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L09 Feedback Loop

This document discusses plant process control systems and feedback loop performance. It covers selecting controlled and manipulated variables, examples of feedback loops, and measures for evaluating control performance such as offset, IAE, and variance. The document provides examples and exercises to help students understand these fundamental concepts of process control.

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taufiqurrahman mohd yunus
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9 views24 pages

L09 Feedback Loop

This document discusses plant process control systems and feedback loop performance. It covers selecting controlled and manipulated variables, examples of feedback loops, and measures for evaluating control performance such as offset, IAE, and variance. The document provides examples and exercises to help students understand these fundamental concepts of process control.

Uploaded by

taufiqurrahman mohd yunus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEB5213/EAB4233 Plant Process

Control Systems

Feedback Loop
Performance

1
Objectives

z At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:


– Select appropriate candidate variables to be controlled and
manipulated
– Evaluate the control performance data using standard
measures of dynamic performance

2
Feedback Loop

z We can apply feedback control through several approaches:


– No control – The variable responds to inputs and disturbances, it
“drifts”.
– Manual – A person observes measurements and introduces
changes to compensate, adjustment depends upon his/her
judgement.
– On-Off – The manipulated variable has only two states, this
results in oscillations in the system.
– Continuous, automated – This is a modulating control that has
corrections related to the error from desired value.
– Emergency – This approach takes extreme action
(shutdown/relief) when a dangerous situation occurs.

3
Feedback Loop

z A control engineer must decide on which variable:


– To be controlled/maintained, controlled variable, (CV), and
– To be adjusted to cause a change on the controlled variable,
manipulated variable (MV).

Let’s look at an example !

4
CV & MV – An Example

Solvent
T0, FS CAM

A→B
CA , CB
Valve A T, Fout

Pure feed A
CA0, F0 Tcin
Tcout
Valve C A continuous stirred-tank
Fh reactor (CSTR) with heat
exchanger.
5 Coolant
Controlled Variable

z Control engineers use control objectives to determine which


variable to be controlled/regulated.

Control objective Process variable Sensor


1) Safety
2) Environmental protection
3) Equipment protection
4) Smooth plant operation and
production rate
5) Product quality Concentration of Analyzer measuring
reactant A in the % of A in reactor
effluent effluent (Controlled
Variable)
6) Profit optimization
7) Monitoring & diagnosis
6
Manipulated Variable
z To choose the variable/final element that can be manipulated to
affect change on the controlled variable, it has to fulfill several
criteria:

1) Causal relationship between the


valve and controlled variable
(R). Solvent
2) Automated valve (R).
3) Fast speed of response (D).
4) Can also be used to Valve
compensate for disturbances A A→B
(D).
Pure
5) Can be adjusted with little feed A
adverse affect on other parts of Valve
the plant (D). C
6) Note: (R) – Required, (D) - Desired
7
Manipulated Variable
Input variables that Selected Manipulated
affect the CV adjustable flow valve
disturbances Feed temperature
Solvent flow rate
Feed composition,
before mix
Coolant inlet
temperature
adjustable Flow of pure A Flow of pure A Valve A
Flow of coolant

We could use either Valves A or C.


How can we adjust Valve C to achieve regulation
8 of the controlled variable?
Class Exercise
z To achieve smooth production, product B has to be supplied to
downstream units at a constant temperature. Identify the
controlled variable and the valve to be manipulated.

Solvent
T0, FS CAM

A→B
CA , CB
Valve A T, Fout

Pure feed A
CA0, F0 Tcin
Tcout
Valve C
Fh
9 Coolant
Performance of Feedback Control Loop
Music: “I cannot define good music, but I know what I like.”

z Control Performance: We must be able to define what we desire,


so that we can design equipment and controls to achieve our
objectives.

10
Performance of Feedback
Control Loop

11
Control Performance
z Due to set point change

12
Control Performance
z Due to set point change (continued)

z Overshoot (in %)
– A / ∆SP x 100 % where ∆SP = set point change
z Settling time
– The time it takes for the output response to settle within a
prescribed / allowed
band around the set
point, eg. ± 5%, ± 10%
of ∆SP .
C

13
Control Performance
z Due to disturbance response

14
Control Performance

z Often the process is subject to many large and small


disturbances and sensor noise. Variance or standard deviation
characterizes the variability.

15
Feedback Control Loop

16
Class Exercise

For each of the performance measures below, determine a good


value, i.e., large/small, positive/negative, etc.

z Offset z MV overshoot
z IAE z Maximum CV
z Decay ratio deviation
z Rise time z CV variance
z Settling time z MV variance

Can we achieve good values


for all at the same time ? What
17 are the tradeoffs ?
Performance of a Feedback Control
Loop

Choosing which performance measure to improve depends on the


individual process requirements. In order to improve one measure,
we may need to sacrifice another.

z Offset z MV overshoot
z IAE z Maximum CV
z Decay ratio deviation
z Rise time z CV variance
z Settling time z MV variance

18
Class Exercise
z Comment on the performance of control for the responses
below.

19
Class Exercise
z Comment on the performance of control for the responses
below.

20
Class Exercise
z Comment on the performance of control for the
responses below.

21
Class Exercise
z Comment on the performance of control for the
responses below.

22
Review

z Have we achieve the objectives ?


– How do we select appropriate candidate variables to be
controlled and manipulated ?
– What are the standard measures of dynamic performance ?

23
What Next ?

z Project Part 1
z Next Lecture : PID Algorithm (Marlin, Ch 8)

24

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