To be A Leading Institution Through Academic Excellence That Is Committed To

VISION: Build A Better Future By Achieving Innovation In Bangsamoro Region

 To provide quality education by adhering by highest standard in all aspects

MISSION: of its educational endeavor which include physical, spiritual and moral.
 To provide balance array of education programs, and to create research and
development.
 To develop quality leaders for unity in diversity within the bangsamoro
region.
 To ensure the growth and sustainability of the institution.
 To serve as center excellence in science, technology and innovation which
nurture the knowledge of the students.
 To strengthen multi-linkages between industry and institution.

CC 101 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

BS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY I
PRELIM HANDOUTS

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Topics:

1. USES OF COMPUTERS
2. HISTORY OF COMPUTING
3. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
4. First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes
5. Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
6. Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
7. Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors
8. Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence
9. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
10. DIFFERENT PARTS OF A COMPUTER AND THEIR USES
11. The monitor
12. The system box or computer console
13. The keyboard (Pressing)
14. The Mouse (Clicking and Dragging)
15. The Peripherals
 16. Disk Size Conversion Chart (Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes and Gigabytes)
17. TYPES OF COMPUTERS
18. ANATOMY OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
19. COMPUTER HARDWARE
20. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
21. INPUT DEVICES
22. OUTPUT DEVICES
23. STORAGE DEVICE
24. SYSTEM MEMORY

INTRODUCTION
Computer as a revolution left no area of life untouched in the present world. It is of
tremendous help in all field of life. Hence, the knowledge of computer is a necessity for
existence of everybody in this global village. The invention of computer has transformed our
simple manual works to sophisticated life of automated works to meet the global demand for
the higher productivity and increased efficiency with high precision.

Computer is increasingly becoming compulsory in nearly all fields of studies, not because
of anything but its accuracy and versatility in processing data. Many tasks at home or office are
being automated rapidly with computer. Thus it is becoming apparent that in whatever
discipline or working sector, the computer is now a very vital tool for efficiency improvement
and precision of job or task execution.

This is designed to meet the prerequisite need of everybody that are interested and
wish to know about computers science and computing in general.

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in

its own memory. These instructions tell the machine what to do. The computer is capable of
accepting data (input), processing data arithmetically and logically, producing output from the
processing, and storing the results for future use. Most computers that sit on a desktop are
called Personal Computers (PCs).

The "computer" is an ensemble of different machines that you will be using to get your
job done. A computer is primarily made of the Central Processing Unit (usually referred to as
the computer), the monitor, the keyboard, and the mouse. Other pieces of hardware are
commonly referred to as peripherals.

In everyday life activities, we process data or encounter cases of data processing. A

typical example of data processing is the generation of statement of student result from the
marks score in an examination and continuous assessment. It is essential to know that
information is as good as the data from which it is derived, and the transformation process
which they are subjected to. Meaningless data or inappropriate processing produces wrong
information. Thus computer gives you results corresponding to what data you supply and how
you process it (i.e. ëgabbage- in, gabbage-outí).

Summarily, the intelligent performance of a computer depends on correctness of input

data and the intelligence performance of the human being that drives it.
USES OF COMPUTERS
People use computers in many ways; business, computers are used to track inventories
with bar codes and scanners, check the credit status of customers, and transfer funds
electronically, homes, tiny computers embedded in the electronic circuitry of most appliances
control the indoor temperature, operate home security systems, tell the time, and turn video
cassette recorders (VCRs) on and off, automobiles regulate the flow of Computer Training
Expert Solution Consults Fundamentals of Computer Studies fuel, thereby increasing gas
mileage, they also entertain, creating digitized sound on stereo systems or computer-animated
features from a digitally encoded laser disc.

Computer programs, or applications, exist to aid every level of education, from programs that
teach simple addition or sentence construction to programs that teach advanced calculus. Educators use
computers to track grades and communicate with students; with computer-controlled projection units,
they can add graphics, sound, and animation to their communications. Computers are used extensively
in scientific research to solve mathematical problems, investigate complicated data, or model systems
that are too costly or impractical to build, such as testing the air flow around the next generation of
aircraft. The military employs computers in sophisticated communications to encode and unscramble
messages, and to keep track of personnel and supplies.

HISTORY OF COMPUTING
Since the creation of man, a significant amount of human activities has been ascribed to
organizing and processing information so that it could be more easily presented for easy
comprehension. Many devices have been used in the past before the advert of computer. It is
then necessary to vividly look into their evolution. Early computing machines:

1. Abacus (-2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a
frame. The rods correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the
digits.

2. Napierís Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napierís (1550 - 1617). This
consists of small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to
computation that consists of nine such rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1
through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do division and
multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.

3. Slide Rule (1600AD) by William Oughtred (1575 - 660): He invented it in 1622

but announced it in 1632 this consist of rules on which markings represent logarithms of
numbers and also permits calculation involving exponents, trigonometric functions, etc.

4. Pascal mechanical calculator (1600) or Numerical wheel calculator:-Blaise

Pascal (1623 -1664) in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The
brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials to add and sum up of eight figures long
using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with previous unheard
speed.

5. Leibnitz mechanical multiplier (1600): In 1694 Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibnitz (1646
-1716) improved upon the pascaline by creating a machine that can also multiply using
a system of dials and gear.
6. Colmarís Calculator (1820) by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar: This
presented a more practical approach to computing.
 7. Punched-Card machine (Jacquardís loom) (1801): Joseph Marie Jacquard.

8. Mechanical computer: Charles Gabbage (1792-1871) Father of the computer.

Difference engine powered by steam and large as locomotive the machine has a stored
program and could perform calculations and print the result automatically. We also have
Analytical engine credited to him.

9. Hermann Hollerith (1860-1929)

 Hollerithís system punch-card reader machine:-for counting census result in 1890
in US.
 formed tabulating machine company in 1896(TMC)
 Automatic Tabulating Machine (ATM)-1900
 TMC was renamed to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924
after series of mergers.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different
generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major
technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful, efficient and reliable devices.

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause
of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations,
and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples
of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered
to a business client. It was used in the 1951U.S. Bureau Census.

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers.
The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late
50s. The transistor was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube, allowing computers to
become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy- efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input
and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this
time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that
stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core
technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy
industry.

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

 The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors,
which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards
and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and
monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller
and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an
entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for
the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of
the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday
products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they
could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the
Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and
handheld devices.

Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being
used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial
intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

Hardware is the term given to the physical components of a computer: e.g. keyboard,
monitor, system box or floppy disk drive. Software, on the other hand, is electronic information:
files, operating system, graphics, computer programs are all example of software. The
difference between hardware and software reflects the duality between the physical and mental
worlds: for example, your brain is hardware, whereas your mind is software.

Software is the stuff that makes your computer do things for you. The computer
without software would be like a home entertainment system with no tapes, CDís, or movies -
you have the machine, but thereís nothing to play on it. Software is continually developed. Each
time the software maker (Microsoft, Adobe, Corel, etc) develops a new version of their software
they assign it a version number. Before Microsoft Word 7, there was Microsoft Word 6.0.1, and
before that Word 6.0. The larger the developments made to the software, the larger the version
number changes. Usually a large change will result in a whole number upgrade; a small change
may result in a tenth of a decimal place.

Hardware are those components or physical pieces (things you can touch) that make up
the computer. The different pieces of the computerís hardware are monitor, speakers, mouse,
CDROM, floppy drive, hard drive, keyboard, CPU, RAM, Processor, etc. Each piece plays a role
in the operation of a computer
DIFFERENT PARTS OF A COMPUTER AND THEIR USES
The standard computer consists of a monitor, a keyboard, a mouse and the system unit. One can
attach accessories such as printers and scanners by means of ports. Increasingly in the workplace,
computers are connected to printers and other computers by means of a network.

The monitor
This is the Visual Display Unit (VDU). There are various technologies for
the display unit, cathode ray tube (CRT) or Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
or electro luminescent screens or the projector. The monitor or screen
displays your work.

The system box or computer console

The system box is where all the computations that the computer
performs take place. Inside are the CPU processor, the motherboard,
the hard disk, any network or sound cards, memory chips (RAM),
printer ports (at the back) and the drive bays for floppy disks, Zip disks
or CDs. Outside the casings are the power buttons (ON/OFF and
Restart) with some additional facilities like the casing USB ports,
Webcams, etc

The keyboard (Pressing)

This is the basic input device. It is one of the ways you can tell the
computer what to do. It consists of the standard typewriter keys as
well as a numeric keypad and function keys. You can use it to give the
computer commands, name folders and files, and type text in word
processing documents. The keyboard is made of three main categories
of keys with each used for a different purpose.
 o Character Keys: These comprise of letters, numbers and the symbols.
They are used to insert/display readable characters on the screen which
is equivalent to the keystroke pressed.

o Action Keys: These are not used to type anything, instead they cause
an action. Escape, Tab, Caps Lock, Shift, Control, Alt, Backspace, Enter,
Windows, Win Menu, Print Screen, Scroll Lock, Pause Break, Number
Lock, Insert, Home, Page Up, Delete, End, Page Down, Power, Sleep,
Wake up, Up Arrow, Left Arrow, Right Arrow, Down Arrow, and Space
Bar.

o Application-Dependant Keys: These are called function keys. They

are F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, and F12. Although the F1
key is usually used to get help while working in Microsoft Windows, the
use of the other keys varies from one application to another. Eventually,
the application you use will give you instructions on what to do and how
to use the function keys.

Key Combinations
Some keys can be combined to produce uppercase letters or to access
the upper symbols of some keys (i.e. the Shift and Control keys). Keys are
also combined for many other reasons. In some situations, you have to press
keys simultaneously, which means that you may be expected to press two or
more keys at the same time, or almost at the same time. In some other
situations, you may have to press and release one key, followed by another.

Shortcuts
A shortcut is a quick action you ask a program to perform when you
press one particular key or a combination of keys. Some shortcuts are
universal or almost, that is, the computer responds regardless of what
application is running. Some other shortcuts depend on what you have on
your screen. Some shortcuts are already known to the computer (as part of
the operating system). Most other shortcuts are set by the programmer of
the particular application you are using. Yet some applications allow you to
create your own shortcuts. Some shortcuts are readily obvious and can be
seen from the main menu of the application. Some other shortcuts are either
part of Microsoft Windows (and can be applied in your program) or are not
easily displayed, you might have to search the Help documentation of the
program you are using.

The Mouse (Clicking and Dragging)

This is another input device used to move a small white arrow pointer-the
Cursor (but the shape will change depending on the context in which the
mouse is being used) on the screen. By pointing and clicking you can carry
out commands. A mouse is primarily made of three parts: the buttons, the
handling area, and the sensor (rolling object or light). There are either one,
two or three mouse buttons. By default, a mouse has two buttons: left and
right. Most mice nowadays are also equipped with a wheel on top of the
middle button called the Scroll Button.
The Peripherals
All the parts we have reviewed so far are usually required for the computer to
function. Some other parts, not required, can also be connected to the computer to
complement it. A peripheral is an object attached to the computer to help it perform some
necessary assignments none of the other parts can handle. In most scenarios, no peripheral
is required but nowadays, it is unusual for a computer not to have any peripheral at all. The
most used peripherals are the printer, a digital camera, a scanner, a projector, an external
drive (such as an external CD burner for an old computer), etc.

Disk Size Conversion Chart (Bits, Bytes, Kilobytes, Megabytes and

Gigabytes)
Bit- Binary digit:-a single elements in the computer memory that can store either 1 or 0
Word ñ 1Byte, 2Byte or 4Byte depending on the machine. Generally computer word length is
giving in bits; hence we have 8bit, 18bit or 32bit microprocessor computer.

Table 1: Computer Storage Devices Unit Conversion

Unit Equivalent to
1 bytes 8 bits
1 kilobytes 1024 bytes
1 megabytes 1024 kilobytes
1 gigabytes 1024 megabytes

TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Analog computer
These systems were the first type to be produced. It is an electronic machine capable of
performing arithmetic functions on numbers which are represented by some physical quantities
such as temperature, pressure, voltage, etc. Analog refers to circuits or numerical values that
have a continuous range. Popular analog computer used in the 20 th century was the slide rule.

Digital Computers
Virtually all modern computers are digital. Digital refers to the processes in computers
that manipulate binary numbers (0s or 1s), which represent switches that are turned on or off
by electrical current. A bit can have the value 0 or the value 1, but nothing in between 0 and 1.
A desk lamp can serve as an example of the difference between analog and digital. If the lamp
has a simple on/off switch, then the lamp system is digital, because the lamp either produces
light at a given moment or it does not. If a dimmer replaces the on/off switch, then the lamp is
digital, because the amount of light can vary continuously from on to off and all intensities in
between. Digital computers are more common in use and it will be our focus of discussion.

Hybrid Computer
This is when a computer make is of both analog and digital components and
techniques. Such computer require analog to digital and digital to analog converter which will
make analog and digital data palatable to it. The basic classification nowadays uses the
following.

1. The Desktop A computer is referred to as "desktop" when it is relatively small enough to be

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carry it on your laps when traveling or commuting. A laptop is also
common type of computers used in the office or at home.
2. The Laptop called a notebook.

3. The Server
A server is a computer that holds information that other computers,
called workstations, can retrieve. Such workstations are connected to
the server using various means. This means that they could be
connected using cable, wireless connection, etc. Only computers that
maintain a type of connection with the server can get the information
that is stored in the server.

ANATOMY OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

A typical computer system irrespective of its size, class or type consists of hardware and
software, integrated and harmonized together to perform computational work (scientific or
military) or data processing.

COMPUTER HARDWARE
Hardware system: Computer hardware consists of the components that can be
physically handled. It refers to the physical units or machine of functional units, which makes
up the computer configuration which is done to suit the goals and objectives of the user. The
function of these components is typically divided into three main categories: input, output, and
storage. Components in these categories connect to microprocessors, specifically, the
computers central processing unit (CPU), the electronic circuitry that provides the computational
ability and control of the computer, via wires or circuitry called a bus. Hardware may be
classified into Central Processing Units (CPU) and the peripherals. The CPU entails Control Unit
(CU), Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and the Internal Memory Unit (IMU) or main memory.
The peripherals consist of the input, output and Auxiliary Storage Units. Strictly speaking,
computer is made up of five district elements to include:

1. A central processing unit (ALU and CU)

2. Input unit
3. Output unit
4. Storage unit (Internal and Auxiliary)
5. The communication network; Bus that links all the elements of the system, and connects
the
6. External world. (Cables and Cords)
MOTHERBOARD: The motherboard is a printed circuit board that connects other components
through the use of traces, or electrical pathways. The motherboard is indispensable to the
computer and provides the main computing capability. Personal computers normally have one
central processing unit (CPU) on the motherboard.

THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

This is the main brain of the computer that accepts data, performs operations on the
data and sends out the result.Information from an input device or from the computerís memory
is communicated via the bus to the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the part of the
computer that translates commands and runs programs. It consists of ALU and CU, and a single
chip or series of chips that performs arithmetic and logical calculations and controls the
operations of the other elements of the system.

INPUT DEVICES
Input unit consists of external devicesóthat is, components outside the computerís CPU.
It provides or fetches information and instructions to the computer. These include keyboard,
mouse (mechanical/ opto- mechanical/ opticals), light pen, joystick, scanner, microphones
(voice recognition modules), Optical Character Reader (OCR), Magnetic Ink Character Reader
Recognition (MICR), bar code reader, badge reader, digitizer, touch screen and optical mark
reader (OMR).

A. Light pen: This is a stylus with a light sensitive tip that is used to draw directly on a
computerís video screen or to select information on the screen by pressing a clip in the
light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen. The pen
contains light sensors that identify which portion of the screen it is passed over. It is
mostly used with Laptop.
B. Mouse: This is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand. It has a detection
device (usually a ball) on the bottom that enables the user to control the motion of an
on-screen pointer, or cursor, by moving the mouse on a flat surface. As the device
moves across the surface, the cursor moves across the screen. To select items or
choose commands on the screen, the user presses a button on the mouse.
C. Joystick is a pointing device composed of a lever that moves in multiple directions to
navigate a cursor or other graphical object on a computer screen.
D. Keyboard: Keyboard is typewriter-like devices that allows the user to type in text,
numeric and execute commands with the aid of the functional keys on the keyboard.
E. Optical Scanner: This is light-sensing equipment that converts images such as a
picture or text into electronic signals that can be manipulated by a computer. For
example, a photograph can be scanned into a computer and then included in a text
document created on that computer. The two most common scanner types are the
flatbed scanner, which is similar to an office photocopier, and the handheld scanner,
which is passed manually across the image to be processed.
F. Microphone: This is a device for converting sound into signals that can then be stored,
manipulated, and played back by the computer. A voice recognition module is a device
that converts spoken words into information that the computer can recognize and
process.
G. Modem: It stands for modulator-demodulator, is a device that connects a computer to
a telephone line or cable television network and allows information to be transmitted to
 or received from another computer. Each computer that sends or receives information
must be connected to a modem.

OUTPUT DEVICES
Output devices consists of hardware that transfer information from the computerís CPU
to the computer user. This includes the monitor, Printer, plotters, or speaker. Video Graphic
Adapter: This is a device that converts information generated by the computer into visual
information called Monitor. It looks similar to a television set. Information from the CPU is
displayed on the screen of the monitor.
Printers: Information and graphics processed or produced with the aid of computer are printed
out as hardcopy with the aid of printer. There are different types of printers; Dot-matrix
printers, Laser printers, Inkjet, etc.
Plotters: Computer output to microfilm or fiche (COM) which process information on rolls of
film (drum plotter) or slide of film (flatbed plotter).

STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices provide permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by
the computer. The two main types of storage devices are disk drives and memory. There are
several types of disk drives: hard disk drive, floppy disk, magneto-optical, and compact disk.

Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a
permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and
retrieve that information very quickly. The disks are of different sizes such as 1G, 10G, 40G,
etc.

Floppy disk drives also store information in magnetic particles embedded in removable disks.
Floppy disks store less information than a hard disk drive and retrieve the information at a
much slower rate. It is of 2 type 51/4 floppy disk and 3 1 /2 floppy disk.

Magneto-optical disc drives store information on removable discs that are sensitive to both
laser light and magnetic fields. They can typically store as much information as hard disks, but
they have slightly slower retrieval speeds.

Compact Disc Drives store information on pits burned into the surface of a disc of reflective
material such as CD-ROM. CD-ROMs can store about as much information as a hard drive but
have a slower rate of information retrieval.

Digital Video Disc (DVD): This is similar and works like a CD-ROM but can store more than
15times as much information. Flash drives work as floppy disks but more sensitive as a hard
disk that must be ejected logical before final removal from the computer system. It has more
memory than floppy disks.

Memory Cards work as flash drive but with an additional device called the card reader. This is
very effective and more durable than the flash drives.

SYSTEM MEMORY
Memory refers to the computer chips that store information for quick retrieval by the
CPU. They are basically divided into two ROM and RAM.
Random Access Memory (RAM) is used to store information and instructions that
operate the computerís programs. Typically, programs are transferred from storage on a disk
drive to RAM. RAM is also known as volatile memory because the information within the
computer chips is lost when power to the computer is turned off or the computer hanged.

Read-Only Memory (ROM) contains critical information and software that must be
permanently available for computer operation, such as the operating system that directs the
computerís actions from start up to shut down. ROM is called non-volatile memory because the
memory chips do not lose their information when power to the computer is turned off.