TOURISMOS: AN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF TOURISM

Volume 10, Number 1, Spring-Summer 2015, pp. 235-253

UDC: 338.48+640(050)

SECOND HOME TOURISM AND SUSTAINABLE

RURAL DEVELOPMENT
S. Zahra Mirani 1
Maziar University of Royan
Banafsheh M. Farahani
Maziar University of Royan

Second home tourism is one of the patterns of tourism development

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especially in rural and mountainous areas that is obtained through

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ownership of second homes (bungalows or holiday homes). World's

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economic, social and cultural developments after the Second World War,
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with improving communication and transportation, increased leisure

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time. The possibility of allocating some part of revenue for unnecessary

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affaires caused the spread of rural tourism and consequently the 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T

popularity of second homes in the western world and many other

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countries. This paper introduced the second homes, their emergence and
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spread in all around the world, their geographical and spatial analysis
and the importance of rural development, and then it investigated the role
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of second home tourism in rural development and their tourism

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development implications in all the environmental, economic, and social 1T 1T 1T 1T

aspects. At last Sustainable development of rural tourism strategies was

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examined.
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Keywords: Second Homes, Second Home Tourism, Sustainable Rural

Development

JEL Classification: L83, M1, O1

INTRODUCTION

Economical, social and culture changes over the past century,

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especially in the context of increasing population, urbanization, 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T 1T

development of communication and transportation, increased leisure time

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and social welfare which led to the development of tourism in rural areas
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© University of the Aegean. Print ISSN: 1790-8418, Online ISSN: 1792-6521

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or rural tourism. However, rural tourism as a social activity emerged in

the mid-18th century in England and Europe. Moreover, prior to that, the
rural areas were used for leisure activities, but was limited to nobles,
courtiers and special classes (Sharpley, 1997: 47), some rural tourism
activities are along with accommodation and lodge in rural areas, mostly
these presence in the rural areas are in the shape of camping, caravaning,
second homes, rental private homes, guest house and hotels. Staying at
the second homes is the most common form of rural tourism activities and
therefore today the formation and expansion of second homes is the most
important outcome of tourism development in rural areas (Rezvani,
2006). Rural tourism development in an organized manner began from
Europe in the late nineteenth century. It seems that rural tourism has
originated from mountainous areas of Germany or the coastal areas of
France (Yutaka, 1998: 42).
Second home tourism is one of the patterns of tourism development,
particularly in rural and mountainous areas that through the development
of second home ownership (country houses or holiday homes) will be
achieved. Despite the relatively high background of the formation of
second homes in rural areas, recently second home tourism is
experiencing a resurgence, which is mostly due to the new patterns of
economic production and consumption (Williams and Hall, 2000: 23). In
addition, this process is a reaction against the rural crisis, which is the
result of expanding agricultural, restructuring (Dieter, 2002: 243). In
some countries the ownership of second homes is considered as inevitable
part of a new life and that's why the majority of rural tourism destinations
are comprised by internal tourism (Aleskogius, 1993).
Since tourism has an interaction with natural environment and socio-
economic activities, it can have positive or negative effects and
consequences in these areas. Therefore, understanding the effects and
consequences of tourism in the first stage and management of these
effects in the second stage can enhance the positive consequences of
tourism on rural areas to the possible maximum extent and to minimize its
negative consequences. In this paper, it has tried to investigate the role of
second homes and the effects and consequences of expanding their
tourism in the ecological, economical and social dimensions and examine
the sustainable development strategies for rural tourism.

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UDC: 338.48+640(050)

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

Second home

There is no single definition of second home; in the dictionary of

human geography in this case second homes are the houses that are
purchased by households living elsewhere or are rented for a long time.
Such homes are usually located in rural areas and are used for
entertainment purposes and have names such as weekend homes or
holiday homes (Johnston, 1988: 423). Institute for Social Innovation in
America is defined second homes as homes that will be occupied less than
91 days in any calendar year. However, second homes or holiday, are
houses that are built or purchased by urban dwellers in different areas,
including rural areas and on certain days, such as holidays and summer
are used mainly with the aim of leisure and entertainment (Rezvani,
2002).

Rural development

Common understanding about the concept of development suggests

that the basic purpose of development is growth and excellence in all
aspects of human societies and hence understanding the circumstances of
human societies and knowing their needs and requirements in the physical
and spiritual dimensions is considered as one of the key steps in the path
of progress and development. Since villages and people, living there has
their own conditions, facilities and problems, thus, necessity and
justification of rural development will become revealed. In the definition
of rural development, it has come that; it is a comprehensive and
sustainable process that in it's framework ability of rural communities in
the material and spiritual needs, and effective control over the forces
shaping the local settlement system (ecological, social, economic and
institutional) will grow (Shahbazi, 1997: 11).

Sustainable development

An endogenous, systematic and balanced development will propound

a systematic insight in all fields. On the other side, sustainable
development is an evolutionary state of developmental programs that with
a holistic view and emphasizes to a systematic insight tries to follow a
balancing approach (Latifi, 2001: 139).

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Rural tourism

Rural tourism has many forms, so it is difficult to provide an

accurate and comprehensive definition for it. In fact, rural tourism is one
of the concepts and forms of sustainable development in which existing
resources of rural areas are used. This kind of development has the least
damaging effect or even lack of such effects. It makes growing interests
in rural areas through enhancing productivity in rural areas, creating jobs,
reforming the income distribution, rural-only environment and indigenous
culture, attracting the participation of local people and providing
convenient ways of reconciling traditional values and beliefs with modern
day (Khayati, 2003: 28).

THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF SECOND HOMES IN THE

WORLD

Second home tourism is one of the patterns of tourism development

especially in rural and mountainous areas that is obtained through
ownership of second homes (Williams & Hall, 2000: 23). In addition, this
process is expanding as a reaction against the rural crisis which is the
result of agricultural restructuring (Dieter, 2002: 243). In some countries,
the ownership of second homes is considered as inevitable part of life and
therefore, the majority of rural tourism destinations are domestic tourism
(Aleskogius, 1993). The history of second homes is dated back to the
ancient Egypt and the Roman Empire (Rezvani, 2003). The occupation of
these houses was limited to small and prosperous part of society.
Aristocracy and bourgeoisie in England, France, Sweden and other
European countries from the seventeenth century onwards led to a retreat
from the city to the countryside on weekends. After World War II, the
nature of limited life of second homes has dramatically changed because
these houses have been purchased by a growing number of middle-
income households and they have a growing community of more affluent
groups (Fesharaki, 1996: 161). Various factors influence on the
development of second homes but the possibility to allocate a portion of
peoples' income to the not necessary works, adequate time and ease of
mobility due to improved public and private transport, have played a
decisive role. In general, the same factors that have contributed to the
development of rural tourism have also contributed to the development of
second homes (Pacion, 1985: 184). In this regard, the migration of rural
people to the cities and their temporary return to their villages to meet
relatives and friends for leisure or vacation at homes that were given to
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UDC: 338.48+640(050)

them by inheritance or they have attempted to build, have played an

important role in the development of second homes.

Table 1. Urban Repulsive and Attractive Factors of Second

Homes
Urban Repulsive Rural Attractive Factors Incentives of
Factors Providing Second
Homes in Village
Physical and Healthy environment Physical and mental
mental fatigue rest and refresh
Urban cold and Pristine and natural space Refuge to the lap of
built environment and architectural harmony nature
with the environment
Types of pollution Clean Air Achieving health
(air, noise, heat, and wellness
etc.)
Superficial and intimate and profound Experience the
formal social connections and face to rustic sincerity
relationships face encounters
Crowding and Solitude and Silence Relaxation
congestion
Life with pressure Lack of Stress Enjoying scenic
and stress landscape
Monotony and Diversity Escape from the
boredom monotony
Luxurious life Simple and insignificant Search for
life simplicity
search for seeking Environment and different Opportunity to
diversity and patterns of life identify, Achieving
different new knowledge and
experiences experiences
Superficial, Supply of land and second Response to the
materialistic and homes need of boast and
secular values follow the
behavioral mode of
the rich
Source: Sharpley and Gee, 1996

In addition, the phenomenon of reverse migration to rural areas that

was started in the world from early 1800s has been an underlying factor to
increase these homes in rural areas (Rezvani, 2003). The main
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motivations for urban residents to own second homes is mainly for

recreation in rural areas, tend to invest personal savings for housing,
provide a place to relax and recreation, and finally ease of housing
ownership in rural areas.
Second home tourists mostly want to satisfy several requirements
simultaneously and this action usually has not just one incentive. Due to
that, individuals and communities can change over time; this fact should
also be noted that their motives can change over time (Gee, 1996: 220).
One of the ways to detect the tourism incentives is paying attention to the
hierarchical model of motivation. Pierce describes this model in this way
that the behavior of tourists in trip follows a motivational hierarchy.
Hierarchy of travel motivations such as Maslow's needs hierarchy
resembles a ladder with steps or several levels. If the specific needs of
each step or level were removed, a broad category of psychological needs
and motivations will be achieved. When the time passes and every step of
needs is achieved, peoples' motivation for tourism can change (Ibid: 223).
In general, the major purposes of the provision of second homes in rural
areas can be seen in Table1.

RURAL TOURISM AND SECOND HOMES

In general, phenomenon of second homes can be affected by factors

that promote rural tourism development. The growth of this phenomenon
in rural areas started mainly after World War II and was affected by the
rise of income and financial ability, necessity to enjoy leisure time and
facilitate in relocation due to the improvement of the transport network.
The formation of this phenomenon in Iran has older history and more
specifically dating back to the Qajar period (1785 to 1925). Even some
villages in the north of the country are familiar with this phenomenon
from long time ago (Amar, 2006. On the other hand, "the technology to
establish and build a second residence in rural areas can be used as
incentives for investment, an agent to satisfy the needs, gaining social
dignity and prestige and a location for the provision of retirement days"
(Sharieh, 1993: 235). In this regard, the temporary migration of rural
people to the cities and their return to the villages for leisure and visiting
relatives and friends or spending holidays in homes that belongs to them
through inheritance, have had an effective role in the spread of second
homes. Moreover, the phenomenon of counter- urbanization and reverse
migration to rural areas which in the world started in the early 1800s is
the underlying cause of increasing these homes in the villages (Rezvani,

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2002).In this regard the convenience of home ownership in rural areas is

effective.

Table2. Potential impacts of second homes expansion in rural

areas
Description Positive Consequences Negative Consequences
Economical -Increase investment - Reduction of the
Impacts - Create Jobs associated with productive capacity,
the construction and legal particularly in the
professions agricultural sector
- Real estate speculation
and undesirable effects on
housing and land prices
(Increasing of false price)
- Failure to invest because
of the imbalance between
supply and demand
Social - Social revitalization and - Promoting foreign norms
Impacts recovery of rural life and behaviors to the rural
- Entrance of social positive community
flows from cities - Polarization of biological
pattern (native or Non-
native)
Physical - Renovation of construction - Changes in the rural
impacts and improvement of the landscape and urbanization
body of village of residence
- Improvement of - Disruption of traditional
communication networks structure and
and increase the spatial homogenization of the
communications construction
- Institutionalization of
suitable biological pattern
especially in the field of
hygienic disposal of Garbage
Source: (Amar, 2006)

Formation and development of second homes in rural areas is done

in different ways including the conversion of rural houses to second
homes, construction of second homes on private land acquisition, and
development of this phenomenon by construction companies (Rezvani,
2003: 183). In addition to the above methods, participatory manner
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(buying a house jointly and rotating use of it during the year), which is
common in North America, is one of the new methods of second homes
development. In Iran, the use of rustic houses as second homes and the
provision of land for houses construction are more seasonal. Nevertheless,
almost all touristic areas of the country are witnessing the formation and
development of this phenomenon in rural lands (Amar, 2006). The
growing demand of second home tourists and boom in land villas
speculation activities besides the weakness of the agricultural sector in the
process of production, income and employment is caused the rapid and
extensive supply of agricultural lands and orchards from the local
community to the seductive million demands of second home tourists
(Ghadami et al, 2010).
On the other hand, the geographical diversity has caused that
studying effects of this phenomenon in terms of a common model become
difficult. Changing in form, role and function of villages is the most
obvious effect of this phenomenon; besides, it should be said that the
environmental impacts caused by loading out of the capacity of the
atmosphere as a result of this phenomenon is significant. From the other
aspect the problem of land ownership, formal rules and governing
customary structures on land use change, the reduced production capacity
particularly in the agricultural sector, disruption of traditional structure
and heterogeneity of construction in rural areas are among the most
important concerns and challenges of this phenomenon in rural areas. The
potential impacts of second homes expansion in rural areas are shown in
Table 2.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF

SECOND HOMES

Expansion of secondary residences continuously and in all countries

is ongoing. The world's countries with various degrees of development
and having a good touristic condition have experienced an increase in this
observable fact. The luxurious residences in Florida and California in
North America, and residential space called the ‘Dacha’ around the
periphery of Moscow and the Black Sea, the rustic cottage in sub-Saharan
Africa are all clear evidence of the generality of this phenomenon
(Sharieh, 1994: 235). In 1970, there were about 1.32 million second
homes in France that in 1982, this amount reached 2.3 million units. From
the current amount, about 1,300,000 of second homes are in rural areas.
Kapok (1977) had estimated the number of second homes in Western
Europe about 3 million units. Regatz estimated the same amount for
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America and Baker (1973) estimated 500 thousand units for Canada
(Pacion, 1985: 184).
Initial attempts to spatial analysis and explain of the second homes is
performed with more emphasis on natural factors. Jacobs (1972) in his
studies concluded that the distribution of second homes in North Wales is
affect by property prices, the degree of urbanization, attracting migrates,
quality of agricultural land and easy access to urban centers. Quality of
the environment, local climate, and scenic landscape from second homes
and access to water sights (lake, ocean, and river) is also important. In
addition, the existing settlement pattern, access to land and planning
policies play a decisive role in the development of effective distribution
of second homes.
Another determining factor in the location of second homes is the
distance between the main residence and second homes. The descriptive
model of second homes developmental pattern in the city of Lyon in
France shows that the ultimate limit of second homes development
around the city is in a radius of up to one hour. In this regard, in the
period of horse and carriage this radius was of 15km that in the 1950s, it
became 65 km and in the current situation with regard to the development
of transportation facilities, this radius has reached to more than 90
kilometers. The frictional effect of distance is the basis of the model
proposed by Regatz (1977: 181) about the distribution of second homes
(Figure 1); Thus with strengthening suburban living in summer, the
population density in the central city will be decreased and second homes
will be added. The situation gets reversed in the winter.
Besides these factors, suitable geographical conditions for optimal
site selection and establishment of second homes are very effective;
because tourists pay attention to special geographical conditions for the
establishment of their second homes (Fesharaki, 1996: 167). In this regard
Sharieh believes that the location of secondary residences have special
and distinctive geographic conditions. The three special scopes of
secondary residences are sunny villages, coastal villages and mountainous
villages (Sharieh, 1994: 237). In this regard, balsent believes that there is
a close relationship between climate and site selection of touristic homes.
Accordingly, the areas can be separated based on the "Bioclimatic"
conditions such as amplifier, retractor, sunny days, the amount and
distribution of rainfall etc. (Deru, 1995: 409). Thus, the pattern of second
homes distribution is in a close relationship with access networks, special
geographical conditions, and population displacement system between
urban and rural areas and even the differences in the planning policies,

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particularly in relation to land use, land ownership and rural development

strategies (Fesharaki, 1996).

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Figure 1. Hypothetical model for the distribution of population by the seasons of the year

Countryside

Central City
150 miles away from the city center

Secondary center
Exterior countryside
Rural areas

Permanent residence - ordinary

Permanent residence - summer

Summer residence

Source: Regatz (1977, 182)

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TOURISM IMPACTS ON RURAL AREAS

Due to the nature of tourism activities and its close relationship and
interaction with the various economic, social and cultural activities, its
effects can be very broad, especially on the local environment and the
host communities will have profound effects.
As mentiond beore, socio-cultural impacts of tourism can be positive
or negative. Once tourism is growing, the positive and important socio-
cultural impacts of tourism in local communities are consists of self-
sufficiency and strengthening local economy, greater respect for the local
community and their culture, reinvestment of tourism revenue in cultural
resources, strengthening and continuation of cultural traditions, increasing
levels of understanding and tolerance between cultures, especially
through music, art and craft supplies, domestic life, housing and other
experiences of rural life (Rezvani & Safaii, 2005).
Negative impacts of tourism on local communities could include the
deprivation of welfare benefits for host community, demand for scarce
resources such as water, and too much dependence of host community to
tourism, tourist inappropriate behavior and lack of cultural sensitivity
(WTO, 2002: 126).
Planning for sustainable tourism is one of the topics discussed
among researchers and tourism operators. In general, the goal of planning
and management of rural tourism is making balance between demand and
its functionality in order to reduce tension and without the reduction of
the resources of the village, be used in the best way (Pigram, 1993: 171).
Now this question arises that how this balance will be achieved. Fagnes
(1991) stated that the development of rural tourism has some common
roles and features that can be used for planning and management, thus it
can be stated that:
• All local jobs which are related to tourism are not directly useful
for local communities, especially when some people outside of
the village are interested in developing tourism and do some
activities and compete with each other;
• Visitors expectations in rural areas is not lower than tourists of
urban or coastal areas, and therefore they demand different kinds
of attractions and facilities of good quality;
• Tourism can be an effective way to reform and revitalize the
rural areas;

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• Each of tourism policies in this area should be coordinated with

broader policies;
• Tourism can be used as an instrument or a justification for the
improvement of public, infrastructural, and transportation
services in rural areas; and from the regional aspect the most
important form of tourism development, is the model which is
based on the regional and inter-regional cooperation.
Second homes tourism as well as other rural tourism patterns can
have numerous effects on rural areas. In some cases, these effects are
beneficial. For example, the old houses in rural areas may be restored or
converted into new housing that in addition to beautify of the countryside,
it will provide temporary or permanent employment for rural people, raise
revenue for local stores and provide other facilities. However, the
development of second homes can have a negative impact on rural areas.
In this respect, Wall and Smith (1982: 136) argue that the spread of
second homes can damage the rural environment by disrupting the visual
beauty of the countryside and the destruction of vegetation. In their
opinion, in the way of development of second homes in rural areas, there
has been little attention to the beauty and balance of them (Mathieson &
Wall, 1982: 29). In addition, the social impacts of second home
ownership should also be noted; in particular they are:
• Spread of second homes will reduce the possibility of building
accommodation for local people. This matter is more common
in places where planning policies will limit the construction of
new housing;
• Increasing demand to buy second homes in rural areas will
highly increase the price of these homes that local people can
not afford to buy;
• Youth due to settlement problems in local communities will
migrate to cities and thus the social structure of rural
communities will be disrupted and the influx of non-rural rich
people to the rural areas can lead to anger local people and fade
their culture; although many studies have shown that second
home owners are trying to adapt themselves with the local
communities.
Thus, one of the problems that rural tourism planners are faced is
making balance between the demands of wealthy urban residents to buy
or build second homes in rural areas and the needs of local communities
in the field of house providing (Rezvani & Safaii, 2005).

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TOURISM AND RURAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Rural tourism significantly expanded since1950s. Initially, in the

1960s and 1970s, the economic aspects of rural tourism for local
communities were considered. After that, the development of rural
tourism was raised as a tool for the development of rural communities.
Nowadays various economical, socio-cultural and environmental aspects
of rural tourism are considered. Three perspectives in the field of the
relationship between tourism and rural development are discussed. In
table 3, these three perspectives and goals, as well as the effects and
consequences associated with them are discussed.
Since the rural areas are vulnerable and susceptible sources to
environmental, social and economic changes, in particular, experience has
shown that wherever tourism extended spontaneously, accidentally and
without planning and effective management, caused adverse
consequences and in long-term its problems is more than benefits
(Sharpley, 1997: 73). Some consequences like environmental pollution,
degradation of water resources, flooding, soil erosion and degradation of
forests and pastures are the effects, which were seen during the past two
decades. That is why over the past few years the concept of sustainable
tourism has progressed to the extent to be able to respond to threats of the
fragile tourism.
Sustainable tourism development is a development in which balance
and equilibrium, maintaining values quality of morals and economic
principles and economic benefits have been seen all together and a
supreme effort will done that a balanced and comprehensive development
be replaced to purely economic development. In this view, the
development of tourism, using available resources in a way that while
respond to the economic, social, cultural needs and legal norms and
expectations of tourists, can provide unity, cultural identity,
environmental health, economical balance and well-being of local people
(Alvani, 1993: 10).
Therefore, the development of tourism in rural areas on one hand can
play an important role in the diversification of the rural economy and
provide the underlying context for rural sustainable development. On the
other hand, it can be considered as a means to stimulate national
economic growth (through the idea of overcoming under development
and improve the living standards of the local population) (Sharifzadeh &
Moradnezhad, 2002: 53). However, if rural tourism and second home
ownership be planned and managed in an appropriate way, it can be a
stimuli or creator of a developed process for achieving sustainable
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development in rural areas and sustainability of local communities in all

subdirectories of economic, social, cultural and tourism industry (Rezvani
& Safaii, 2005).
Due to the different perspectives and ideas in the field of rural
tourism, it can be stated that rural tourism by providing new opportunities
for many rural areas as a means will revitalize rural communities and lead
to the development of these areas and can keep these settlements stable.
Nevertheless, from the other hand its unplanned development can cause
social and environmental damages in rural settlements. Of course, this
matter that which patterns of rural tourism such as second home
ownership, renting second homes, staying in residential centers etc. has
greater role in the sustainable development of rural areas, depends on
local conditions and facilities, as well as how to plan and manage tourism
in each area (ibid).

Table 3. Three perspectives in the field of the relationship

between tourism and rural development
Approach to the Goals Effects and
development of Consequences
rural tourism
Rural tourism as a - Solving rural - Stable population
strategy for rural underdevelopment - Solve the
development - Reducing migration unemployment
- Final Solution to Rural problem
Development - Increasing the
- Reduce the negative proliferation
effects and exploit the coefficient of
positive effects revenue
- Contribute to the - Utilization of
development of other worthless
sectors of the rural documentary
economy resources

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Rural tourism as a - Creating alternative - Creating non-

policy to reform economy for farming in agricultural
rural habitations villages which have no employment
agricultural land - Reducing migration
- Diversification of rural - Diversification of
economical activities the rural economy
- To encourage - Importance to
investment in the non- indigenous
agricultural sector production
- Increasing demand for - Increasing quality
local products of life
- The demand for - Changing social
improving quality of life attitudes of rural
- Equitable distribution of community
incomes - Creating alternative
- Creating alternative employment
employment for
settlements whose
activity has been closed
Rural tourism as a - Minimizing cultural and - Increasing the
tool for sustainable environmental damage community
development - Preparation of rural participation in
economic development in tourism and rural
the long term development
- Satisfying visitors - Protecting of
- Creating moneymaking natural and cultural
opportunities for local resources
residents - Converting the
- Increasing the Increase development cycle
quality of life from local to
- Increasing the level of international
people's participation
Source: Roknoddin Eftekhari and Ghaderi, 2002

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Second home tourism is one of the patterns of tourism development

especially in rural and mountainous areas that is obtained through
ownership of second homes (bungalows or holiday homes). In this paper,
after introducing second homes and their emergence and spread in the
world, as well as their geographical and spatial analysis and the
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importance of rural development, it investigated the role of second home

tourism in rural development. It also explores the effects and
consequences of their tourism expansion in all economical, socio-cultural
and environmental aspects and strategies for the sustainable development
of rural tourism. Rural tourism as an economic activity, while has a
favorable impact on income and employment in a region, has other
implications and consequences. Second homes are one of the effects and
consequences of tourism in the context of the physical system and the
structure of those residences that receive tourists and their temporary stay
for enjoyment of the rural landscapes and favorable conditions of villages.
However, in Iran and in its mountainous areas in the north, the effect and
influence of second homes expansion is very old, but in recent decades
under the influence of communication networks improvement and
obtaining general recognition about capabilities of these areas beside the
saturation of plains and coastal zones, its growth rate is more. As
mentioned, if rural tourism and second home ownership be plan and
manage in an appropriate way, it can be considered as a stimuli or creator
of a developed process for achieving sustainable development in rural
areas and sustainability of local communities in all subdirectories of
economic, social, cultural and tourism industry. Rural tourism is as a part
of the tourism market and a source of employment and income, and it can
be considered as an important tool for socio-economic and ecological
development for the local communities. In order to eliminate the negative
effects of second homes tourism in rural areas, it is also needed that, rural
tourism planners try to make balance between the demands of wealthy
urban residents to buy or build second homes in rural areas and needs of
local communities in the provision of housing. They also need to try to
avoid the destruction of old structure and body of villages and their
beautiful and pristine environment and provide fields of employment in
rural areas through entrepreneurship for local residents to contribute to the
economy of the local people.

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SUBMITTED: AUG 2014

REVISION SUBMITTED: JAN 2015
ACCEPTED: FEB 2015
REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY

S. Zahra Mirani ([email protected]) is MA student of tourism

management in Maziar University of Royan, Mazandaran, Iran.

Banafsheh M. Farahani ([email protected]) is an

Assistant Professor in Maziar and Iran Azad University, Mazandaran,
Iran.

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