain scaffolding operations will require systems of work that
use two energy absorbing lanyards or twin-tailed lanyards,
commonly referred to as double lanyards (Figures 48 and 49).
Scaffolders are typically required to use double lanyards when
they have to access structures without a boarded platform or
guardrail protection e.g. bridging using beams or temporary
roofs erected in-situ.
The main benefit of using a double lanyard system of work is

that it allows the scaffolder to remain clipped on continuously
when exposed to the risk of a fall e.g. when crabbing along
a beam, traversing at a leading edge or climbing a structure.
In the planning process for scaffolding operations the need to
climb the structure should only be considered as a last resort.
Figure 48: Twin-tail lanyard that shares a common energy absorber.
Figure 49: Double lanyard system using

two separate fall arrest lanyards.
28
SECTION
IMPORTANT
When using only one of the twin-tail 05
lanyards that shares a common energy
absorber, scaffolders should NOT wrap
the spare lanyard around their body or
attach it back to the harness or tool belt,
as this could reduce the effectiveness of
the energy absorber and increase the load
transferred into the body in the event of
a fall. The spare lanyard, when not in use,
should either be clipped onto the same
anchor point, hang free or be clipped to
a purpose designed sacrificial lanyard
parking point on the harness (Figure 50).
A trailing lanyard when not in use can present a snagging,

entanglement and tripping hazard to the scaffolder. When not
working at height or using the lanyard it should be securely
Figure 50: An example of a sacrificial lanyard parking stowed away. Elasticated type lanyards and self-retracting type
point attached to harness for securing a lanyard when lanyards (incorporating a mini-inertia reel) will reduce the risk
not in use. associated with a trailing lanyard (Figure 51).
(i). A conventional fixed-length lanyard (ii). A contracted elasticated type (iii). A hybrid self-retracting lanyard with
wrapped around the body and secured lanyard reduced risk from a trailing minimum trailing lanyard when stowed.
when not in use. lanyard when stowed.
Figure 51: Typical options for stowing and securing a single lanyard when not in use, to reduce the risk from a trailing
lanyard.
29
SECTION 5.5 Anchor points, connectors and 5.6.1 Suitable scaffold anchor points:
05 anchor devices
 Ledgers and transoms supported with load bearing
PFPE is totally reliant on being attached to a suitable couplers
anchorage. To ensure the safe performance of the system, the  Standards, but only when using a suitable anchor device
likely loads that would be transferred into the anchorage and designed for the purpose (see Section 5.7) and no joints
the ability of an anchor point and any supporting structure to between the lift and the attachment point
resist those forces, must be established.  Guardrails supported with load-bearing couplers
(guardrails within a scaffold structure)
Very high loads can be transferred into an anchorage when a  Plan braces (horizontal) supported on right-angle couplers
fall is arrested (6kN or more). Manufacturers and suppliers of
personal fall arrest equipment should provide information on
potential anchor loads.
Anchor points must be suitable for the potential loads imposed

in an arrested fall. Employers must consider the availability
✓ ✓
and suitability of anchor points when designing a system of
work. Temporary works designs must consider the suitability
of structures to be used as anchors for personal fall protection
equipment as part of the designer’s risk assessment (see
Section 2.9 – Temporary works design). Scaffolding structures Ledger on right angle couplers Guardrail on right angle
that require bespoke design and routinely rely upon the use couplers
of personal fall protection equipment for erection, altering and
dismantle require special consideration by engineers for the
availability and security of anchor points.
If scaffolders are unsure about the reliability of a proposed

anchor point, they should stop work and refer to their
employer. Employers should seek advice from a competent
engineer regarding the suitability of anchorages for PFPE. ✓ ✓ ✓
Proprietary anchor devices for standards
5.6 Anchorage to Tube & Fitting Scaffolds As per system

scaffold
manufacturer’s
Scaffolds must be erected in accordance with the relevant
instructions
British and European Standards (e.g. BS EN 12811) and
Technical Guidance (e.g. NASC TG20) so that they are
adequately stable. Where ties and stability measures (e.g.
buttressing, kentledge, guys and anchors etc.) are required
they should be installed and removed as work progresses to
✓
ensure optimum stability against overturning or collapse of
the structure. This includes the use of any temporary (dummy)
Figure 52: Examples of suitable anchor points and devices.
stability measures required solely for erecting, altering and
dismantling purposes. It has been established by the NASC,
through independent testing, that steel tube and fitting TG20
compliant scaffolding can provide a safe anchor point for
a scaffolder wearing a full body harness and attached by a
lanyard with an energy absorber (see Suitable scaffold anchor
points Figure 52 and Unsuitable anchor points Figure 53).
Where alternative scaffolding materials are used, such as,
aluminium or glass reinforced plastic (GRP), the users must
contact the supplier to ensure anchorage to the structure is
appropriate.
30
5.6.2 Unsuitable scaffold anchor points: 5.7 Anchoring to scaffolding standards SECTION
05
 Ledgers or guardrails supported with putlog clips (single Proprietary anchor devices for anchoring to scaffolding are
couplers) available that enable scaffolders to attach their lanyard to
 Ledgers or guardrails within a bay where it has a joint vertical standards ( Figure 54 ). This means that scaffolders can
 Standards unless a suitable anchor device is used take advantage of a higher anchor position in preference to
designed for the purpose attaching to the ledger below their feet.
 Standards with a joint between the lift and the attachment
point Karabiners that are designed especially for attaching to scaffold
 Puncheons standards make an effective and efficient anchor device.
 Transoms at foot level or below Webbing slings specifically designed to wrap around standards
 Putlog transoms or bridle tubes to create an effective anchor device. Another design includes
 Underslung tubes below ledgers on non load-bearing special couplers that can be pre-assembled on standards
couplers before they are erected as part of a planned system of work.
 Reveal or prop tie assemblies
 Vertical braces (e.g. façade or ledger braces) or other These devices provide scaffolders with alternative and
diagonal tubes (e.g. spurs or rakers) convenient anchor positions as they access an unprotected lift.
 Other tube open ended or not supported either side of Always refer to the manufacturers’ instructions to ensure safe
the attachment position e.g. protruding end of a transom, use.
needle or dropper
 Standalone edge protection, unless designed to be used
as a suitable anchor point for the purpose.
✘ ✘ ✘
Ledger or guardrail on No joints in ledger or Standards without
single couplers guardrails suitable anchor device
✘ ✘ ✘
Standards with a joint Transoms below foot Putlog transom or
above the platform level bridle tube Figure 54: Anchor devices These pictures illustrate the use
of connectors specifically developed for use as anchor
devices to scaffold standards. NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
✘ ✘
Transoms underslung on Reveal ties
non load-bearing couplers
5.8 Anchorage to proprietary scaffolding

✘ systems
✘ The NASC recommends that you follow the scaffolding system
Vertical bracing Open ended tube manufacturers’ instructions as to the suitable anchor points
for personal fall protection equipment. The requirements of
Figure 53: Examples of unsuitable anchor points. manufacturers to consider fall prevention and protection for
Figure 51 Examples of unsuitable anchor points. their products, is outlined in Section 7.2 Proprietary system
scaffolding (page 44).
31
SECTION 5.9 Guidelines for anchorage on other

05 structures
Alternative anchor points that may need to be used for
scaffolding operations should always be checked to ensure
they are suitable and sufficient and where necessary approval
must be sought from the client or owner. If an alternative
anchor point is required (e.g. steel beam) then an assessment
may need to be made by a competent engineer. All
permanently installed anchorage points or systems must have
a current inspection and test certificate available for inspection,
in accordance with the relevant British and European Standard.
Other possible anchorage points could include, for example:
 Beams;
 Girders;
 Any other structural steelwork;
 Wire systems; and,
 Permanently installed anchorage points
Figure 55: A selection of special connectors and anchor devices.
5.10 Anchorage to lightweight mobile

access towers (MATs)
Generally, personal fall protection equipment should not be
used during the erection, altering or dismantling lightweight
mobile access towers (MATs), as they do not provide a suitably
stable or secure anchorage. The Health and Safety Executive
(HSE) supports a system of work for the erection, use and
dismantling of MATs that minimises the risk of a fall. The
NASC recommends that scaffolders required to erect, alter
or dismantle MATs should be trained in accordance with the
Construction Industry Scaffolders Record Scheme (CISRS) or
similar.
32
5.11 Inertia reels Where an inertia reel manufacturer allows horizontal use, SECTION
employers must design a system of work that minimises the
05
Retractable line fall arrest devices are commonly known as swing fall risk. The risk of the line being run against a sharp
inertia reels, lines or blocks. A steel cable or material webbing edge and failing also needs to be considered.
line extracts and retracts automatically and, should a fall occur,
a braking mechanism stops the line paying out to arrest a fall, Inertia reels are ideally suited for drop-lift or slung scaffold
similar to the operation of a car seat belt. structures, where a suitable anchor point can be erected
above, and scaffolders are able to erect, alter and dismantle
Inertia reels are available in various lengths, sizes of block and lift(s) below whilst remaining attached. When specifying inertia
critically weights, as they are required to be manually handled. reels, consideration must be made for rescue and recovery
Care must be taken when considering a system of work should a fall occur. Where necessary, retrievable inertia reels
using inertia reels, as they must be suitable for the scaffolding should be specified that allow colleagues to winch the casualty
operation and be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s up or down to safety by deploying an integral handle or similar
instructions. All retractable line fall arrest devices must be device (see Section 5.17– Rescue). Where steel inertia lines are
manufactured and tested in accordance with BS EN 360. specified then webbing connection strops should be used. This
will assist the user with self-connection to the line and enable a
Most inertia reels are designed for an anchor point above the rescuer to release the primary fall arrest equipment by cutting
scaffolder to limit the distance a person can fall to a minimum. the webbing strop, if necessary, in the event of a fall (Figure 57).
This is due to the fact that many inertia reels have no or little
energy absorption capability should a fall occur. Generally, inertia Where the inertia reel is mounted out of reach of the work
reels should only be used in a broadly vertical plane with minimal area (usually above), a tag line can be fitted to the end of
horizontal movement, thus minimising the pendulum effect the spooling line. This usually allows attachment connection
should a fall occur (e.g. Slung scaffold Figure 57 ). The working to be spooled out of the reel, and allowed to retract under
area and horizontal traversing is restricted because the angle control, without need to climb up to the reel. The tag line
of the line from vertical can be no greater than that specified by should be coiled and stored ready for refitting when the worker
the manufacturer, to reduce the risk of injury from the pendulum disconnects from the line. Note that the tag line is a lightweight,
effect or swing fall risk as it is also known (Figure 56). non load-bearing line.
NOTE - POSITION INERTIA REEL FOR EASE OF

ACCESS AND SAFE RETRIEVAL BY RESCUERS
Before
After
Figure 56: The pendulum effect. This illustration shows the

dangers of the pendulum effect also referred to as the swing
fall risk. The faller will swing like a pendulum, at risk of striking
the structure or the ground.
Figure 57: A slung scaffold being erected by a scaffolder

IMPORTANT utilising an inertia reel as part of the personal fall protection
Do not exceed the manufacturer’s system (inset) Webbing connection strop for use with lines.
recommended maximum angle from the They provide ease of connection by the scaffolder and
vertical. emergency release in rescue when using steel lines.
33
SECTION 5.12 Hybrid self-retracting lanyards

05
Several manufacturers now offer self-retracting fall arrest
lanyards that incorporate a mini inertia reel and energy
absorber capability. A number of these special devices have
been designed and tested so that they can be attached to an
anchor point below foot level (e.g. in a fall factor 2 scenario),
similar to a fixed length fall arrest lanyard.
These self-retracting lanyards can be used as single or double

(twin) lanyard systems where conventional fall arrest lanyards
would be used. Therefore they are suitable for many routine
(i). Anchored above (ii). Below foot level
scaffolding applications and can also be used for some tasks
where an inertia line would be deployed (e.g. small cantilever
structures such as a protection fan).
By using these devices, fall distances can be reduced, trailing

lanyard hazards minimised and greater flexibility is given to the
scaffolder.
For the use of specific makes and models of self-retracting

lanyard systems, always check the manufacturers’ instructions.
Figure 58: Examples of a hybrid self–retracting

lanyard system in various scaffolding applications. (iii). As a double lanyard
5.13 Horizontal line systems

Horizontal line systems can enable scaffolders to traverse a lift protection on scaffolds are unlikely to provide the required
or other structure whilst maintaining fall protection. Scaffolders loading requirements and should not be used as attachment
should never erect or use improvised lines with equipment that points for horizontal line systems. With some systems, end
is not designed or suitable for the purpose. Employers must loads into the anchor points need to be calculated allowing
consult the manufacturers’ instructions or seek engineering 24kN (approximately 2.4 tonnes of force). If attached to
advice to ensure the system chosen is suitable. scaffold components (e.g. the standards) the forces generated
in a fall could significantly deform the structure and may affect
Scaffolders MUST be trained in the installation and use of the its stability or the security of the anchorage. Consideration
temporary horizontal line system used. The three major factors needs to be given to the suitability and design of anchor
that need to be considered when selecting a suitable horizontal positions for line systems, in accordance with the potential end
line system are: loading, specified in the manufacturers’ instructions.
I. Clearance distance III. Capacity

The amount of deflection in the line and the clearance required The maximum number of persons that can be attached to
below the attachment position (e.g. some systems at 20 the system at any one time. Line systems are available that
metres in length can deflect more than 6 metres, where offer protection to only one or two scaffolders at a time (i.e. if
others have a deflection of less than 2 metres). Therefore, if a system is only suitable for one person and two scaffolders
a system is used that has a maximum deflection of 6 metres require protection, then two separate systems would be
with a 1.75 metre lanyard to attach to the line, it would only required). In addition, for a horizontal line positioned close
be an effective personal fall arrest system at the 10 metre (5th to an open edge, deflection of the line during a fall is likely
lift) level or above. The line adopts a ‘V’ shape as it deflects to drag the persons in the vicinity off the platform. For these
between supports when arresting a fall. The user travels to the reasons the design and use of horizontal line systems needs
centre of the ‘V’ causing a swing fall risk. This risk is greater for to be restricted to use where this is unlikely to occur. Where
multiple user systems. If using an inertia reel with a horizontal necessary rescue procedures need to cater for more than one
line system, users need to be aware of the risk from inertia person suspended.
reels continuing to pay out after a fall has occurred due to
deflection and elasticity in the line causing the faller to rebound.
This is known as the racketing effect and may affect clearance
distances required.
II. Anchor Loads

The supporting structure for anchoring the ends of the line
system needs to be designed and calculated. Guardrails/edge Figure 59: An example of a proprietary line system.
34
5.14 Inspection and maintenance of  Very hot environments or the risk of contact with hot SECTION
materials or surfaces (e.g. foundries, steel works,
personal fall protection equipment 05
welding, burning, cutting with abrasive wheels etc.).
 Acidic or alkaline environments (note that some fabrics
Fall arrest equipment made from rope or webbing materials
offer low resistance to acids or alkalis).
is particularly vulnerable to damage and wear and tear during
normal use by scaffolders. Therefore all scaffolding contractors
Ancillary equipment (e.g. connection strops and anchor
must ensure adequate arrangements are made for the storage
devices etc.) must also be subject to a suitable inspection
and inspection of all fall protection equipment, so that it is
regime. Specialist personal fall protection equipment (e.g.
maintained fit for use.
inertia reels) must be inspected before use and subject
to servicing and maintenance in accordance with the
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and the NASC
manufacturers’ recommendations.
recommend three levels of inspection for all personal fall
protection equipment, as a minimum requirement as described
You must record the results of all detailed inspections for
in Health and Safety Executive (HSE) booklet INDG 367 and
each piece of equipment. If defects are identified they must
NASC Safety Guidance Note 16 (SG16):
be recorded. Records of inspections should be kept until
the equipment is destroyed. If any defects or concerns
I. Pre-use checks
are identified as a result of a pre-use check or detailed
inspection then the equipment must be withdrawn from use
This level of inspection should be carried out by the user for
and destroyed. Any lanyard and harness that has been used
both harnesses and lanyards at the beginning of each shift
to arrest a fall should never be re-used and the equipment
and are a means of checking that there are no visible or
removed from use and destroyed.
surface defects with the equipment. Pre-use checks should be
tactile and visual. The whole lanyard and harness should be
Where equipment is removed from use and destroyed, this
subject to the check, by passing it slowly through the hands
should be recorded in the inspection register.
(e.g. to detect softening or hardening of fibres or ingress of
contaminants). A visual check should be undertaken in good
light and will normally take just a few minutes. 5.15 Personal fall protection equipment
manufacturers’ instructions
Any defects or concerns identified during the pre-use check
should be raised with the employer before the equipment Under the Personal Protective Equipment Regulations
is used. A suitably competent person, having received and British/European Standards on personal protective
appropriate training, must carry out a detailed inspection to equipment (PPE), product information must be supplied by the
either satisfy themselves that the equipment is safe to use or manufacturer. This information should be read and understood
remove from use and destroy the equipment depending upon by the scaffolders before using the equipment.
the defect and concern raised.
5.16 Climbing scaffold structures
There should be additional harnesses and lanyards available to
use as replacements in the event that defective equipment has The routine climbing of scaffolding structures should be
been taken out of use. avoided wherever practicable and scaffolders should establish
a scaffolders safe zone when possible and use safe means
II. Detailed inspections of access and egress. However, in some cases climbing is
a necessary element of the scaffolding erection, altering and NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
These are more formal in-depth inspections looking at the dismantling process. Examples of typical scaffolding operations
equipment for underlying defects or problems that may not be that may necessitate some climbing activity include:
identified during the pre-use checks.
 Beam work
For frequently used equipment, particularly those used in  Suspended scaffolds
arduous conditions such as scaffolding, the NASC recommend  Cantilevered scaffolds
that a formally recorded detailed inspection is undertaken at  Temporary roofs
least every three months.  Staging and events structures
 Falsework structures
 Other complex structures without working platforms
III. Interim inspections
IMPORTANT
These are also in-depth inspections and may be carried out When working outside of a scaffolders
when necessary between detailed inspections. The need for safe zone or before encroaching within 1m
interim inspections and their frequency should be identified of a leading edge, the scaffolder must be
through risk assessment. Examples of situations where interim clipped on and maintain 100% anchorage
inspections may be appropriate include: with personal fall protection equipment that
minimises the distance and consequences
 Arduous work environments involving paints, chemicals of a potential fall.
or grit blasting operations.
35
SECTION 5.17 Rescue

05
A rescue and recovery plan must be an integral part of any
system of work involving personal fall protection equipment. This
section outlines the considerations that need to be made for
rescue planning should an arrested fall occur and a scaffolder(s)
becomes suspended by their personal fall protection equipment.
There are health risks associated with any person suspended

in a fall arrest harness, therefore an adequate plan must be in
place for every scaffolding operation, where fall arrest equipment
is used, to ensure a speedy rescue. However, rescue plans
must not rely solely upon the emergency services to
recover a person suspended by personal fall protection
equipment (Figure 60).
The rescue techniques and equipment selected will depend Figure 60: Recovery from height by emergency services.
upon the type and complexity of the scaffolding structure. Shows the emergency services using a MEWP to recover
an accident casualty from height.
Any rescue plan must consider the potential danger in which
rescuers may have to place themselves, to carry out a rescue.
Therefore, when selecting rescue equipment, priority should
be given to equipment and techniques that would minimise the
risk of further accidents and injuries to the rescuers.
Rescue equipment that may be used remotely from a working 5.18 Assisted rescue
platform or scaffolders’ safe zone ought to be considered (without specialist rescue equipment)
first. For example, if a personal fall protection system using
inertia reels is selected for a slung scaffold, then a retrievable In many cases where a scaffolder suffers an arrested fall,
type inertia reel should be specified. Retrievable inertia they may be able to recover themselves, or their colleagues
reels (manufactured to BS EN 1496) incorporate a winch could assist in a rescue, without the use of specialist rescue
mechanism that enables colleagues to recover a suspended equipment. It is feasible for a scaffolder to pull themselves into
scaffolder should a fall occur (Figure 61). the scaffolding structure at a lower lift, or back onto the structure
for example, depending upon the fall distance, providing
they are not seriously injured or unconscious. If complete
self-recovery is not possible, merely supporting themselves
on a ledger or other part of the structure until rescued will
significantly reduce the risks from the effects of suspension in a
safety harness. Employers may also consider supplying special
supports, available from PFPE suppliers, which are attached
to or integrated during manufacture into the harness. These
supports enable the scaffolder, in the event of an arrested fall,
to release the straps and adjust them over their feet. Their body
weight can then be supported by their feet until rescued, thereby
reducing the risks from suspension fainting (otherwise known as
Syncope).
A rescue plan could include: the use of site access equipment,

such as, a Mobile Elevating Work Platform (MEWP), mobile
access tower (MAT) or a crane with a personnel basket that
could facilitate a rescue (see SG19).
Figure 61: Retrievable type inertia reel.
The NASC has produced a separate Safety Guidance note

(SG19) to help scaffolding contractors in conjunction with their
clients to prepare a rescue plan as part of the risk assessment
process for each job. Details of the rescue plan should be
incorporated into the risk assessment and method statement
(RAMS). Safety Guidance 19 – A guide to formulating a rescue
plan (SG19) includes a range of standard rescue plans that can
be adopted for many routine scaffolding operations.
36
5.19 Specialist rescue equipment SECTION
05
Rescue kits are available that can be deployed quickly by
trained operators to facilitate a remote rescue using specialist
equipment, without exposing the rescuers to unnecessary
risk. These remote rescue kits enable rescuers to attach the
equipment to the harness of the suspended scaffolder, release
their primary fall protection equipment and either raise them to a
safe platform or lower them to the base (Figure 62).

When choosing a rescue kit ensure that it is suitable for the Figure 62: Examples of remote rescue equipment for
scaffolding application. This includes for example: scaffolding applications.
 is there sufficient rope length to lower a person to the

ground from the highest position if necessary?
 does the device allow casualties to be raised or lowered?
 is the device a descender only type, which may not be
suitable for certain situations such as work over water or
very high level work where a large quantity of rope would
be required?
 is the rescue equipment readily available at all times when
working at height?
 are there sufficient numbers of trained personnel available
at all times during work at height that can use the
equipment?
 are there suitable anchor points for attaching the chosen
rescue equipment that are unquestionably reliable in an
emergency?
37
SECTION Equipment and techniques can be used that requires a rescuer 5.20 Rescue training
to descend (or abseil) down to the suspended scaffolder, attach
05
the casualty to the rescuer and then release the scaffolder’s Employers must ensure when specifying specialist rescue
primary fall arrest device (e.g. lanyard). The rescuer may then equipment as part of a rescue plan, that an adequate number
either raise or lower the casualty to safety (depending upon the of scaffolders have been suitably trained in its use, including any
equipment used). This type of equipment and technique places refresher training and exercises necessary.
a rescuer at greater risk and should only be considered as a last
resort (Figure 63). Rescue must be an integral part of all scaffolder training and
instruction in accordance with this NASC guide.
Specialist rescue equipment must be subject to maintenance
and an inspection regime to ensure that it is in good order
whenever it is required to be used. Maintenance and inspection
of rescue equipment should be in accordance with the
manufacturers’ instructions. Note that an inertia reel or other
device that incorporates a winch to raise or lower a person
is, by definition, lifting equipment under the Lifting Operations
and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER) and requires
thorough examination at six-monthly intervals. The only exception
to this is dedicated rescue equipment that remains sealed, dry,
undamaged and unused (i.e. bagged or crated). An extended
thorough examination interval may be agreed by a competent
person.
Figure 63: Fully assisted rescue situation. The

rescuer has attached the casualty to themself
and is cutting the lanyard webbing using a special
cutting device that reduces the risk of accidentally
cutting the rescue equipment.
38
SECTION 06 | Methods of access and egress
Methods of access and egress

SECTION
06
Safe access for use by scaffolders should be included as early During the planning phase, clients and contractors who specify
as possible in the erection process and removed as late as access and egress to and from scaffolding, should consider
possible during dismantling, removing the need for scaffolders the hierarchy of access in NASC Technical Guidance 20
to climb the scaffold structure. (TG20) Operational Guide (Section 8, Figure 8.1) and Safety
Guidance 25 (SG25) Access and egress from scaffolds via
It is recommended that wherever practicable, scaffolding ladders and stair towers etc. (Figures 65-68).
should incorporate ladder access, ladder bays or stairways for
the purpose of erecting, altering and dismantling scaffolding. For special scaffold structures that do not normally include a
A system of working should be adopted, where possible, that method of access (e.g. falsework, shoring, loading bays etc.),
enables the scaffolders to work progressively away from and consideration must be given in the planning process for the
back towards their means of access and egress (i.e. ladder use of ladders etc. to avoid climbing the structure wherever
access or staircase) when erecting, altering or dismantling the possible (Figure 69).
next lift (Figure 64).
Scaffolders’ Guard Rail
Scaffold Board
Lanyard
Guardrail
Scaffold Step
UNPROTECTED
AREA
Ladder
Bracing
Figure 64: A Scaffolder raising platform boards to the next lift

above working progressively backwards towards the ladder
access.
39
SECTION
06 Fatal fall from scaffolding ladder

access opening
Example of a self-closing ladder safety gate.
An incident occurred whilst working on the roof of a

two-storey terraced house that was accessed using
a ladder and a scaffold that had been erected by
an unqualified scaffolder. Slates were being raised
up to the roof using an electric hoist when a roofer
fell through a gap adjacent to the hoist, falling six
metres to the ground and tragically dying almost
immediately.
Following an investigation by the Health and
Safety Executive (HSE), it was found that the
scaffolder, whilst not fully qualified to do so, had
erected the scaffold leaving a 1.17m gap in the edge
protection at the ladder access point and failed to
fit a scaffold gate. This did not comply with industry
standards or legal requirements for safe work at
height. Furthermore, the roofer, who was in charge
of work on site, allowed work to continue despite
this unsafe environment. He also failed to appoint a
qualified scaffolder and lacked the adequate health
and safety training required to manage the site.
The HSE Inspector said of the incident:
Figure 65: Typical proprietary system “The tragedy of this incident was that it was totally
scaffold stairway avoidable. Preventative measures were inexpensive
and required little time or effort. Reducing the size
of the opening in the guard rails and installing a self-
closing scaffold gate would have stopped this man
from falling to his death. A scaffold gate costs around
£40 and only takes a few minutes to install.
Those involved in scaffolding and roof work on
smaller sites need to be aware of the potentially
devastating consequences of failing to put basic
safeguards in place.”
After pleading guilty to breaching the Health and
Safety at Work etc Act 1974, the roofer was fined
£5,000 and ordered to pay costs of £6,318. The
scaffolder also pleaded guilty to breaching the Health
and Safety at Work etc Act 1974, fined £5,000 and
ordered to pay costs of £6,318.
Source: HSE
40
SECTION 06 | Methods of access and egress
SECTION
06
Figure
NOTE. 66:
Boards Ladder
marked with an access bays
asterisk should with
be fixed single-lift
down to a piece of ladders.
600mm board.
Figure 67: Internal ladder access with a protected Figure 68: External ladder access
ladder trap an example of good practice. using a safety gate as an example of
good practice.
41
SECTION
06
Loading bay gate
Scaffolders’
guardrail
Ladders
Figure 69: A standalone loading tower with ladder access installed for use
by the scaffolders only. Following completion of the loading tower it is highly
recommended that the ladders are removed or secured preventing access
by others until required for alterations or dismantling.
42
SECTION 07 | Other scaffolding applications
Other scaffolding applications

SECTION
07
The purpose of this section is to feature examples of good

practice and specific guidance for various common scaffolding
operations. In keeping with the general theme of this guidance
it does not extend to all scaffolding operations; however, the
methods and principles highlighted may be adopted as good
practice.
7.1 Scaffolding from a Mobile Elevating Only Scaffolders who are authorised and trained (e.g.
International Powered Access Federation (IPAF) powered
Work Platform access licence (PAL) or equivalent) should operate MEWPs.
Planning for the use of MEWPs must consider the interfaces
Mobile Elevating Work Platforms (MEWPs) are also commonly
with the workplace environment and particular consideration for
referred to as ‘cherry pickers’, ‘booms’ or ‘scissor-lifts’.
emergencies and recovery from height.
MEWPs are available in all shapes and sizes and have often
been considered to be a competitor to the scaffolding industry.
In recent years, the availability and cost of hiring MEWPs as
a safeguard against falls for some of the more hazardous
scaffolding operations is now a viable option (Figure 70).
It is important to recognise that MEWPs are only suitable for
certain scaffolding applications and cannot be considered as a
practical option for the majority of routine scaffolding operations.
MEWPs can offer collective fall protection for
some applications where scaffolders would typically rely upon
personal fall protection equipment whilst climbing and working
from the scaffold structure without a scaffolders’ safe zone.
Where MEWPs are selected for erecting, altering and dismantling

scaffolding, employers must have a safe system of work for their
intended use. Care should be taken to select the most suitable
type and specification of MEWP for the operation.
The use of a MEWP may not be suitable where there is restricted Figure 70: Scaffolders using a MEWP to erect a suspended
access, work near or over water or at very high levels. scaffold.
Work restraint lanyard

IMPORTANT
The powered access industry
recommends that work restraint
lanyards are used to prevent the Adjustable buckle
operator being exposed to a risk of
falling from the platform when using Adjustable combination lanyard
certain types of MEWP (e.g. boom
type). However, it is recommended
by the NASC that scaffolders who
regularly use MEWPs should consider
using an adjustable fall arrest lanyard Energy absorber
that may also be used for work
restraint (Figure 71). Always check Adjustable buckle
with the MEWP supplier to ensure only
specified attachment points are used.
Figure 71: Illustration showing i. a work restraint only that must not be used in fall
arrest, and ii. a combination lanyard that can be used in fall restraint and arrest
when required.
43
SECTION 7.2 Proprietary system scaffolding

07
Manufacturers and suppliers of proprietary system scaffolding
have legal duties to carry out appropriate research and testing
of their products and to provide information and instructions.
They must ensure the equipment can be used safely, meets
the provisions of the Work at Height Regulations and any other
statutory requirements or industry guidance, regarding fall
protection.
In addition to the minimum requirements of any British or

European manufacturing standards, manufacturers should
undertake a product risk assessment. The purpose of a
product risk assessment in this case is to ensure that safe
erection, altering, use and dismantling processes are specified.
Scaffolding contractors who use system scaffolding must
ensure that it is erected, altered and dismantled in accordance
with the manufacturers’ instructions for safe use. Particular
attention should be given to the use of suitable anchor
positions for personal fall arrest equipment when applying the
principles of this NASC guidance (Figure 72). Figure 72: An example of an anchor point for a proprietary
scaffolding system as per the manufacturers’ instructions.
Temporary works designers must also consider fall prevention
and protection measures as part of the design risk assessment
when specifying system scaffolding products.
Scaffolders must receive all necessary information, instruction,
training and supervision in the safe erection, altering and
dismantling of the proprietary system scaffolding used, in
accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions, bespoke
designs and ideally have received training in accordance with
the CISRS System Scaffold Product Training Scheme (SSPTS).
7.3 Shorter lift heights (Bricklayers’ lifts)

Progressive scaffolds for brickwork are normally erected using
1.35-1.5 metre lift heights. Many of the established collective
fall protection systems do not easily accommodate these
smaller lift heights. In such cases the scaffolders’ step or small
proprietary standings may be used to enable scaffolders to
install guardrails in advance to the next lift or remove them
during dismantling. The intermediate guardrail can often be
fixed simply from the lift below as they are typically only 1.75-
2 metres above the lift (see Figure 73). (iv)
(i) (ii) (iii)
Figure 73: Example of a sequence of work used to erect guardrails in advance for shorter lift heights.
36 (i)
(i) Shows the intermediate guardrail installed
36 ii from the lift below, (ii) a scaffolders’ step used to install the main guardrail and
(iii) showing the stop-end guardrail. (iv) A 600mm proprietary staging platform being used as an alternative step-up.
44
7.4 Tall lifts (floor height lifts, pavement SECTION
lifts and gantries) 07

Scaffolding with taller lift heights such as the erection of
pedestrian base lifts (up to 2.7 metres) or floor height lifts
(up to 3 metres) are often difficult to provide collective fall
protection for, as most of the common systems of work are
designed for a standard 2 metre lift height only.
Scaffolders may have to use a combination of systems to

achieve full collective protection for taller lifts. For example,
using the ‘short lift method’ (Section 4.3.3., page 22) to
erect a temporary lift (or dummy lift) at approximately 1 metre
and then resorting to other collective protection methods to
install guardrails on the working platform (see Figure 74). The
temporary lift can then be dismantled to allow unimpeded
(i) Guardrail installed in advance to provide a safe zone for the access on the working lift during use of the scaffolding, but
dummy lift. should be reinstated for any alterations and dismantling.
Note that temporary guardrails should be left in place where
possible for dismantling.
Fig 37_1 Guardrail installed in advance to provide a safe zone for the dummy lift.
Alternatively, floor height lifts can be constructed by splitting
Floor Height Lift the lift height into a conventional 2 metre lift and a shorter lift
Scaffolders’ guardrail which can remain in place throughout the works.
A MEWP or mobile access tower are other examples for

employers to consider for erecting/dismantling tall base lifts
Dummy Lift
providing the ground conditions are suitable, as an alternative
to installing a dummy lift.
Where scaffolders’ steps are used to install taller lifts (as

opposed to fixing guardrails in advance) guardrails should be
installed to prevent falls from the step and scaffolders must
remain clipped-on (see Figure 75).
(ii) Dummy lift installed to enable fixing of the floor height lift.
Advanced
Scaffolders’
Fig 37_2 Dummy lift installed to enable fixing of the floor height
Guardrail Floorlift Height Lift Floor Height Lift
[SP colour the dummy lift and scaffolders guardrail only, please annotate the floor height lift,
dummy lift and guardrail]
Ledgers and
transoms forming
scaffolders’ Scaffolders’ guardrail
guardrail
for fall protection
from the step
Dummy Lift
(iii) Scaffolders’ steps used to install the guardrails in advance

on the main lift to form the scaffolders’ safe zone.
Figure 74: A sequence of work for floor height lifts using a Figure 75: Tall Lifts – Scaffolder using a scaffolders’
combination of methods to create the scaffolders’ safe zone. step to form a floor height lift
Fig 37_3 Scaffolders steps used to install the guardrails I advance on the main lift to
form the scaffolders safe zone. [SP colour and annotate] 45
SECTION 7.5 Birdcage access scaffolding

07
The basic principles of this guidance can be applied to
birdcage access scaffolding. The main risk of a fall is
associated with raising and lowering boards over a large
surface area. Scaffolders should plan the erection and
dismantling by systematically working away from and back
towards the access position.
Birdcage scaffolding normally consists of one working

platform and scaffolders have two options when erecting the
intermediate lifts:
i. Fully board the whole area

– this means that all bays will require transoms and all of the
boards will have to be raised systematically. Scaffolders must
remain clipped on when encroaching less than 1 metre from
the leading edge. Only the perimeter or outer elevations of
birdcage (if exposed) will require guardrails.
Figure 76: Example of a birdcage scaffolding system of work.
ii. Partially boarded Shows the scaffolders’ safe zone used in runs for the erection
– this means constructing scaffolders’ safe zones in runs for of birdcage scaffolding. All bays can be reached to fix ledgers,
the erection of the birdcage scaffold (Figure 76) . Internal falls transoms and braces without the requirement to fully board
must be protected with guardrails. the entire structure.
7.6 Loading bays

Loading bays (also known as loading towers) can be A key feature for loading bay platforms, and good practice, is
constructed as standalone structures or attached to access to use a loading bay gate system that allows the passage of
scaffolds for the loading and storage of materials and bulk goods using mechanical handling equipment (e.g. forklift
equipment. The basic principles and methods of protection truck) whilst maintaining collective fall protection (Figure 77).
featured in this guidance can be utilised for the erection, It is recommended, before installing and removing loading
alteration and dismantling of loading bays. bay gates, that scaffolders should fix a temporary guardrail to
maintain the scaffolders’ safe zone (see Figure 78). Also see
Section 6 – Methods of access and egress (page 39) for advice
on providing safe access for constructing standalone loading
bays.
Temporary guardrail
Figure 77: Example of a loading bay gate to maintain collective Figure 78: Temporary guardrail to maintain a scaffolders’
fall protection for the scaffold users when the loading bay gate safe zone for loading bay gate installation and removal. The
43 Temporary guardrail to maintain a scaffolders’ safe zone for loading bay gate installation and removal.
is open. temporary guardrail is removed once the gate is installed.
46
7.7 Chimney-stack scaffolding and roof SECTION
saddles 07
Scaffolding operations for accessing chimneys and protection equipment (safety harnesses) attached to the
constructing scaffolding on pitched roofs present challenges scaffolding structure, as their primary means of fall protection.
for scaffolding contractors to establish suitable protection Therefore the roof saddle and walkway structures should be
against falls from height, due to the variety of roof types, constructed/removed progressively from the access scaffold
chimney positions and intended use of the scaffolding. to ensure a suitable anchor point is provided. To maintain
This section provides some basic principles to be considered continual attachment scaffolders would use a double lanyard
by employers when completing a risk assessment and system (see Section 5.4 – Personal fall protection equipment
preparing a method statement for the erection, alteration and Figures 48 & 49). Continual attachment is particularly
and dismantling of chimney-stack scaffolding. Standard important when working over the ridge or near the verge
configurations and guidance for typical chimney-stack of the roof, as the opposing eaves or gable verges are not
scaffolding can be found in the NASC Technical Guidance typically protected by an access scaffold and are without edge
TG20 Operational Guide (Chapter 16). protection.
To access a chimney-stack positioned at the ridge, mid- For accessing a chimney-stack at a gable end, an access
pitch or eaves, an access scaffold (independent or tower scaffold is provided at the verge to the same height as the
scaffolding) should be erected at the eaves to provide safe working platform of the roof saddle. However, no collective
access and fall protection for scaffolders when erecting and edge protection is provided at the eaves so scaffolders should
dismantling the roof saddle etc. The access scaffold should remain attached to the scaffold structure using their personal
be securely tied and be long enough to cover the working fall protection equipment.
area of the scaffolders accessing the roof. A working platform
complete with guardrails should be erected within a 500mm In addition to the edge protection and personal fall protection
vertical distance from the eaves level to provide collective edge systems featured above, the frame of the roof saddle (e.g.
protection for the scaffolders working on the roof (Figure 79). ledgers and transoms attached to raking tubes and the access
scaffold) may provide a foot-hold for scaffolders working from
Ideally the perimeter of the roof should be protected with the roof surface, otherwise a suitable roof ladder may be
access scaffolding and/or guardrails to provide suitable edge required. Where a high standard of edge protection and/or
protection when chimney access is combined with other personal fall protection equipment is used, it may be possible
construction or maintenance activities, it is recognised that this for scaffolders to work directly from the roof if the pitch is
may not be a practical solution just for chimney work. shallow, not fragile and the surface provides a particularly good
When erecting or dismantling the roof saddle and walkway foot-hold.
access, scaffolders will typically rely upon personal fall
Figure 79: Example of a roof saddle sequence of work with

eaves edge protection and continual attachment maintained
using a double lanyard system of work.
47
SECTION 7.8 Working from beams

07
This section features examples of good practice for
constructing scaffolding structures using prefabricated beams.
These structures include:
 Bridged sections to create openings or to span across

obstructions within an independent tied scaffold or
birdcage type structure.
 Gantry structures over pavements or roadways
 Large or heavy-duty loading bays.
 Temporary roofs erected in situation at height.
 Cantilevered structures using beams such as truss-outs (i) bridging with beams using short transverse temporary
scaffolds and heavy-duty protection fans. boards.
It is generally necessary for scaffolders to climb on the

beams (commonly referred to as crabbing) to fix the chord
ties, braces, purlins, transoms etc. to form the structure
and therefore they are reliant on their personal fall protection
equipment (safety harnesses). A double lanyard system of
work is required to maintain continual fall protection when
crabbing beam sections.
NASC Technical Guidance TG20 Operational Guide provides

standard configurations and guidance (Chapter 9) for two-
and three-bay bridge spans, which must be constructed in
accordance with the TG20 compliance sheet and associated
guidance.
For constructing a TG20 compliant two-bay or three-bay

bridge, it is possible to progressively place short scaffold
boards temporarily onto the bottom chord of the beams
between the vertical rungs/lattice bracing, to provide a better
footing for scaffolders to stand on and remove the need to
climb on the beams themselves, whilst traversing (Figure 80).
(ii) lacing and bracing beams using longitudinal boards.
IMPORTANT
When working with beams using temporary boarding

for an improved footing, care must be taken to ensure
boards are correctly supported by observing the target
span and the minimum and maximum overhangs.
Temporary boarding on beams does not provide a

complete working platform, individual boards may need
to be removed to fix members to the beams and short
boards need to be secured. Therefore it is recommended
that scaffolders remain continually attached to an
anchor point until a scaffolders’ safe zone has been
created.
Where temporary boards are left in place for dismantling

or planned adaptions, they must be secured and
considered in the design, so allowance can be made for
(iii) boarding out of gantry beams.
increased loading.
Figure 80: Examples of temporary boards used with beam
work.
48
Depending upon the bridge span, guardrails can also be Gantries constructed with beams to bridge a span between SECTION
installed above the bridging beams at the same time as support scaffolds should apply similar principles to other beam
07
the beams are fixed, thus providing a degree of collective work. The beams should be fixed from a scaffolders’ safe
protection during the erection process. Deep section beams zone within the supporting scaffolds (Figure 81). Temporary
will also provide a degree of side protection for the scaffolders platforms should be formed by placing scaffold boards or
when working from a boarded bottom chord. However very stagings on the bottom chords (ensuring target spans are
deep beams they may also impede the ability to crab the maintained). Scaffolders should maintain continual attachment
beam and alternative boarded platforms may be required for ideally with a double lanyard system when crabbing beams or
the construction of the beamed structure (Figure 80). traversing on the temporary platforms. Perimeter guardrails
should be established as soon as practicable during the
erection process.
Truss-out scaffolds and protection fans constructed using

beams should follow the guidance below on cantilevered
scaffolding section 7.9 below.
For temporary roofs constructed with beams refer to section

7.10 temporary roofs below.
Figure 81: Examples of collective protection

for the construction of gantry scaffolding.
49
SECTION 7.9 Cantilevered structures Ensure safe access to retrieveable inertia reel.
Comply with manufacturers’ recommended
07
The construction of protection fans and other cantilevered maximum angle. See 5.11 Inertia reels p33.
structures requires scaffolders to fix the needles (extended
transoms) or beams from the main scaffold (back or horse Do not exceed
scaffold) and typically relies on the use of personal fall manufacturer’s
protection equipment (safety harnesses) solely for completing maximum angle
the structure. Inertia reels are often used for this purpose (see
Figure 82). In some cantilevered scaffolding applications (e.g.
tubular truss-out scaffolding) it may be possible to push out
the cantilever from the protection of the main scaffold and
also a guardrail assembly, in advance, to provide a temporary
guardrail and form a scaffolders’ safe zone (Figure 83).
Figure 82: Falling object protection fan

erected using a retrievable inertia reel.
(i). Temporary guardrail formed from the back scaffold (horse or support scaffold) within a scaffolders’
safe zone.
mple of a temporary guardrail assembly used to provide a scaffolders’ safe zone during the erection of a truss-out cantile
porary guardrail formed from the back scaffold within a scaffolders’ safe zone.
w façade as a building with the scaffold projecting through window openings, just colour the guardrail].
(ii) Guardrail pushed out horizontally from the back (iii) Needles (extended transoms) are boarded out to create
scaffold to protect the truss-out. a scaffolders’ safe zone to complete the truss-out scaffold.
Figure 83: An example of a temporary guardrail assembly used to provide a

scaffolders’ safe zone during the erection of a truss-out cantilevered scaffold.
50
porary guardrail assembly used to provide a scaffolders’ safe zone during the erection of a truss-out cantilevered scaffold.
7.10 Temporary roofs SECTION
07
This section identifies examples of good industry practice for
preventing or protecting against falls from height in scaffolding
operations involving the erection, alteration and dismantling of
scaffolding temporary roofs. The purpose of temporary roofs is
normally to provide weather protection for the refurbishment or
maintenance of an existing building (see Figure 85).
All temporary roofs and supporting structures must be

designed and planning for temporary roofs must consider
specific measures for preventing or protecting against falls from
height. For further information about the design of temporary
roofs refer to NASC technical guidance TG9 A guide to the (i.) Modular roof section assembled on the ground and craned
design and construction of temporary roofs and buildings. into position avoiding the need for scaffolders to crab the
beams.
Temporary roofs have similar hazards associated with the
construction of permanent roof structures and coverings.
However, the nature and structure of temporary roofs often
does not facilitate the same methods of work and safety
precautions. For example, MEWP access is not normally
a practical option for constructing the temporary structure
which is normally erected over another existing building. Also,
temporary roof structures may not support the anchor loads
required for fall arrest netting and there is often insufficient
clearance in the void between the permanent roof and
temporary structure.
7.10.1 Proprietary roof systems

There are several proprietary temporary roof systems that have
introduced innovative and safer methods for assembling and
erecting temporary roofs that avoid or reduce the amount of
work at height by scaffolders, particularly the need for climbing
the structure (see Figure 84).
Boss jailed for scaffolder’s fatal fall
The boss of a scaffolding firm has been jailed after a (ii.) Wide gable-end bay scaffolding bay is provided for
Scaffolder fell 10 metres to his death on a refurbishment erecting roof sections from a scaffolders’ safe zone. Modular
project. sections are rolled out on special rail and caster systems, to
The Crown Court heard that the 36-year-old avoid the need for scaffolders to crab the beams.
experienced scaffolder, in the process of dismantling a
temporary roof, was removing corrugated iron roofing
sheets when he slipped and fell into the basement
below, suffering ‘catastrophic’ brain injuries. He was
not wearing fall protection equipment and no risk
assessment had been carried out by the employer.
The company had ignored a previous warning from
the Health and Safety Executive when one of their
scaffolding gangs, which included the injured party,
was spotted working unsafely at height. In the
sentencing hearing the HSE stated that the director
had failed to exercise his duty of care and as a result
an employee died while working for him. He had
intentionally breached, or flagrantly ignored, the law.
(iii.) Temporary eaves walkways constructed with guardrail
The Director pleaded guilty to failing to ensure the
protection to allow sheeting operations to be completed from
health, safety and welfare of employees and was
a scaffolders’ safe zone.
sentenced to 8 months imprisonment. Source: HSE
Figure 84: Examples of proprietary temporary roof systems
using innovative methods of erection.
51
SECTION Perimeter edge protection

07 Safe method of access and egress
Figure 85: A traditional temporary roof incorporating edge protection and safe access and egress.
7.10.2 Traditional temporary roofs III. Safe Climbing

To enable the fixing of lacing, bracing, purlins and edge
The term ‘traditional temporary roofs’ refers to scaffolding protection, scaffolders would be required to climb the structure
roofs constructed from steel or aluminium scaffolding beams by traversing along the beam known as ‘crabbing’ (see
to form trusses which are typically supported by scaffolding, Figure 86). During such operations scaffolders are required
the building or other structures. The beams are laced and to maintain continual attachment (e.g. double lanyards and
braced laterally with tubes and fittings for strength and stability. suitable anchorages) .
The roof coverings are normally corrugated steel or aluminium
sheeting supported by purlin tubes and secured with overlaid Suitable anchor points within a temporary roof structure may
tubes and special sheeting couplers (CI Couplers). In some include:
cases flexible plastic sheeting is used for the roof coverings.  Beam chords
 Lacing tubes (top or bottom chord ties)
Employers must consider the significant risks associated with  Overlaid tubes
the provision of traditional temporary roofs and the specific  Plan braces
control measures to prevent or protect against falls from  Guardrails
height in their planning processes. The NASC recommends
5 key principles for fall protection when erecting, altering and All beams and tubes must be fixed with suitable load-bearing
dismantling traditional temporary roofs in situation (in-situ): couplers (e.g. EN74 right-angle or swivel couplers). When
specifying fall arrest lanyard systems, employers must consider
I. Temporary roof design the risk of a lanyard running along a sharp edge and failing in
Designers must consider the sequences of work and fall the event of fall, such as the edge of a corrugated iron sheet.
protection measures as part of the design risk assessment. PFPE manufacturers can supply lanyard systems that are
Fall protection measures including anchor points must be specified as edge tested.
considered in the design calculations and featured on the
drawings for the scaffolders. Consider temporary/fixed boarding to assist with the lacing
and bracing of the beams. Depending upon the depth of the
II. Use of Scaffolders’ safe zones beam, scaffold boards or stagings can be used to provide a
Beams should be fixed to the support scaffolding from platform or improved foothold when traversing along a beam.
a scaffolders’ safe zone, wherever possible, otherwise Boards must be correctly supported and where necessary
scaffolders should remain clipped on. secured to prevent accidental movement (see Figure 80
Temporary chord boarding, page 48).
52
SECTION
07
Figure 86: Scaffolders crabbing beams to fix a chord tie

maintaining continual attachment.
Figure 88: An example of safe access to the roof surface via a

cantilevered eaves platform.
V. Perimeter edge protection.

Figure 87: Scaffolders maintaining continuous attachment The installation of perimeter guardrails during the construction
whilst fixing sheeting to a temporary roof of the roof structure will enable scaffolders to be protected
at the roof edge and provide an alternative anchor point for
PFPE (see Figure 89). The perimeter guardrails will also provide
fall protection if maintenance or alterations to the roof is
Consider temporary/fixed boarding to assist with the lacing required during the period of use (e.g. sealing of leaks or snow
and bracing of the beams. Depending upon the depth of the management). The inclusion of a toe board may be considered
beam, scaffold boards or stagings can be used to provide a to protect against the risk of falling objects.
platform or improved foothold when traversing along a beam.
Boards must be correctly supported and where necessary
secured to prevent accidental movement.
IV. Safe access and egress NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
Means of safe access and egress to the roof surface. The
position of the access point should be carefully considered to
allow scaffolders to work progressively away from and back
towards the means of access when erecting and dismantling.
An access tower or cantilevered platform can be used to
provide access to the roof surface (see Figure 88). The
platform may be designed to be left in place throughout the
works or could be removed after erection and reinstated for
alterations or dismantling. An access platform will also aid the
passing and handling of materials.
Figure 89: Shows perimeter edge protection to a traditional

temporary roof.
53
SECTION 7.11 Sheeting and cladding operations

07
Cladding of scaffolding structures in netting, sheeting and  Employers should provide working platforms and
rigid cladding is a routine scaffolding operation undertaken by guardrails equivalent to a scaffolders’ safe zone and safe
both scaffolders and third-party contractors. The purpose of access and egress.
adding cladding to scaffolding structures varies from weather
protection, debris containment or noise reduction through to  Operatives must wear personal fall protection equipment
advertising or decorative hoardings to disguise construction (PFPE) during sheeting and cladding operations at height,
operations. However, in most cases, the risk of falling unless safe access and complete working platforms with
associated with such cladding operations remains the same. double guardrails and toeboards are provided.
 Before operatives encroach within 1 metre of a leading

The fixing of sheeting and netting to the outer face of a façade
edge they must clip on.
scaffold from within the protection of a working platform is a
relatively low risk operation as the handling and fixing of the  When reaching below a scaffolders’ guardrail or climbing
sheeting is undertaken from behind guardrails (Figure 90). above the height of the main guardrail operative must be
However, on scaffolds where operatives are required to climb clipped on.
or access parts of the structure where they are exposed to a
risk of falling additional control measures must be provided.  Where operatives are required to reach out over
guardrails to handle or fix sheeting or cladding, they
In recent years the application of shrink wrap sheeting to should remain clipped on.
provide weather protection and environmental containment
for scaffolding, temporary roofs or temporary buildings has  If operatives need to climb the structure, then they
increased in popularity. Encapsulating a structure with this should remain continually attached (see Section 5.16 –
material requires the operatives to position the sheeting and Climbing scaffold structures).
apply heat insitu. Robust and effective planning of this work
 If installation of sheeting and cladding to the outer faces
should consider safe systems of work that fully apply the work
of the scaffolding requires the use of work positioning
at height hierarchy. If PFPE is required, as the work cannot
equipment (rope access) then the operatives should
be undertaken from a fully protected working platform, those
be trained and supervised in accordance with the
installing and maintaining the sheeting will need appropriate
International Rope Access Trade Association (IRATA)
training about the anchor points, use of PFPE and emergency
Training, Assessment and Certification Scheme (TACS).
arrangements.
 The installation of additional frames to the outer faces of
When applying the hierarchy of controls from the Work at scaffolding and anchorage for work positioning for fixing
Height Regulations and the principles of this guidance note, advertising or decorative cladding must designed by a
planning for sheeting and cladding operations must consider competent engineer.
collective protection before resorting to personal protection.
When specifying the type of sheeting or cladding, employers
should give due consideration to systems that use collective
protection before resorting to methods that rely upon personal
fall protection. Therefore the following preventative and
protective measures should be taken:
Figure 90: Showing good practice

for fall protection during sheeting
operations from a fully protected
working platform. Source: Rhino
54
7.12 Hoist towers and debris chutes Backing scaffold erected in advance of hoist tower
(either complete or just 1 No. lift at a time).
SECTION
07
Hoist towers and debris chutes, commonly erected from
traditional tube and fitting scaffolding materials, require
particular consideration. Scaffold boards are often over-
spanned because the bay must be kept clear of obstructions
Hemping carried out while
that would be created by transoms to support standard scaffolder is protected by
scaffold boards. Proprietary stagings or battens should be scaffolders’ guardrail
used that are capable of spanning the bay without the need for
board bearers (Figure 91). Scaffolders’ guardrail
Fully boarded platform using

65mm battens
or Proprietary stagings
Guard rail fixed or Fix centre transom to support
before ledgers / 38mm boards (however this
transoms / braces will require removal when
each level is complete).
Figure 91: Debris chute or hoist tower construction.
7.13 Temporary edge protection on temporary edge protection, reference should be made
to NASC Safety Guidance Note 27 (SG27) Guidance on
(see also 2.8 Fragile Surfaces)
temporary edge protection on open steelwork, roofs and slab
Examples of good planning to avoid work at height include edges etc. and Technical Guidance Note 1 (TG1) Temporary
the prefixing of guardrails to steelwork prior to installation at edge protection.
height (see Figure 2, page 3). Where possible all temporary
edge protection should be installed and removed from a Collective fall arrest safety net fan systems provide useful
MEWP to provide collective protection (Figure 92). For further solutions for congested or restricted sites where MEWP access
information on the use of MEWP’s in scaffolding see Section is not possible (Figure 93). Scaffolders can access the leading
7.1 – Scaffolding from a MEWP (page 41). For further guidance edge of the floor to erect temporary edge protection.
Figure 92: Scaffolder erecting roof edge protection from a Figure 93: Safety net fan system provides protection for
MEWP. erecting temporary edge protection.
55
SECTION Another common challenge facing scaffolding contractors is

the safe erection of temporary handrails for the installation of
07
permanent stairways in construction. Again good planning
between clients and their subcontractors has seen pre-cast
concrete staircases manufactured to accommodate handrail
posts that can be installed on the ground prior to them being
craned into place, thereby eliminating or minimising the need
for scaffolders to work at height.
Erecting edge protection to existing roofs can be particularly

problematic for scaffolding contractors to provide safe systems
of work, especially if MEWP access is not possible or there
is an absence of suitable anchor points for using personal fall
protection equipment. In such cases, scaffolders may need
to rely upon mobile anchor devices, work restraint systems
or work positioning equipment (for further guidance reference
should be made to BS 8437 Code of practice for selection,
use and maintenance of personal fall protection systems and
equipment for use in the workplace).
Consideration must be given to the risk associated with fragile

surfaces. See also Section 2.8 Fragile Surfaces.
Where existing permanently-installed fall protection systems

are available for roof access then these should be utilised,
where possible (Figure 94). Employers should seek advice from Figure 94: Scaffolder utilising an installed fall protection
the occupiers or others responsible for the property, and must system for roof access.
ensure they are used in accordance with the manufacturers’
instructions, including checking maintenance and inspections
records before use.
7.14 Falsework, formwork and other

temporary structures
The main focus of this guidance is aimed towards access
scaffolding, however the basic principles of this guidance
can be applied, where scaffolders construct other similar
temporary structures in scaffolding or proprietary systems (e.g.
falsework, formwork, stages, seating, bridging etc.). Collective
fall protection methods (e.g. the scaffolders’ safe zone),
anchor points for attaching personal fall protection equipment
and methods of access and egress must be considered by
designers and employers at planning stage (Figure 95).
Figure 95: Fully decked and guardrailed working

platform to form a scaffolders’ safe zone with
safe access and egress, used for the erection,
alteration and dismantling of a formwork system.
56
SECTION 08 | Appendix
Relevant Health and Safety Law

SECTION
08
l The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.

l The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.
l The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (as amended).
l The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015.
l The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998.
l The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992.
l The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998.
l The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992.
l The Personal Protective Equipment at Work (Amendment) Regulations 2022.
l The Health and Safety (Safety signs and signals) Regulations 1996.
l The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (as amended).
57
British and European Standards

SECTION
08
l BS1496: 2017 Personal fall protection equipment – Rescue lifting devices.

l BS 2482: 2009 Specification for timber scaffold boards.
l BS 5975: 2019 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of
falsework.
l BS 7883:2019 Personal fall protection equipment. Anchor systems. System design, installation and
inspection. Code of practice.
l BS 8437: 2005 + A1:2012 Code of practice for selection, use and maintenance of personal fall protection
systems and equipment for use in the workplace.
l BS 8454:2006 Code of practice for the delivery of training and education for work at height and rescue.
l BS 8610:2017 Personal fall protection equipment. Anchor systems. Specification.
l BS EN 12810-1: 2003 Facade scaffolds made of prefabricated components. Product specifications.
l BS EN 12811-1: 2003 Scaffolds. Performance requirements and general design.
l BS EN 13374:2013 + A1:2018 Temporary edge protection systems. Product specification. Test methods.
l BS EN 354: 2010 Personal fall protection equipment. Lanyards.
l BS EN 355: 2002 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Energy absorbers.
l BS EN 360: 2002* Personal protective equipment against falls from height. Retractable type fall arresters.
l BS EN 361: 2002* Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Full body harnesses.
l BS EN 362: 2004 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Connectors.
l BS EN 364: 1993 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Test methods.
l BS EN 365: 2004 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. General requirements for
instructions for use and for marking.
l BS EN 39: 2001* Loose steel tubes for tube and coupler scaffolds.
l BS EN 74-1: 2005 Couplers, spigot pins and baseplates for use in falsework and scaffolds.
l BS EN 397:2012+A1:2012 Industrial safety helmets.
l BS EN 795: 2012* Personal fall protection equipment. Anchor devices.
* Publication under review at the time of printing.
58
SECTION 08 | Appendix
References and further reading

SECTION
08
National Access and Scaffolding Confederation (NASC)

4th Floor, 12 Bridewell Place, London EC4V 6AP
enquiries@nasc.org.uk www.nasc.org.uk
Tel: 020 7822 7400
l SG4:You User guide to SG4 Preventing falls in scaffolding.

l SG7 Risk assessments and method statements.
l SG16 Management of fall protection equipment.
l SG19 A guide to formulating a rescue plan.
l SG25 Access and egress from scaffolds.
l SG27 Guidance on temporary edge protection on open steelwork, roofs and slab edges etc.
l SG29 Internal edge protection on scaffold platforms.
l TG1 Temporary edge protection.
l TG9 Guide to the design and construction of temporary roofs and buildings.
l TG20 Operational guide – A comprehensive guide to good practice for tube and fittings scaffolding.
HSE Books
www.books.hse.gov.uk email:hseorders@tso.co.uk Tel: 0333 202 5070
All HSE free and priced publications can be downloaded free via the HSE website www.hse.gov.uk
l HSG150 Health and safety in construction (currently under review – see HSE website).
l HSG33 Health and safety in roof work.
l L153 Managing health and safety in construction. NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION
l INDG 367 Inspecting fall arrest equipment made from webbing or rope.
l GEIS6 The selection, management and use of mobile elevating work platforms.
l Research Report 116 Falls from height – Prevention and risk control effectiveness.
l Research Report 708 Evidence-based review of the current guidance on first aid measure for suspension trauma.
Prefabricated Access Suppliers and Manufacturers Association (PASMA)

PO Box 26969, Glasgow G3 9DR
info@pasma.co.uk www.pasma.co.uk Tel: 0345 230 4041
l Operators’ Code of Practice.
International Powered Access Federation (IPAF)

Moss End Business Village, Crooklands, Cumbria LA7 7NU
info@ipaf.org www.ipaf.org Tel: 015395 66700
l Code of Practice.
59
Acknowledgements
The NASC would like to acknowledge the following members in the preparation of this
guidance:
Alan Harris Pro-Fix Access Limited (Chair)

Peter Booth Benchmark Scaffolding
Adrian Rooney Midland Scaffolding Services Limited
Simon Hughes Simian Risk Management Limited (Technical Author)
Kate Thomson Thomson Scaffolding Limited
Health and Safety Executive (Co-opted member)
We extend our thanks to all other organisations and their employees who have provided
information and assisted in the production of this guidance.
60
61
NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING
CONFEDERATION
NASC
4th Floor
12 Bridewell Place
London
EC4V 6AP
020 7822 7400
enquiries@nasc.org.uk
NASC scaffolding
www.nasc.org.uk
ISBN 978-0-9934076-3-5
Whilst every effort has been made to provide reliable and accurate information, we would welcome any
corrections to information provided by the Writer which may not be entirely accurate, therefore and for this
9 780993 407635
reason, the NASC or indeed the Writer, cannot accept responsibility for any misinformation posted
62

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NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING

NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION

National Access and Scaffolding Confederation

Amendments issued since publication

02 Planning for work at height 3

04 Collective Fall Protection 14

05 Personal Fall Protection 25

5.3 Single fall arrest lanyards 28

06 Methods of access and egress 39

07 Other scaffolding applications 43

1 NASC Members’ Falls from Height 1999-2021 1

NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION

Scaffolding professionals provide temporary working platforms and other structures

Suzannah Nichol MBE

In recognition of the significant hazards and risks that scaffolders Note 1:

40 0.20 NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION

Figure 1: NASC Members’ Falls from Height 1999-2021.

Contractor fined for unsafe working

A concerned member of the public sent pictures of

The subsequent HSE investigation resulted in a

The scaffolding contractor was fined £5,000 and

Planning for work at height

‘Work at height’ is defined by the Work at Height Regulations

Before scaffolders undertake work at height, it is essential to

Planning for work at height must consider the hierarchy of

I. Avoid work at height

Figure 3: Pre-assembled guardrails – fixed to structural steel-

IV. Collective over personal protection

For collective protection in scaffolding operations see Section

Figure 5: Scaffolder protected by a guardrail in the scaffolders’

Avoid work Avoid work at height so far as is reasonably practicable:

at height ■ Not normally an option for the scaffolding contractor.

■ Designers and principal contractors should identify opportunities

■ Scaffolding contractors should promote innovations to their

Prevent falls Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid work

■ Prevent all falls from height where there is a risk of injury,

NATIONAL ACCESS & SCAFFOLDING CONFEDERATION

Mitigate the Where it is not reasonably practicable to avoid or prevent

CISRS Advanced Scaffolder (Tube & Fitting)

The Work at Height Regulations require that any person A Sample

do so by their employer (Regulation 5). Competence is

competence and CISRS record cards should be relevant

When allocating work at height duties, employers must 00000000

Employers must also consider the limited skills of labourers

CISRS Scaffolding Labourer

appropriate Scaffolder or Advanced Scaffolder CISRS record

Figure 7: CISRS cards.

Trainee scaffolder killed in 18 metre

Other operatives supporting scaffolding operations (such SECTION

Labourers should receive basic skills and safety awareness

Trainee scaffolders and apprentices may work at height in

Employers who gain high degrees of employee co-operation

SECTION 2.4 Site inspection and risk assessment

When selecting the most suitable preventative and protective

2.5 Rescue planning 2.7 Weather conditions

Avoid fragile Avoid accessing near, across or on fragile surfaces:

surfaces ■ Planning to consider alternative methods of work

■ Designers and principal contractors should identify opportunities

■ Scaffolding contractors should promote innovations to their

■ Prevent all falls from height where there is a risk of injury,

surfaces ■ Planning to consider alternative methods of work

■ Provide platforms, coverings, guardrails, or similar protection

■ Work from stagings or platforms with guardrails.

■ Use a harness system to prevent access on or near a fragile

■ Mitigate falls where scaffolders are providing coverings, platforms,

■ Take suitable and sufficient steps to minimise the consequences

■ Use a harness system with adequate anchorage points (fall arrest).

■ All roofs accessed by scaffolders should be treated as fragile until

■ Post warning signs on the approaches to the fragile surface area.

■ Scaffolders to receive specific information, instruction and training

 take positive steps to understand the hazards involved

 Inside gaps (greater than 225mm) between the inner

 Scaffolders’ guardrails should be installed on all lifts where

SECTION  When it is necessary to reach below a single guardrail

 When raising or lowering materials scaffolders should be

 Scaffolders must remain clipped on when moving, raising

 The working platform should be fully boarded out,

 Scaffold boards must be correctly supported by

 Ensure boards are suitably stable and trap-ends avoided

 Gaps formed in working platforms to create ladder

 The first lift should, where possible, be boarded out from

 All other lifts, where practical, should be boarded out and

 The suitability of the method(s) chosen for the scaffolding

 The requirements of the manufacturer’s instructions for

 The tasks to be performed from a smaller platform (e.g.

 Are all fall risks protected e.g. stop-end guardrails, inside