Oesophagogastric Cancer Assessment and Management in Adults PDF 1837693014469

Oesophago-gastric cancer:
assessment and
management in adults
NICE guideline
Published: 24 January 2018
Last updated: 4 July 2023
www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng83
© NICE 2023. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights (https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and-

conditions#notice-of-rights).
Oesophago-gastric cancer: assessment and management in adults (NG83)
Your responsibility
The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful
consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals
and practitioners are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the
individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or the people using their service.
It is not mandatory to apply the recommendations, and the guideline does not override the
responsibility to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual, in
consultation with them and their families and carers or guardian.
All problems (adverse events) related to a medicine or medical device used for treatment
or in a procedure should be reported to the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory
Agency using the Yellow Card Scheme.
Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the

guideline to be applied when individual professionals and people using services wish to
use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and
developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate
unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health
inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be
inconsistent with complying with those duties.
Commissioners and providers have a responsibility to promote an environmentally

sustainable health and care system and should assess and reduce the environmental
impact of implementing NICE recommendations wherever possible.
© NICE 2023. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights (https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and- Page 2 of
conditions#notice-of-rights). 24
Contents
Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 4
Who is it for? .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Information and support .................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Organisation of services ................................................................................................................. 7
1.3 Assessment after diagnosis ........................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Radical treatment ............................................................................................................................ 8
1.5 Palliative management .................................................................................................................... 10
1.6 Nutritional support .......................................................................................................................... 14
1.7 Follow-up .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Recommendations for research ................................................................................................ 16
1 External beam radiotherapy in addition to stenting to prevent bleeding ..................................... 16
2 Enteral feeding for people with luminal obstruction and dysphagia ............................................. 16
3 Radical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus ............................................. 17
4 Radical treatment of T1bN0 adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus ............................................... 17
5 Nutritional support after radical surgery ......................................................................................... 18
6 Jejunostomy support after radical surgery ..................................................................................... 18
7 Follow-up after treatment with curative intent ............................................................................... 19
Rationale and impact.................................................................................................................. 20
Luminal obstruction in oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer ............................ 20
Context ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Finding more information and committee details .................................................................... 23
Update information .................................................................................................................... 24
This guideline is the basis of QS176.
This guideline should be read in conjunction with NG231.
Overview
This guideline covers assessing and managing oesophago-gastric cancer in adults,
including radical and palliative treatment and nutritional support. It aims to reduce variation
in practice through better organisation of care and support, and improve quality of life and
survival by giving advice on the most suitable treatments depending on cancer type, stage
and location.
A table of NHS England interim treatment regimens gives possible alternative treatment
options for use during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce infection risk. This may affect
decisions for patients with oesophago-gastric cancer. See the COVID-19 rapid guideline:
delivery of systemic anticancer treatments for more details.
Who is it for?
• Healthcare professionals involved in the care of people with oesophago-gastric cancer
• Commissioners of oesophago-gastric cancer services
• People with oesophago-gastric cancer, their family members and carers, and the
public
Recommendations
People have the right to be involved in discussions and make informed decisions
about their care, as described in NICE's information on making decisions about your
care.
Making decisions using NICE guidelines explains how we use words to show the
strength (or certainty) of our recommendations, and has information about
prescribing medicines (including off-label use), professional guidelines, standards
and laws (including on consent and mental capacity), and safeguarding.
1.1 Information and support

1.1.1 Offer all people with oesophago-gastric cancer access to an oesophago-
gastric clinical nurse specialist through the person's multidisciplinary
team. [2018]
1.1.2 Make sure the person with oesophago-gastric cancer is given

information, in a format that is appropriate for them, to take away and
review in their own time after you have spoken to them about their
cancer and care. [2018]
1.1.3 Inform people with oesophago-gastric cancer about peer-to-peer local

or national support groups for them to join if they wish. [2018]
1.1.4 Provide psychosocial support to the person with oesophago-gastric

cancer and those important to them (as appropriate). Cover:
• the potential impact on family life, changing roles and relationships
• uncertainty about the disease course and prognosis
• concerns over heredity of cancer, recovery and recurrence
• where they can get further support. [2018]
Radical treatment
1.1.5 Provide information about possible treatment options, such as surgery,
radiotherapy or chemotherapy, in all discussions with people with
oesophago-gastric cancer who are going to have radical treatment. Make
sure the information is consistent and covers:
• treatment outcomes (prognosis and future treatments)
• recovery, including the consequences of treatment and how to manage them
• nutrition and lifestyle changes.
Follow the recommendations in NICE's guideline on patient experience in adult

NHS services. [2018]
Palliative management
1.1.6 For people with oesophago-gastric cancer who can only have palliative
management, offer personalised information and support to them and
the people who are important to them (as appropriate), at a pace that is
suitable for them. This could include information on:
• life expectancy, if the person has said they would like to know about this
• the treatment and care available, and how to access this both now and for
future symptoms
• holistic issues (such as physical, emotional, social, financial and spiritual

issues), and how they can get support and help
• dietary changes, and how to manage these and access specialist dietetic
support
• which sources of information in the public domain give good advice about the
issues listed above.
Follow the recommendations in NICE's guideline on patient experience in adult

NHS services. [2018]
1.1.7 For people with oesophago-gastric cancer who can only have palliative
management, consider providing support from:
• a specialist cancer care dietitian
• a specialist palliative care team
• a peer support group, if available. [2018]
1.1.8 For people with oesophago-gastric cancer who are having palliative care,
follow the recommendations in NICE's guideline on improving supportive
and palliative care for adults with cancer. [2018]
1.2 Organisation of services

1.2.1 Review the treatment of people with confirmed oesophago-gastric
cancer in a multidisciplinary meeting that includes an oncologist and
specialist radiologist with an interest in oesophago-gastric cancer.
[2018]
1.2.2 Review the treatment of people with confirmed localised, non-metastatic

oesophago-gastric cancer in a specialist oesophago-gastric cancer
multidisciplinary meeting. [2018]
1.2.3 Ensure curative oesophago-gastric resections are performed in a

specialist surgical unit by specialist oesophago-gastric surgeons. [2018]
1.3 Assessment after diagnosis
Determining suitability for radical treatment of

histologically-confirmed oesophageal or oesophago-gastric
junctional cancer after endoscopy and whole-body CT scan
diagnosis
1.3.1 Offer F-18 FDG PET-CT to people with oesophageal and oesophago-
gastric junctional tumours that are suitable for radical treatment (except
for T1a tumours). [2018]
1.3.2 Do not offer endoscopic ultrasound only to distinguish between T2 to T3

tumours in people with oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional
tumours. [2018]
1.3.3 Only offer endoscopic ultrasound to people with oesophageal and

oesophago-gastric junctional cancer when it will help guide ongoing
management. [2018]
1.3.4 Only consider staging laparoscopy for people with oesophageal or

oesophago-gastric junctional cancer when it will help guide ongoing
management. [2018]
Determining suitability for radical treatment of

histologically-confirmed gastric cancer after endoscopy and
whole-body CT scan diagnosis
1.3.5 Offer staging laparoscopy to all people with potentially curable gastric
cancer. [2018]
1.3.6 Only consider endoscopic ultrasound for people with gastric cancer if it
will help guide ongoing management. [2018]
1.3.7 Only consider F-18 FDG PET-CT in people with gastric cancer if
metastatic disease is suspected and it will help guide ongoing
management. [2018]
HER2 testing in metastatic oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma

1.3.8 Offer HER2 testing to people with metastatic oesophago-gastric
adenocarcinoma (see the NICE technology appraisal guidance on
trastuzumab for HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer). [2018]
1.4 Radical treatment
T1N0 oesophageal cancer

1.4.1 Offer endoscopic mucosal resection for staging for people with
suspected T1N0 oesophageal cancer. [2018]
1.4.2 For recommendations on stage 1 oesophageal adenocarcinoma, see

NICE's guideline on Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal
adenocarcinoma: monitoring and management. [2018]
1.4.3 Offer people with T1bN0 squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus
the choice of:
• definitive chemoradiotherapy or
• surgical resection.
Only make this choice after the surgeon and oncologist have discussed the
benefits, risks and treatment consequences of each option with the person and
those who are important to them (as appropriate). [2018]
Surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer

1.4.4 Consider an open or minimally invasive (including hybrid)
oesophagectomy for surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer. [2018]
Lymph node dissection in oesophageal and gastric cancer

1.4.5 When performing a curative gastrectomy for people with gastric cancer,
consider a D2 lymph node dissection. [2018]
1.4.6 When performing a curative oesophagectomy for people with

oesophageal cancer, consider two-field lymph node dissection. [2018]
Localised oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional

adenocarcinoma
1.4.7 For people with localised oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional
adenocarcinoma (excluding T1N0 tumours) who are going to have
surgical resection, offer a choice of:
• chemotherapy, before or before and after surgery or
• chemoradiotherapy, before surgery.
Make the choice after discussing the benefits, risks and treatment
consequences of each option with the person and those important to them (as
appropriate).
Encourage people to join relevant clinical trials, if available. [2018]
Gastric cancer
1.4.8 Offer chemotherapy before and after surgery to people with gastric
cancer who are having radical surgical resection. [2018]
1.4.9 Consider chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy after surgery for people

with gastric cancer who did not have chemotherapy before surgery with
curative intent. [2018]
Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus

1.4.10 Offer people with resectable non-metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of
the oesophagus the choice of:
• radical chemoradiotherapy or
• chemoradiotherapy before surgical resection.
Discuss the benefits, risks and treatment consequences of each option with
the person and those who are important to them (as appropriate). [2018]
1.5 Palliative management
Non-metastatic oesophageal cancer that is not suitable for

surgery
1.5.1 Consider chemoradiotherapy for people with non-metastatic
oesophageal cancer that can be encompassed within a radiotherapy
field. [2018]
1.5.2 When the cancer cannot be encompassed within a high-dose

radiotherapy field, consider one or more of:
• chemotherapy
• local tumour treatment, including stenting or palliative radiotherapy
• best supportive care.
the person with oesophageal cancer and those who are important to them (as
appropriate). [2018]
1.5.3 After a person with oesophageal cancer has had treatment, assess the
tumour's response to chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and
reconsider if surgery is an option. [2018]
First-line palliative chemotherapy for locally advanced or

metastatic oesophago-gastric cancer
1.5.4 Offer trastuzumab (in combination with cisplatin and capecitabine or
5-fluorouracil) as a treatment option to people with HER2-positive
metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or oesophago-gastric
junction (see also NICE's technology appraisal guidance on trastuzumab
for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic gastric cancer).
In January 2018, this was an off-label use of cisplatin. See NICE's

information on prescribing medicines. [2018]
1.5.5 Offer first-line palliative combination chemotherapy to people with

advanced oesophago-gastric cancer who have a performance status 0
to 2 and no significant comorbidities. Possible drug combinations
include:
• doublet treatment: 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine in combination with cisplatin

or oxaliplatin
• triplet treatment: 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine in combination with cisplatin or

oxaliplatin plus epirubicin.
the person and those important to them (as appropriate).
In January 2018, this was an off-label use of capecitabine, cisplatin, epirubicin

and oxaliplatin. See NICE's information on prescribing medicines.
For all NICE technology appraisal guidance on first-line palliative

chemotherapy, see the NICE topic pages for oesophageal cancer and stomach
cancer. [2018]
Second-line palliative chemotherapy and subsequent therapy for

locally advanced or metastatic oesophago-gastric cancer
1.5.6 Consider second-line palliative chemotherapy for people with
oesophago-gastric cancer. [2018]
1.5.7 Discuss the risks, benefits and treatment consequences of second-line

palliative chemotherapy for oesophago-gastric cancer with the person
and those who are important to them (as appropriate). Cover:
• how different treatments can have similar effectiveness but different side
effects
• how the treatments are given
• if the person has any preference for one treatment over another. [2018]
1.5.8 Consider a clinical trial (if a suitable one is available) as an alternative to

second-line chemotherapy for people with oesophago-gastric cancer.
For NICE technology appraisal guidance on second-line palliative

chemotherapy and subsequent therapy, see the NICE topic pages for
oesophageal cancer and stomach cancer. The point at which to use
genomic biomarker-based therapy in solid tumour treatment pathways is
uncertain, see the NICE topic page on genomic biomarker-based cancer
treatments. [2018]
Luminal obstruction in oesophageal and oesophago-gastric

junctional cancer
1.5.9 Offer self-expanding stents to people with oesophageal and oesophago-
gastric junctional cancer who need immediate relief of dysphagia. [2018]
1.5.10 Offer self-expanding stents or radiotherapy to people with oesophageal

and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer, depending on the degree of
dysphagia and its impact on nutrition and quality of life, performance
status and prognosis. [2018]
1.5.11 Do not routinely offer external beam radiotherapy after stenting for
people with oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer.
[2023]
1.5.12 Consider external beam radiotherapy after stenting of oesophageal and

oesophago-gastric junctional cancer for people with prolonged post-
interventional bleeding or a known bleeding disorder. [2023]
For a short explanation of why the committee made these recommendations and how
they might affect practice, see the rationale and impact section on luminal obstruction
in oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer.
Full details of the evidence and the committee's discussion are in evidence review A:
management of luminal obstruction in adults with oesophageal cancer not amenable
to treatment with curative intent.
Outflow obstruction in gastric cancer

1.5.13 Offer uncovered self-expanding metal stents or palliative surgery to
people with gastric cancer, depending on fitness to undergo surgery,
prognosis and extent of disease. [2018]
1.6 Nutritional support
Radical treatment
1.6.1 Offer nutritional assessment and tailored specialist dietetic support to
people with oesophago-gastric cancer before, during and after radical
treatments. [2018]
1.6.2 Offer immediate enteral or parenteral nutrition after surgery to people

who are having radical surgery for oesophageal and oesophago-gastric
junctional cancers. [2018]
1.6.3 For people with oesophago-gastric cancer, follow the recommendations

in NICE's guideline on nutrition support for adults. [2018]
Palliative care
1.6.4 Consider support from a specialist cancer-specific dietitian for people
with oesophago-gastric cancer receiving palliative care. [2018]
1.6.5 Together with members of the multidisciplinary team and the hospital
and community palliative care teams, tailor dietetic support to the person
with oesophago-gastric cancer and their clinical situation. [2018]
1.6.6 For people with oesophago-gastric cancer, follow the recommendations

in NICE's guideline on improving supportive and palliative care for adults
with cancer. [2018]
1.7 Follow-up
1.7.1 For people who have no symptoms or evidence of residual disease after
treatment for oesophago-gastric cancer with curative intent:
• provide information about the symptoms of recurrent disease, and what to do if

they develop these symptoms
• offer rapid access to the oesophago-gastric multidisciplinary team for review, if

symptoms develop. [2018]
1.7.2 For people who have no symptoms or evidence of residual disease after
treatment for oesophago-gastric cancer with curative intent, do not
offer:
• routine clinical follow-up solely for the detection of recurrent disease
• routine radiological surveillance solely for the detection of recurrent disease.

[2018]
Recommendations for research

The guideline committee has made the following recommendations for research. The
committee's full set of recommendations for research are detailed in the full guideline.
1 External beam radiotherapy in addition to

stenting to prevent bleeding
What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of external beam radiotherapy in addition
to self-expanding stents to prevent prolonged bleeding after stent insertion in people with
oesophago-gastric cancer who are undergoing palliative management of dysphagia due to
luminal obstruction with no curative intent? [2023]
2 Enteral feeding for people with luminal

obstruction and dysphagia
In people experiencing partial or complete luminal obstruction resulting from incurable
oesophago-gastric cancer, is enteral feeding an effective and cost-effective method of
preserving quality of life and survival, when the first-line management of dysphagia (for
example, self-expanding stents) has failed or is contraindicated? [2023]
For a short explanation of why the committee made these recommendations for
research, see the rationale and impact section on luminal obstruction in oesophageal
and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer.
Full details of the evidence and the committee's discussion are in evidence review A:
management of luminal obstruction in adults with oesophageal cancer not amenable
to treatment with curative intent.
3 Radical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of

the oesophagus
Does the addition of surgery to chemoradiotherapy improve disease-free and overall
survival in people with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus? [2018]
Why this is important

The aetiology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oesophagus is changing. Patients
with SCC are now fitter, with fewer comorbidities than in previous years. Standard radical
treatment for SCC of the oesophagus is usually chemoradiotherapy, which is associated
with a median survival of between 12 and 18 months. Given a fitter patient population,
surgery may be a therapeutic option but its effectiveness in addition to
chemoradiotherapy is unknown and a randomised controlled study to investigate whether
the combination improves disease-free and overall survival would provide useful
information to guide future clinical practice.
4 Radical treatment of T1bN0 adenocarcinoma of

the oesophagus
What is the optimal treatment for T1bN0 adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus? [2018]

In patients with submucosal (T1b) N0 oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), the associated
risk of lymph node metastases is estimated to be between 4% for sub-mucosal 1 (sm1) and
up to 16% for sm3 based on retrospective surgical data. The majority of patients with a
submucosal T1bN0 OAC therefore currently have major surgical resection without
detecting any cancer cells in the oesophagus or lymph nodes. Oesophagectomy is also a
procedure associated with significant morbidity (up to 50%) and mortality (2% to 4%).
In comparison, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal

dissection (ESD) are techniques that can remove the submucosa with less morbidity and
mortality than surgery and, providing there is no lymph node involvement, can lead to a
cure. However, compared to surgery nodal involvement can only be assessed by F-18 FDG
PET-CT scanning and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), which may lead to under-treatment of
some patients with T1b disease.
A study to assess which patients should have endoscopic therapy or surgery for T1bN0
OAC would be useful, as this would help prevent both under- and over-treatment of this
group of people. This could be a randomised controlled trial comparing surgery and
endoscopic treatment.
5 Nutritional support after radical surgery

What is the optimal method of delivering nutritional support to adults after surgery with
curative intent for oesophago-gastric cancer? [2018]

People who have surgery for oesophago-gastric cancer have a prolonged period without
adequate oral intake after surgery. Oral, enteral and parenteral nutrition support strategies
are used to support people during this time. Evidence suggests that providing some form
of nutrition support improves surgical outcomes. However, which of these methods is the
safest and most effective has not been determined and because of this, practice in this
field varies nationally. A study to identify the best method of delivering safe and effective
nutritional support interventions which aim to reduce post-operative complications in this
population would help guide future clinical practice.
6 Jejunostomy support after radical surgery

What is the effectiveness of long-term jejunostomy support compared to intensive dietary
counselling and support along with symptom management for people having radical
surgery for oesophago-gastric cancer? [2018]

People who have had surgery for oesophago-gastric cancer have nutritional difficulties as
a result of problems eating, ongoing symptoms, and side effects related to the surgery. It
is well recognised that they have a poor quality of life. Most patients have adjuvant
treatment, however their nutritional status may negatively impact on their ability to tolerate
this, meaning treatment can be stopped early or not received. Jejunostomy feeding tubes
are often used to provide nutrition support after discharge from hospital after surgery.
Some small studies have shown a benefit in terms of weight preservation, but none have
shown that this leads to better recovery, tolerance of treatment or quality of life. Practice
in this area varies greatly, with some centres placing jejunostomy tubes and continuing
enteral feeding after discharge, some placing the jejunostomy tubes and not using them
routinely and others not placing jejunostomy tubes at all. Studies should aim to identify if
jejunostomy placement leads to clinical benefit in adults who have had surgery for
oesophago-gastric cancer.
7 Follow-up after treatment with curative intent

Is the routine use of CT and tumour markers effective in detecting recurrent disease
suitable for radical treatment in asymptomatic people who have had treatment for
oesophago-gastric cancer with curative intent? [2018]

There is no clearly defined follow-up protocol for people with oesophago-gastric cancer
treated radically. Detection of early recurrence potentially suitable for radical treatment
offers the possibility of increased survival. However, the best methods of detecting
recurrence are unclear and there is no evidence to show whether early detection leads to
improved overall survival. The alternative is to wait until symptoms reoccur and then re-
evaluate the further treatment options available. Studies examining the role of screening in
this scenario would show whether routine follow-up in asymptomatic people was effective
at detecting recurrence and improving overall survival.
Rationale and impact

This section briefly explains why the committee made the recommendations and how they
might affect practice.
Luminal obstruction in oesophageal and

oesophago-gastric junctional cancer
Why the committee made the recommendations

Recommendations 1.5.9 to 1.5.12
The committee did not find any new evidence that would affect recommendations 1.5.9
and 1.5.10 and therefore did not update the recommendations made by the previous
committee on the basis of the evidence they considered (see the previous full guideline
from 2018).
Most of the evidence considered by the committee did not show a difference between the
effectiveness of different interventions for relieving dysphagia caused by luminal
obstruction of the oesophagus in people with oesophageal and oesophago-gastric
junctional cancer whose condition was not being treated with curative intent. A high
quality, UK-based health technology assessment provided new evidence on external beam
radiotherapy (EBRT) after stenting for people with dysphagia whose condition needed
palliation.
This study compared self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) alone to SEMS and adjuvant
EBRT and concluded that the data could not differentiate between them for all outcomes
considered in the evidence review. The committee agreed that they did not support the
routine use of EBRT for people after stenting. However, the committee noted that there
was some evidence of better outcomes for gastrointestinal-related bleeding. Although this
was of low certainty, they agreed that from their experience EBRT helps to prevent
bleeding. Therefore, they made a recommendation to consider EBRT for people with
prolonged bleeding after stent insertion or a known bleeding disorder. Stopping bleeding is
important to people who have incurable oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional
cancer because it improves their quality of life. The committee made a recommendation
for research about the use of EBRT to prevent bleeding because there was not enough
evidence to make a strong recommendation about it.
The committee agreed that only offering EBRT after stent insertion to people with
oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer if they had prolonged bleeding or a
known bleeding disorder would lead to more effective targeting of comparatively scarce
EBRT services. Furthermore, it will reduce the treatment burden for people with
oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer who are not bleeding from the
cancer site, or do not have a known bleeding disorder, and their carers and relatives. This
is because they will not have the inconvenience of travelling for unnecessary EBRT
treatment and the side effects associated with it.
The committee made a recommendation for research on the effectiveness of enteral

feeding for people who have dysphagia caused by luminal obstruction as no evidence was
found.
How the recommendations might affect practice

The committee agreed that the new recommendations are likely to be cost saving because
they will reduce the number of people receiving EBRT after stenting, and the number of
different treatments that most people receive since most people will not receive EBRT.
Resources for EBRT after stent insertion can be more effectively directed to people with
incurable oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer who have prolonged
bleeding or a known bleeding disorder.
Return to recommendations
Context
There are around 13,000 new cases of oesophago-gastric cancer diagnosed in England
each year. Mortality rates are high, with over 10,000 deaths annually, and over the last 30
years the incidence of these cancers has continued to increase. Early diagnosis remains
challenging, and optimising the diagnostic and treatment pathway is essential to improving
management and prognosis.
At present there is considerable variation in management and follow-up for people

diagnosed with oesophago-gastric cancer. Though there have been recent advances in
surgical techniques and chemotherapeutic agents, it is not yet clear how well these
compare with standard therapy in terms of improving survival and quality of life.
This guideline covers adults and young people (18 years and over) who are referred to
secondary care with suspected oesophago-gastric cancer, or who have newly diagnosed
or recurrent disease. It covers areas of uncertainty or variation in practice in relation to
diagnosis, staging and management of various aspects of the disease. Although not
intended as a comprehensive guide to the treatment of oesophago-gastric cancer, the
information and support needs of people affected, organisation of specialist teams, initial
assessment of disease and the management of oesophago-gastric cancer in radical and
palliative settings are all covered. We have also covered related topics, such as nutritional
support.
This guideline aims to help standardise the treatment of oesophago-gastric cancer.
Finding more information and committee

details
To find NICE guidance on related topics, including guidance in development, see the NICE
topic pages on oesophageal cancer and stomach cancer.
For full details of the evidence and the guideline committee's discussions, see the
evidence review and full guideline. You can also find information about how the guideline
was developed, including details of the committee.
NICE has produced tools and resources to help you put this guideline into practice. For
general help and advice on putting our guidelines into practice, see resources to help you
put NICE guidance into practice.
Update information
July 2023: We have reviewed the evidence and made new recommendations on palliative
management of luminal obstruction with no curative intent for adults with oesophageal or
oesophago-gastric junctional cancer. These recommendations are marked [2023].
Minor changes since publication
February 2023: We have updated the recommendations on T1N0 oesophageal cancer in

line with the new guideline on Barrett's oesophagus and stage 1 oesophageal
adenocarcinoma.
ISBN: 978-1-4731-5280-9
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© NICE 2023. All rights reserved. Subject to Notice of rights (https://www.nice.org.uk/terms-and-

Local commissioners and providers of healthcare have a responsibility to enable the

Commissioners and providers have a responsibility to promote an environmentally

Who is it for? .......................................................................................................................................... 4

1.1 Information and support .................................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Organisation of services ................................................................................................................. 7

1.3 Assessment after diagnosis ........................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Radical treatment ............................................................................................................................ 8

1.5 Palliative management .................................................................................................................... 10

1.6 Nutritional support .......................................................................................................................... 14

1.7 Follow-up .......................................................................................................................................... 14

Recommendations for research ................................................................................................ 16

1 External beam radiotherapy in addition to stenting to prevent bleeding ..................................... 16

3 Radical treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus ............................................. 17

4 Radical treatment of T1bN0 adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus ............................................... 17

5 Nutritional support after radical surgery ......................................................................................... 18

6 Jejunostomy support after radical surgery ..................................................................................... 18

7 Follow-up after treatment with curative intent ............................................................................... 19

Rationale and impact.................................................................................................................. 20

Luminal obstruction in oesophageal and oesophago-gastric junctional cancer ............................ 20

Finding more information and committee details .................................................................... 23

Update information .................................................................................................................... 24

This guideline is the basis of QS176.

This guideline should be read in conjunction with NG231.

• Commissioners of oesophago-gastric cancer services

1.1 Information and support

1.1.2 Make sure the person with oesophago-gastric cancer is given

1.1.3 Inform people with oesophago-gastric cancer about peer-to-peer local

1.1.4 Provide psychosocial support to the person with oesophago-gastric

• the potential impact on family life, changing roles and relationships

• uncertainty about the disease course and prognosis

• concerns over heredity of cancer, recovery and recurrence

• where they can get further support. [2018]

• treatment outcomes (prognosis and future treatments)

• recovery, including the consequences of treatment and how to manage them

• nutrition and lifestyle changes.

Follow the recommendations in NICE's guideline on patient experience in adult

• holistic issues (such as physical, emotional, social, financial and spiritual

Follow the recommendations in NICE's guideline on patient experience in adult

management, consider providing support from:

• a specialist cancer care dietitian

• a specialist palliative care team

• a peer support group, if available. [2018]

1.2 Organisation of services

1.2.2 Review the treatment of people with confirmed localised, non-metastatic

1.2.3 Ensure curative oesophago-gastric resections are performed in a

1.3 Assessment after diagnosis

Determining suitability for radical treatment of

1.3.2 Do not offer endoscopic ultrasound only to distinguish between T2 to T3

1.3.3 Only offer endoscopic ultrasound to people with oesophageal and

1.3.4 Only consider staging laparoscopy for people with oesophageal or

Determining suitability for radical treatment of

HER2 testing in metastatic oesophago-gastric adenocarcinoma

1.4 Radical treatment

T1N0 oesophageal cancer

suspected T1N0 oesophageal cancer. [2018]

1.4.2 For recommendations on stage 1 oesophageal adenocarcinoma, see

Surgical treatment of oesophageal cancer