1.

Assessment is most effective when it reflects an understanding of learning as

multidimensional, integrated, and revealed in performance over time.
Competency assessments conducted either initially or periodically helps to identify or
prevent performance problems that may be solved through task-specific.
2. Why is the experimental method the best method?
By changing one variable (the IV) while measuring another (the DV) while we control all
others, as far as possible, then the experimental method allows us to draw
conclusions with far more certainty than any non-experimental method
3. Genthermal energy
4. Operationnally
Title
Abstract- no more than 250 words
Forms of government
Authoritarian- forceful means
-the government has total control

 Ex. Saudi Arabia, under Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman, is an authoritarian state
as well as an absolute monarchy. All the power rests in the hands of the ruling family,
the House of Saud, and the majority of the kingdom’s most important positions are filled
by members of the royal family or report directly to the royal family.
Democracy
The United States is often cited as an example of representative democracy, or a
democratic republic. More specifically, the U. S. is a federal republic with a democratic
government and a capitalistic economy. There are several other examples and types of
democracy in the world, including, but certainly not limited to:

 parliamentary democracy - In a parliamentary democracy, the head of state is different

from the head of government. In the United Kingdom, the head of state is the monarch,
who serves a primarily ceremonial role, and the head of government is the prime
minister. Executive power is exercised by the House of Commons and House of
Commons on behalf of the monarch to represent the people. The people vote for
members of parliament in elections, and the party with the most representatives
appoints the prime minister.
 presidential democracy - The United States is an example of a presidential
democracy. There are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
The president is the head of the executive branch of government and the head of state.
The people elect the president as well as the representatives in the Senate and House
of Representatives, which make up the legislative branch. Only the judicial branch is not
elected by the people; instead, they are chosen by the president.
 direct democracy - Switzerland is a unique example of direct democracy in practice
and has been since 1846. Unlike other democracies, in a direct democracy electorates
may determine policy without legislative representatives, as opposed to electing
representatives as proxies. For example, any citizen can challenge a law passed by
parliament or propose an amendment to the constitution, and a referendum is mandatory
to make changes to the constitution.
Monarchy
The more common constitutional monarchy has a royal family, but they serve mostly as
ceremonial figures
  constitutional monarchy - In the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth is the figurehead
monarch, but parliament has most government control.
 absolute monarchy - Vatican City is not only its own country, it's also a monarchy
where one figure, the pope, rules as sovereign.
The term is derived from the Greek words for "few" (óligon) and "rule" (arkho).

1. Autocracy (Russia)- wealthy elite have long wielded undue influence in government
2. Plutocracy - City-states like Athens and Sparta in Ancient Greece were ruled by wealthy
men who shared king-like power, which they used to enrich themselves at the expense
of the common people.
3. Stratocracy - Ancient Rome. After the Marian reforms in 107 B.C., the military became
the de facto (exist in fact but not in law) political power as loyalty transferred from the
Senate to the generals.
4. Theocracy - Modern Iran has a mixed theocratic government where there is a supreme
leader, president and several councils, but the laws of the constitution and justice in the
state are based on Islamic law.

Totalitarian- prime example is the North Korea, because it is a one-party communist

dictatorship where only one family, the Kims, hold the power.
When you think of a totalitarian government, it takes absolute power to the extreme.
These leaders control not only the government but also the personal lives of their
people. Citizens have no say in government, and the totalitarian regime is 100% in
charge. This type of government is forceful and extreme and can come in the form of
fascism, socialism or communism.
Example- Nazi Germany-Adolf Hitler, Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin, North Korea-Kim
Kong-un
Anarchy isn’t a type of government; it’s actually the absence of one. In an anarchist
society, a central governing body doesn’t exist. Many times, anarchy will take center
stage when a government collapses. There are currently no true anarchist countries.
The closest example in recent history was Somalia, which had no government from 1991
to 2006, but today it is a federal parliamentary republic. While anarchy has not been
implemented on a large scale in the modern world, there are communities such
as Freetown Christiania in Copenhagen, Denmark, which is one of the few anarchist
communities that is still functioning.

Aristocracy

In an aristocracy, the wealthy or noble hold the power. These privileged few leaders make up
the ruling class or elite. Historically, Ancient Greece had an aristocratic government. A modern
example is the royal family in the U.K., which has an aristocracy known as the peerage as well
as a monarchy.

Anyone who is neither a peer nor the monarch is a commoner.

*The British Peerage: the Peerage of England, Peerage of Scotland, Peerage of Great Britain,
Peerage of Ireland and Peerage of the United Kingdom
 The five ranks of nobility are listed here in order of precedence:
1. Duke- leader hisghest rank, Currently there are just 27 dukedoms in the peerage,
held by 24 different people. The correct way to formally address a duke or
duchess is ‘Your Grace’. The eldest son of a duke will use one of the duke’s
subsidiary titles, whilst other children will use the honorary title ‘Lord’ or ‘Lady’ in
front of their Christian names.
2. Marquess (march)- This is a reference to the Marches (borders) between Wales,
England and Scotland, addressed as ‘Lord So-and-So’. The wife of a marquess
is a marchioness (known as ‘Lady So-and-So’) anak duke gihapon
3. Earl (military leader)- The correct form of address is ‘Lord So-and-So’. The wife
of an earl is a countess, All other sons are ‘Honorable’. Daughters take the
honorary title ‘Lady’ in front of their Christian name. 
4. Viscount- vice-count
5. Baron- Baron (from the Old German baro, freeman). Always referred to and
addressed as ‘Lord’; Baron is rarely used. The wife of a baron is a baroness and
all children are ‘Honorables’.

Republicanism

Many times, you see “Republic of” this or that country. When something is a true republic as in
republicanism, it means the citizens have the power. They have the voting power and the power
to make changes in their government. Now, republicanism can get quite confusing because it
typically goes hand-in-hand with federalism and theocracy. Some countries have a
parliamentary system and thus a parliamentary republic and countries with presidents are
presidential republics. Germany is a notable example of a republic, as it is specifically a federal,
democratic, constitutional republic.
What is an example of tycoon?
A wealthy and powerful businessperson or industrialist; a magnate. The definition of a tycoon is
a industry leader or a person who is extremely successful in business. An example of a tycoon
is a man who started and is running a billion dollar company.

Cronies- close friend

Taipan- A tai-pan sometimes spelt taipan, is a foreign-born senior business executive or
entrepreneur operating in China or Hong Kong
Modes of acquiring culture
1. Imitation- duplication
2. Endoctrination- taught in school
3. Enculturation- how you learned your own culture/ learning one’s own culture for
necessity
4. Acculturation- learning other culture
5. Conditioning- learning through rewards and punishments
6. Amalgamation- Intermarriage
7. Immersion- new mode of acquiring culture if you are exposed
8. Socialization- fitting into the organized way of life
Dilemma in Adapting to culture
a. Culture lag- trouble to adjust
b. Culture shock- confusion/ disorientation in a new culture
Other cultural concepts
1. Ethnocentrism- ones culture is superior (promdi)
2. Xenocentrism- other culture inferior to ones culture
3. Temporocentrism- ones own time is important than of the past or future
4. Subculture- distinct culture within a general culture

Relative poverty describes circumstances in which people cannot afford actively to

participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people
take for granted.
Absolute poverty refers to those whose incomes fall below a line set by a given country.
Below this line people are unable to meet their basic needs for food, water and shelter. They
also have no access to social services such as health care, education and utilities
bour·geoi·sie /ˌbo͝orZHwäˈzē/

- the capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.
Proletariat. The proletariat are owners of labour power (the ability to work), and mere
owners of labour power, with no other resources than the ability to work with their hands,
bodies, and minds. Since these workers have no property, in order to survive and obtain an
income for themselves and their families, they must find employment work for an employer.
This means working for a capitalist-employer in an exploitative social relationship.

Lumpenproletariat. Marx also mentions the "dangerous class" or the social scum. Among
the members of this group are "ruined and adventurous offshoots of the bourgeoisie,
vagabonds, discharged soldiers, discharged jailbirds .. pickpockets, brothel keepers, rag-
pickers, beggar
Flowering of Afrrican Civilizations
Nublans- are an ethno-linguistic group of people who are indigenous to the region which is
now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. They originate from the early inhabitants of the
central Nile valley, believed to be one of the earliest cradles of civilization
Kushites also built burial mounds and pyramids, and shared some of the same gods
worshiped in Egypt, especially Ammon and Isis. With the worshiping of these gods the
Kushites began to take some of the names of the gods as their throne names.
Axum-  The stone buildings in Aksum were built without the use of mortar. The capital city of
the empire was Axum, now in northern Ethiopia. Today a smaller community, the city of
Axum was once a bustling metropolis, cultural and economic hub.
Kingdom of West Africa
This activity will introduce you to three of the great kingdoms of West Africa between the 9th
and 16th centuries CE. They are the kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay.
Ghana- salt and gold were important trade items
Mali- where the King resides
Songhay/Songhai- devoted to Islamic teaching
Bantu- speaking people migrated east and south
Congo empire grew and prospered wherein people where known for their skills in pottery
making, waving iron working and sculpture
Great Zimbabwe- became the religious and political center of the Bantu kingdom, trade links
between Africa and Asia were develop.
16. The Hawthorne effect- The Hawthorne effect is the modification of behavior by study
participants in response to their knowledge that they are being observed or singled out
for special treatment. In the simplest terms, the Hawthorne effect is increasing output in
response to being watched.
Halo effect- An example of the halo effect is when one assumes that a good-looking person
in a photograph is also an overall good person. This error in judgment reflects one's
individual preferences, prejudices, ideology, and social perception.
The halo effect influences how you think about others. It happens when you automatically
make positive assumptions or judgments about people based on something positive you notice.
In reality, you know little about them, but you subconsciously attach a “halo” to them anyway
because you think they seem nice
The Pygmalion effect is a type of other-imposed self-fulfilling prophecy that states the way
you treat someone has a direct impact on how that person acts. If another person thinks
something will happen, they may consciously or unconsciously make it happen through their
actions or inaction
The novelty effect is the tendency for an individual to have the strongest stress response
the first time that individual is faced with a potentially threatening experience.
EUR 357 per month for other persons fit for work living in a community of needs if they are
above 18 years or for adults eligible for benefits below 25 years who move without approval of
the job centre. EUR 373 per month for adolescents above 14 years until they reach 19 years.
Cohort Studyan approach that follows research participants over a period of time (often many
years). Specifically, cohort studies recruit and follow participants who share a common
characteristic, such as a particular occupation or demographic similarity.
The only difference between cohort studies and case series in many definitions is that cohort
studies compare different groups (i.e., examine the association between exposure and
outcome),
Roles- behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.
Caste
Who created the caste system?
Aryans
The Origins of the Caste System

According to one long-held theory about the origins of South Asia's caste system, Aryans from
central Asia invaded South Asia and introduced the caste system as a means of controlling the
local populations. The Aryans defined key roles in society, then assigned groups of people to
them.
The caste system provides every individual of the society a definite social status and
ways for social intercourse.

Territory
China- 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the world's third or fourth largest
country.
United States-  9,158,960 square kilometers (3,536,274 square miles) are land, while there
are 470,131 square kilometers (181,517 square miles) of water. The United States is about one-
half the size of Russia, 
Canada- Total area: 9,984,670 km2, the second-largest country in the world. Area north of the
treeline: 2,728,800 km2, over 27% of Canada's total area. Land border: 8,890-km border with
the United States, the longest international border in the world.
India- India is the 7th largest country in the world by area
Deciduous forest – north America,, cool winters
Supreme Court

Rule-making Powers

The Supreme Court has the exclusive power to promulgate rules concerning the protection and
enforcement of constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the
admission to the practice of law, the integrated bar, and legal assistance to the underprivileged.
Any such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure for the speedy disposition
of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or
modify substantive rights. Rules of procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall
remain effective unless disapproved by the Supreme Court. (Art. VIII, §54(5))

Presidential Clemency: Pardons, Commutations, and Reprieves

What Is a Pardon?
A presidential pardon is a sign of forgiveness for those who accept responsibility for their crimes
and demonstrate rehabilitation. If you protest your innocence, you can hamper your chances of
getting a pardon.

Commutation
The president can commute (reduce) sentences for federal convictions, meaning the president
may substitute a less severe punishment in place of the punishment originally imposed. A
sentence may be commuted when facts become known that were not known at the time of
sentencing, or that came to light and were developed after. Commutation typically occurs in
cases of old age, illness, and when the sentence is unusually harsh compared with similar
cases.

Remission and Reprieve

The president's clemency power also authorizes remission of fines and penalties for federal
offenses. This type of clemency involves relief from a forfeiture, penalty, or restitution order—
payment of which would result in an undue hardship. Generally, the applicant must demonstrate
a good faith effort to pay their debts and satisfactory post-conviction conduct.

A reprieve temporarily postpones the imposition of a criminal sentence, particularly a death

sentence. Although only a pause, a reprieve granted by the president can offer an inmate extra
time to appeal or provide the president more time to consider a pardon or commutation.

Republic Act No. 7166

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR SYNCHRONIZED NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTIONS AND
FOR ELECTORAL REFORMS, AUTHORIZING APPROPRIATIONS THEREFOR, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES.

Sec. 30. Congress as the National Board of Canvassers for the Election of President and
Vice-President: Determination of Authenticity and Due Execution of Certificates of
Canvass

The Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the legislature of the
national government of the Philippines. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of
Representatives, although colloquially the term "Congress" commonly refers to just the latter,
and an upper body, the Senate.

The House of Representatives meets in the Batasang Pambansa in Quezon City while the

Senate meets in the GSIS Building in Pasay.

24 senators- each serves a total of 6 years

Current kay 19th congress, there are 316 seats in the house of representatives- kay dapat dili
mulampas ug 250 members

n the current 19th Congress, there are 316 seats in the House of Representatives.
The Constitution states that the House "shall be composed of not more than 250 members,
unless otherwise fixed by law," and that at least 20% of it shall be sectoral representatives.
There are two types of congressmen: the district and party-list representatives. At the time of
the ratification of the constitution, there were 200 districts, leaving 50 seats for party-list
representatives.
The district congressmen represent a particular congressional district of the country.
All provinces in the country are composed of at least one congressional district.
Several cities also have their own congressional districts, with some having two or more
representatives.[3] From 200 districts in 1987, the number of districts have increased to 243.
Every new Congress has seen an increase in the number of districts.
The party-list congressmen represent the minority sectors of the population. This enables these
minority groups to be represented in the Congress, when they would otherwise not be
represented properly through district representation. Party-list representatives represent labor
unions, rights groups, and other organizations.[3] With the increase of districts also means that
the seats for party-list representatives increase as well, as the 1:4 ratio has to be respected.
The Constitution provides that Congress shall convene for its regular session every year
beginning on the 4th Monday of July. A regular session can last until thirty days before the
opening of its next regular session in the succeeding year. The president may, however,
call special sessions which are usually held between regular legislative sessions to handle
emergencies or urgent matters.[3]

Citizens Assembly
A citizens' assembly is a collection of individuals selected to be representative of the wider
population. It meets over a set period of time to discuss an issue and make recommendations
based on deliberation. Once these recommendations are made, the assembly is dissolved.

Charter Change

Constitutional reform in the Philippines, also known as charter change (colloquially cha-cha),
refers to the political and legal processes needed to amend the current 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines.

What is the meaning of parliamentary government?

parliamentary system, democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of
parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its
leader becoming prime minister or chancellor.

What is initiative in Philippine Constitution?

People's Initiative (or "PI") is a common appellative in the Philippines that refers to either a
mode for constitutional amendment provided by the 1987 Philippine Constitution or to the act of
pushing an initiative (national or local) allowed by the Philippine Initiative and Referendum Act of
1987.

Referendum on local law which refers to a petition to approve or reject a law, resolution or
ordinance enacted by regional assemblies and local legislative bodies.
What is recall in Philippine Constitution?
Pursuant to the Constitution, the Republic Act No. 7160, or the Local Government Code,
provides for the power of recall, which may be exercised against a local elective official, when
due to loss of confidence, registered voters of a local government unit (LGU) petition for a recall
election against such official.
(e) "Plebiscite" is the electoral process by which an initiative on the Constitution is approved or
rejected by the people. (f) "Petition" is the written instrument containing the proposition and the
required number of signatories.

Detrimental aspect
a. Ningas Cogon- Ningas Cogon mentality is a lack of sustained perseverance.-
procrastination
b. Delicadeza
c. Amor propio- personal pride self-esteem
d. Palabra de honor- may isang salita

Ang colonial mentality ay isang pag-uugali na kung saan ang mga Pilipino ay mas binibigyan ng
pagpapahalaga ang mga bagay o konsepto na natutunan mula sa mga dayuhan kumpara sa
mga bagay o konsepto na mula sa sariling bayan o bansa.

Benevolent assimilation

a. Theodore Roosevelt-
b. Franklin Roosevelt
c. Woodrow Wilson
d. William Mckinley
Tariff Bills
All appropriation, revenue or tariff bills, bills authorizing increase of the public debt, bills of local
application, and private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the
Senate may propose or concur with amendments.
Traditional authority is a type of leadership in which the authority of a ruling regime is
largely tied to tradition or custom. In sociology, the concept of traditional authority comes
from Max Weber 's tripartite classification of authority

What is caste system with example?

Historically, the caste system in India consisted of four well known
categories: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas “shuh-tree-Uhz” (warriors), Vaishyas
vaishas(commerce), Shudras (workmen). Some people left out of these four caste
classifications were called “outcasts” or “untouchables” and were shunned and
ostracized.
A caste system is a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it
means that in some societies, the opportunities you have access to
depend on the family you happened to be born into.

Diagnostic- pre assessment

Placement- conduct by school,, asa I place ang bata

1898 June 12