Introduction to Steel Design

Prepared by

Engr. Jan Marc M. Padillo

Instructor
Steel Structures

• Steel structures are assembly of structural

steel shapes joined together by means of
riveted / bolted or welded connections.

• It is used for almost every type of structure

including heavy industrial building, high-rise
building, equipment support system,
infrastructure, bridge, tower, airport
terminal, heavy industrial plant, pipe rack
Truss Bridge Industrial Building
Framed Building Suspension Bridge
Advantages of Steel structures
Disadvantages of Steel structures
Classification of Structural Steel

1. All Purpose Carbon Steel (A 36), (A 529)

• It contains 1.7% Carbon, 1.65% Manganese, 0.60% Silicon and
0.60% Copper. It has a yield stress of 248 kPa and is suitable for
bolted, welded or riveted bridges and buildings.

2. High Strength Low-Alloy Structural Steel (A 441 and A 572).

It has a yield stresses from 480 Mpa to 840 Mpa.. It has a greater
atmospheric corrosion resistance than carbon steels.
Classification of Structural Steel

3. Atmospheric – Corrosion – Resistance High Strength Low -Alloy

Structural Steel
• It contains alloy with small percentages of copper to become more
corrosion resistant. This type of structural steel is used for structures
with that are difficult to paint such as bridges.

4. Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel

• It has a yield stress of 480 Mpa to 690 Mpa.
Properties of Structural Steel
ASTM Designation Type of Steel Minimum Yield Specific Minimum
Stress (Fy) MPa Tensile Strength (Fu)
A 36 Carbon 248 400 - 551
A 529 Carbon 290 414 - 580
A 441 High Strength low - alloy 276 - 345 414 - 484
A 572 High Strength low - alloy 290 - 490 414 - 551
A 242 Atmospheric Corrosion – 290 - 345 435 - 484
Resistant High Strength low -
alloy
A 588 Atmospheric Corrosion – 290 - 345 435 - 484
Resistant High Strength low -
alloy

A 852 Quenched and Tampered 484 622 - 484

A 514 Quenched and Tampered 622 - 690 690 - 898
 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials
Designation of Structural Steel) Designations
Material conforming to one of the following standard specifications is approved for use according
to Section 501.3.1.1 of NSCP

Structural Steel ASTM A36

High -Strength Low – alloy Structural Steel ASTM A242
Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot – dipped, Zinc – coated Welded and ASTM A53, Gr. B
Seamless Steel Pipe
High – Strength Low – alloy Structural Manganese Vanadium Steel ASTM A441
Cold – formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing ASTM A500
in Rounds and Shapes
Hot – formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing ASTM A501
High – yielded Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy – Steel Plate, ASTM A514
Suitable for Welding
Structural Steel with 290 MPa Minimum Yield Point ASTM A529
Properties of Steel

• Yield Stress – it is the minimum stress at which a solid will undergo permanent
deformation or plastic flow without a significant increase in the load or external force.

• Tensile Strength - the ability of a material to withstand a pulling (tensile) force and
amount of load or stress that can be handled by a material before it stretches and breaks.

• Modulus of Elasticity - it is a measure of how easily any material can be bend or stretch.

• Ductility - the ability of a material to be drawn or plastically deformed without fracture.

 Properties of Steel
• Toughness – It measures the energy required to crack/break a material to withstand shock
loading without fracture.

• Weldability – the ability of the steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical
properties.

• Poisson’s Ratio - the amount of transversal elongation divided by the amount of axial
compression.

• Shear Modulus – it is known as Modulus of rigidity, is a measure of the ability of a

material to resist transverse deformations
 Typical Properties of A36 Steel

Modulus of Elasticity, E 200,000 MPa

Yield Strength, Fy 248 MPa
Tensile Strength, Fu 400 MPa
Endurance Strength 207 MPa
Density, ρ 7780 kg/m3
Poisson’s Ratio, μ 0.3
Shear Modulus, G 77, 200 MPa
Coefficient of thermal 11.7 x 10 -6 / °C
expansion, α
 ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials
Designation of Structural Steel) Designations

High – strength, Low-alloy Structural Steel with 345 Mpa Minimum Yield Point to ASTM A588
100 mm thick
Steel, Sheet and Strip, High – strength, Low-alloy, Hot-rolled and Cold-rolled, ASTM A606
with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
Hot – formed Welded and Seamless High – strength Low-alloy Structural Tubing ASTM A618
Structural Steel for Bridges ASTM A709
Quenched and Tempered Low-alloy Structural Steel Plate with 483 MPa ASTM A852
Minimum Yield Strength to 100mm thick
High –strength , Low-alloy Columbium-Vanadium Steel of Structural Quality ASTM A572
Steel, Sheet and Strip, Carbon, Hot – rolled , Structural Quality ASTM 570, Grade 275,
310 and 345
 Steel Structural Shapes
Shape Designation
Wide Flange Beam W
American Standard beam S
Bearing Plates HP
Miscellaneous (those that cannot be M
classified as W, S, or HP)
Channel C
Angle L

Structural Tee (cut from W or S or M) WT or ST

Structural tubing TS
Pipe pipe
Plate PL
Bar bar
 Steel Structural Shapes

Two Dimensional Cross Section Three Dimensional

Steel Structural Shapes
Application of I – Beam – it is used as Beam or Girder
Application of C – Channel - building, wall, roof, and ceiling supports
Application of Angle bar – it more commonly used in roof trusses.
Types of Member Connection

Beam to Column Steel Column to Column Steel

Connection Connection
Types of Member Connection

Beam to Beam Steel Connections Column to Base Plate Connections

Types of Steel Connection

1. Bolted Connection
A type of structural joint used to join
two or more structural components in a
steel structure using bolts.
Types of Steel Connection

2. Riveted Connection
It is used for strengthening different
types of steel structures and to provide
stability in complex structures
Types of Steel Connection

• 3. Welded Connections
• It is a connections whose
components are joined together
primarily by welds.
Analysis of Bolted Connections
Engr. Jan Marc M. Padillo
Instructor
Bolted Connection

• A type of structural joint used to join two or

more structural components in a steel structure
using bolts. Bolts are a form of threaded fasteners
which has a male thread and preformed matching
female thread, such as nuts
• Bolts can fail in shear or in tension
Bolted Connection
Types of Bolts use for connecting members

1. Unfinished Bolts – also known as

ordinary or common bolts. They
are also classified by ASTM as
A302 and made from carbon steels
with stress – strain characteristics
similar to those of A36.

2. High strength bolts – It is made

from medium -carbon heat treated
steel and from alloy steel. It is
designated as A 325 and A 490
bolts.
Types of Bolted Connections

1. Lap Joint

The main members to be connected are

placed over one another to form an
overlap between the members, and then
the bolting is done on the overlapped
portion. Because of the very nature of the
connection, an eccentricity is produced.
Types of Bolted Connections

2. Butt Joint

A cover plate is used to join two

members. Based on the number of cover
plates there are two types of butt joint
namely, single cover butt joint and double
cover butt joint.
Types of Bolted Connections

3. Bolts in Multiplier Shear 4. Triple – riveted butt joint

Types of Bolted Connections

5. Quadruple – Riveted Butt Joint 6. Double Plane Connection

Failure of Bolted Connections

1. Shear Failure of Bolts

• The failure occurs due to shear force at

the interface of surfaces in a joint.
• Either single shear failure and double
shear failure.
• P is the load acting on an individual
bolt.
• The bolt in double shear will have the
twice the shear strength of a bolt in
single shea
Failure of Bolted Connections

2. Tension Failure of Bolts

• The tensile strength of the bolt is the

amount of pull the bolt can withstand
in the perpendicular direction to the
plane of loading.
• If the pull on this perpendicular axis
exceeds the tensile strength of the bolt,
then the bolt will fail in tension.
Failure of Bolted Connections

3. Bearing Failure of Bolts

• Bearing stress effects are independent

of the bolt type because the bearing
stress acts on the connected plate not
the bolt.
Minimum Spacing of Bolts
Minimum Edge Distance Minimum Edge Distance and Spacing
Minimum Edge Distance and Spacing
Net Area

For example:

Diameter of bolt = 20mm

Standard diameter of 20 mm = 21 mm
Diameter of hole = 21 + 1.6 = 22.6
Design of Bolted Connection
• Tensile Capacity of the Plate • Shearing Strength of bolt, fv

a. Based on gross area: P = Fv Av

𝜋
Av = 4 d2 nbolts
P = 0.60 Fy Ag
Ag = Hplate x tplate • Bearing Strength of plate, fb

P = Fb Ab
b. Based on Net Area Rupture
Ab = dbolt tplate nbolts
P = 0.5 Fu Anet
• Block Shear Strength
Anet = [ Hplate – nbolts(hole diameter] tplate
P = 0.30Fu Av + 0.50 Fu At
Problem 1
A lapped, bolted tension member is shown.
Diameter of bolts are 18mm and the plate material
is A 36 steel with yield stress Fy = 250 MPa and
ultimate rupture strength Fu = 400 MPa. Assume
the fasteners are adequate and do not control the
tensile capacity. Diameter of hole is 3mm bigger
than the diameter of bolt.

(1) Determine the Tensile capacity of the lapped

joint based on gross area.
(2) Determine the tensile capacity of the lapped
joint based on net area.
(3) Determine the tensile capacity of the lapped
joint based on block shear strength
Problem 1 (cont’d)
Problem 1 ( cont’d)
Problem 2
A double shear butt connection is connected by 9 – 22
mm dia. bolts. Thickness of the outer plate is 12.5 mm
while the main plate is 22 mm. Spacing of bolts is
75mm with an edge distance of 37.5 mm. A 36 Steel is
used. Fy = 250 Mpa, Fu = 400 Mpa.

Allowable shearing stress of bolts = 117 Mpa

Allowable bearing stress of bolts = 1.2 Fu
Dia. Of hole = 3mm greater than bolt diameter

(1) Determine the capacity of the connection based

strength of bolts.
(2) Determine the capacity of the connection based
on tensile strength of the plates.
(3) Determine the capacity of the connection based
on block shear strength.2
Problem 2 (cont’d)

Use T = 1155 kN
Problem 2 (cont’d)
Problem 3
The butt connection shows 8 – 22 mm diameter A325
bolts spaced as follows:
S1 =40 mm, t1 = 16 mm
S2 = 80 mm, t2 = 12 mm
S3 = 100 mm

Steel strength and stresses are:

Yield strength, Fy = 248 Mpa

Ultimate Strength, Fu = 400 Mpa
Allowable tensile stress on gross area = 148 Mpa
Allowable tensile stress on the net area = 200 Mpa
Allowable shear stress on the net area = 120 Mpa
Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 Mpa
Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm
CE Board May 2011
Two plates each with thickness t = 16mm are bolted together
with 6 – 22 mm diameter bolts forming a lap connection. Bolt
spacing are as follows:
S1 = 40 mm, S2 = 80 mm, S3 = 100 mm

Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm

Allowable stresses:
Tensile stress on gross area of the plate, Ft = 0.60 Fy
Tensile stress on the net area of the plate, Ft = 0.50 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt, Fv = 120 Mpa
Bearing stress of the bolt, Fp = 1.2 Fu
CE Board May 2011 (cont’d)
Solution:
Calculate the permissible tensile
load P under the following
conditions:

1. Based on shear capacity of bolts

2. Based on bearing capacity of
bolts
3. Based on block shear strength
CE Board May 2011 (cont’d)
CE Board May 2013
The butt connection shows 8 – 22 mm diameter A325
bolts spaced as follows:
S1 =40 mm, t1 = 16 mm
S2 = 80 mm, t2 = 12 mm
S3 = 50 mm, S4 = 100 mm

Steel strength and stresses are:

Yield strength, Fy = 248 Mpa

Ultimate Strength, Fu = 400 Mpa
Allowable tensile stress on gross area = 148 Mpa
Allowable tensile stress on the net area = 200 Mpa
Allowable shear stress on the net area = 120 Mpa
Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 120 Mpa
Bolt hole diameter = 25 mm
CE Board May 2013 (cont’d)

Solutions
CE Board May 2013 (cont’d)
CE Board November 2012
Two plates each with thickness t = 16mm are bolted together with 6 – 22mm diameter
bolts forming a lap connection. Bolt Spacing are as follows:
S1 =40 mm,
S2 = 80 mm,
S3 = 100 mm
Bolt hole diameter = 25mm

Allowable stresses are:

Yield strength, Fy = 248 MPa
Ultimate Strength, Fu = 400 MPa
Tensile stress on gross area = 0.6 Fu
Tensile stress on the net area = 0.5 Fu
Shear stress of the bolt, Fv = 120 Mpa
Allowable bolt shear stress, Fv = 1.2 Fu
CE Board November 2012 (cont’d)
Calculate the permissible tensile load P under the following conditions:

(1) Based on shear capacity of bolts.

(2) Based on bearing capacity of bolts
(3) Based on block share strength.
CE Board November 2012 (cont’d)
Solutions
CE Board November 2012 (cont’d)
CE Board May 2008
For the given riveted connection, having the allowable stresses:

Fy = 248 Mpa
Fv = 150 Mpa (shear stress)
Tensile stress = 0.60 Fy
Bearing Stress = 1.35 Fy
Rivet hole has a diameter 2mm greater than the rivet diameter.

The main plate has a width of 300mm and a thickness of 20mm.

(1) Compute the diameter of rivets such that the shear capacity
of the rivets is equal to its bearing capacity.
(2) Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the
allowable shearing stress.
(3) Compute the max. value of P so as not to exceed the
allowable tensile stress of plates.
CE Board May 2008 (cont’d)
CE Board May 2008 (cont’d)
Tension and Shear in Bolted
Connection

Engr. Jan Marc M. Padillo

Instructor
Bolted Connection Subjected to Shear and Tension
High Strength Bearing Type Bolted Connection

Th = T cos 𝜃 (tensile force)

Tv = T sin 𝜃 (shearing force)

𝑇𝑣
Shearing Stress: fv = 𝜋
(𝑛)( )(𝑑2)
4

𝑇ℎ
Tensile Stress: ft = 𝜋
(𝑛)( )(𝑑2)
4

n= number of bolts
d= diameter of bolts
Combined Tension and Shear in slip – critical joints or friction
type connections

For A 325 and A 490 bolts used in slip – critical connections, the maximum
shear stress allowed shall be multiplied by the reduction factor.

𝑓𝑡 𝐴𝑏
[1 − ]
Tb
Where:

Ft = the average tensile stress due to direct load applied to all of the bolts in the
connection
Tb = the pre – tension load of the bolt
Ft AB = the computed total tensile force in one bolt
Combined Tension and Shear in Slip – Critical Joint or Friction
Type Connection:
Combined Tension and Shear in Slip – Critical Joint or Friction
Type Connection:
Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing Type Connection:
Standard Bolted Beam Connections:

• Framed Connections:
- These type of connections consists of a
pair of flexible web angles usually shop –
connected to the web of the supported
beam and field – connected to the
supporting beam or column.
Standard Bolted Beam Connections:

• Framed Connection with seat

- This type of framed connection consists
of two web angles connected to the beam
web in the shop after which bolts are
placed through the angles and column in
the field.
Standard Bolted Beam Connections:

• Seat Connection
- This type of framed connection consists
of an erection set which is shop connected
to the column and another angle at the top
of the beam which is field – connected to
the beam and column
Standard Bolted Beam Connections:

• Seated Connection with Stiffened

Seat
- This connection is used for heavier
loads by placing stiffened seats in
addition to the top angle,
Problem 1

The tension member shown in the figure is

connected to the column shown with 8 -22
mm A 325 high strength bolts in a bearing
type connection with the threads excluded
from the shear plane and standard size holes.

(1) Compute the shearing stress at the A –

325 bolts
(2) Compute the tensile stress at the A – 325
bolts
(3) Compute the allowable tensile stress of
the A – 325 bolts
Solutions
Solutions
Problem 2

From the figure as shown below, an axial load P

passes thru the center of gravity of the bolt group.
The bolts is an A 490 with threads excluded from
shear plane.

(1) If this is a bearing type connection used, find the

value of P.
(2) Compute the allowable tensile stress of the A 490
bolts.
(3) Compute the allowable shear stress if a friction
type or slip critical connection is used. Allowable
shear strength of an A 490 bolts is 145 MPa and
the minimum pre – tension for fully tighten A 490
bolts having diameter of 22 mm is 218 kN.
Solutions
Solutions
Problem 3 (CE Board November 2017)
A double - angle diagonal, 100 mm x 100 mm x 12mm is
connected to the supporting beam by a wide tee.
Design Data:
Slope of the diagonal = 3V:4H
S1 = 38 mm
s2 = 75 mm
Steel Strength and allowable stresses.
Yield strength, Fy = 248 Mpa
Ultimate strength, Fu = 400 MPa
Bolt shear strength, Fv = 100 MPa
Bolt bearing stress, Fb = 480 MPa
Bolt tensile stress, Ft = 195 MPa
Problem 3 (CE Board November 2017) cont’d
Assume that the connection between the
angles and structural tee is satisfactory.

(1) Determine the capacity of the connection P

(kN) based on bolt shear stress and bolt
tensile stress. Bolt diameter = 25 mm.
(2) Based on bolt bearing, what is the
allowable load P (kN)? Bolt diameter = 25
mm.
(3) Determine the required bolt diameter, d2
(mm) if P = 380 kN.
Solutions
Solutions