CORE (research service)

CORE (Connecting Repositories) is a service provided by the

CORE (Connecting
Knowledge Media Institute based at The Open University, United
Kingdom. The goal of the project is to aggregate all open access Repositories)
content distributed across different systems, such as repositories
and open access journals, enrich this content using text mining and
data mining, and provide free access to it through a set of
services.[1] The CORE project also aims to promote open access to
scholarly outputs. CORE works closely with digital libraries and
institutional repositories.[2]

Commercial? No
Service description
Type of Open Access,
There are existing commercial academic search systems, such as project Repositories,
Google Scholar, which provide search and access level services, Harvesting
but do not support programmable machine access to the content. Location Open University
This is seen with the use of an API or data dumps, and limits the
Country United Kingdom
further reuse of the open access content (e.g., text and data
mining). There are three access levels to content:[3] Key people Petr Knoth
Website core.ac.uk (https://c
access at the granularity of papers
ore.ac.uk/)
analytical access and granularity of collections
programmable machine access to data

The programmable machine access is the main feature that distinguishes CORE from Google Scholar and
Microsoft Academic Search.

History
The first version of CORE was created in 2011 by Petr Knoth with the aim to make it easier to access and
text mine very large amounts of research publications.[4] The value of the aggregation was first
demonstrated by developing a content recommendation system for research papers, following the ideas of
literature-based discovery introduced by Don R. Swanson. Since its start, CORE has received financial
support from a range of funders including Jisc and the European Commission. CORE aggregates from
across the world; in 2017, it was calculated that it reached documents from 102 countries in 52
languages.[5] It has the status of the UK's national aggregator of open access content, aggregating metadata
and full-text outputs from both UK publishers' databases as well as institutional and subject
repositories.[6][7]

CORE operates as a one step search tool for UK's open access research outputs, facilitating discoverability,
use and reuse. The importance of the service has been widely recognised by Jisc, which suggested that
CORE should preserve the required resources to sustain its operation and explore an international
sustainability model.[8] CORE is now one of the Repository Shared Services projects, along with Sherpa
Services,[9] IRUS-UK,[10] Jisc Publications Router[11] and OpenDOAR.
In 2018, CORE said it was the world's largest aggregator of open access research papers.[12] Based on the
open access fundamental principles, as they were described in the Budapest Open Access Initiative, its
open access content not only must be openly available to download and read, but it must also allow its
reuse, both by humans and machines. As a result, there was a need to exploit the content reuse, which
could be made possible with the implementation of a technical infrastructure. The CORE project started
with the goal of connecting metadata and full-text outputs offering, through content aggregation, value-
added services, and by opening new opportunities in the research process.

CORE later changed the license of its datasets to "all rights reserved" and was overtaken by Internet
Archive Scholar, which in 2022 had over 25 million full-text articles vs. less than 10 million on CORE.[13]

Programmable access to CORE data

CORE data can be accessed through an API or downloaded as a pre-processed and semantically enriched
data dump.[14]

Searching CORE
CORE provides searchable access to a collection of over 125 million open access harvested research
outputs. All outputs can be accessed and downloaded free of cost and have limited re-use restrictions. One
can search the CORE content using a faceted search. CORE also provides a cross-repository content
recommendation system based on full-texts. The collection of the harvested outputs is available either by
looking at the latest additions[15] or by browsing[16] the collection at the date of harvesting. The CORE
search engine was selected by an author on Jisc in 2013 as one of the top 10 search engines[17] for open
access research, facilitating access to academic papers.[18][19]

Analytical use of CORE data

The availability of data aggregated and enriched by CORE provides opportunities for the development of
new analytical services for research literature. These can be used, for example, to monitor growth and
trends in research, validate compliance with open access mandates and to develop new automatic metrics
for evaluating research excellence.

According to the Registry of Open Access Repositories, the number of funders increased from 22 units in
2007 to 34 in 2010 and then to 67 in 2015, while the number of institutional full-text and open access
mandates picked up from 137 units in 2007 to 430 in 2015.[20]

Applications
CORE offers eight applications:

CORE API, provides an access point to develop applications making use of CORE's
collection of Open Access content.[21]
CORE Dataset, provides access to the data aggregated from repositories by CORE and
allows their further manipulation.[22]
CORE Recommender, can link an institutional repository with the CORE service and
recommends semantically related resources.[23]
CORE Repository Dashboard, is a tool for repository managers or research output
administrators. The aim of the Repository Dashboard is to provide control over the
 aggregated content and help in the management and validation of the repository collections
and services.[24] It is integrated in the Institutional Repository Usage Statistics (IRUS-UK), a
Jisc-funded project that serves as a national repository usage statistics aggregation
servire.[25]
CORE Analytics Dashboard, helps institutions to understand and monitor the impact of their
research.[26]
CORE Search, enables users to search and access research papers.[27]
CORE Publisher Connector, provides access to Gold and Hybrid Gold Open Access articles
aggregated from non-standard systems of major publishers. Data is exposed via the
ResourceSync protocol.[28]
CORE SDKs, provide access to content for programs. The CORE SDK R is freely available
and it is mainly community led. The aim is to maximise the productivity and data analysis,
prototyping and migration.

See also
List of academic databases and search engines
BASE (search engine)
Directory of Open Access Journals
Open Access Button
Paperity

References
1. "OU's full text search system makes huge leaps in widening access to academic papers" (htt
p://www3.open.ac.uk/media/fullstory.aspx?id=24452). 24 October 2012. Retrieved
19 December 2014.
2. "Enhancing the visibility of Maltese research" (https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Enhanc
ing-the-visibility-of-Maltese-research.634863).
3. Knoth, Petr (December 2012), "CORE: Three Access Levels to Underpin Open Access" (htt
p://www.dlib.org/dlib/november12/knoth/11knoth.html), D-Lib Magazine, 1 (11/12)
4. "OUs full text search system makes huge leaps in widening access to academic papers" (htt
p://news.kmi.open.ac.uk/rostra/news.php?r=11&t=2&id=18463=KMi). 24 October 2012.
Retrieved 19 December 2014.
5. "CORE franchit le cap des 5 millions de documents en texte intégral indexés et en libre
accès" (https://www.archimag.com/bibliotheque-edition/2017/02/20/core-cap-5-millions-docu
ments-texte-integral-libre-acces) (in French).
6. "CORE melds UK repositories" (http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/417751.article).
Times of Higher Education. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
7. "UK's first open access full-text search engine to aid research" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20150109130034/http://www.theresearchcentre.co.uk/feedstory/uk-s-open-access-full-text-s
earch-engine-aid-research). The Research Centre. 3 October 2011. Archived from the
original (http://www.theresearchcentre.co.uk/feedstory/uk-s-open-access-full-text-search-eng
ine-aid-research) on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
8. Jacobs, Neil; Ferguson, Nicky (2014), Bringing the UK's open access research together:
Barriers on the Berlin road to open access (http://repository.jisc.ac.uk/5570/1/JISC_REPOR
T_open_mirror_090514_FINAL_WEB.pdf) (PDF), Jisc
9. "SHERPA Services" (http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/). Retrieved 20 January 2015.
10. "IRUS UK" (http://www.irus.mimas.ac.uk/). Retrieved 20 January 2015.
11. "Jisc Publications Router" (http://broker.edina.ac.uk/). Retrieved 20 January 2015.
12. Notay, Balviar; Knoth, Petr; Pontika, Nancy (1 June 2018). "CORE becomes the world's
largest aggregator" (https://scholarlycommunications.jiscinvolve.org/wp/2018/06/01/core-bec
omes-the-worlds-largest-aggregator/). Jisc scholarly communications blog.
13. "CORE Dataset" (https://core.ac.uk/documentation/dataset).
14. "CORE Services" (https://core.ac.uk/services). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
15. "CORE Latest Additions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130515181017/http://core.kmi.ope
n.ac.uk/browse/latest). Archived from the original (http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/browse/latest)
on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
16. "CORE Browsing" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150112125757/http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/
browse). Archived from the original (http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/browse) on 12 January 2015.
Retrieved 20 January 2015.
17. "Ten Search Engines for researchers that go beyond Google" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0141224190720/http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform37/SearchingBeyondGoogle.html). Jisc
Inform. Summer 2013. Archived from the original (http://www.jisc.ac.uk/inform/inform37/Sear
chingBeyondGoogle.html) on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
18. "OU widens access to academic papers" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150109134206/htt
p://www.openuniversity.edu/news-blog/news/ou-widens-access-to-academic-papers).
Archived from the original (http://www.openuniversity.edu/news-blog/news/ou-widens-acces
s-to-academic-papers) on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
19. Else, Holly (14 August 2014). " 'Dismal' start for Access to Research initiative" (http://www.ti
meshighereducation.co.uk/news/dismal-start-for-access-to-research-initiative/2015157.articl
e). Times Higher Education. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
20. Pontika, Nancy; Knoth, Petr; Cancellieri, Matteo; Pearce, Samuel (2016). "Developing
Infrastructure to Support Closer Collaboration of Aggregators with Open Repositories" (http
s://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.10138). LIBER Quarterly. 25 (4): 172–188. doi:10.18352/lq.10138
(https://doi.org/10.18352%2Flq.10138). ISSN 1435-5205 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/143
5-5205). OCLC 1005985574 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005985574).
21. "CORE API" (https://core.ac.uk/services#api). Retrieved 6 March 2018.
22. "CORE Dataset" (https://core.ac.uk/services#dataset). Retrieved 6 March 2018.
23. "CORE Recommender" (https://core.ac.uk/services#recommender). Retrieved 6 March
2018.
24. "CORE Repository Dashboard" (https://core.ac.uk/services#dashboard). Retrieved 6 March
2018.
25. Pontika, Nancy; Knoth, Petr; Cancellieri, Matteo; Pearce, Samuel (8 March 2016).
"Developing Infrastructure to Support Closer Collaboration of Aggregators with Open
Repositories" (https://test.openjournals.nl/liberquarterly/article/view/10761/11649) (pdf).
LIBER Quarterly. 25 (4): 183. doi:10.18352/la.10138 (https://doi.org/10.18352%2Fla.10138)
(inactive 31 December 2022). ISSN 1435-5205 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1435-5205).
OCLC 8090964457 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8090964457). Retrieved 30 November
2021.
26. "CORE Analytics Dashboard" (https://core.ac.uk/services#dashboard). Retrieved 6 March
2018.
27. "CORE Search" (https://core.ac.uk/). Retrieved 6 March 2018.
28. "CORE Publisher Connector" (https://core.ac.uk/services#connector). Retrieved 6 March
2018.
External links
Official website (https://core.ac.uk/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CORE_(research_service)&oldid=1161631692"