MPM 2D IN A NUTSHELL

Exam Content

Name: __________________________

Create study notes based on the following concepts. Be sure to include key terms and main ideas of the unit
along with examples.

Unit 1: Linear Systems

 When two or more linear equations are used to model to a problem, it is called a ____________
____________.
 The solution to a linear system is a ____________________ ___________ that will satisfy all equations
in the system.
 The methods to solve a linear system:
a)
b)
c)
 The number of solutions a linear system can have is:
a)
b)
c)
 The values of the slope and _____________ of each equation in a linear system will determine the number
of possible solutions.
a) No solution: Same slope and _____________________
b) One solution: _____________________ and y-intercepts have no influence.
c) Infinite Number of Solutions: Same slope and _____________________
 To solve a linear system using _____________________, you replace one variable in terms of another.
 To solve a linear system using _____________________, the coefficients of the same variable in both
equations must have the same value or the opposite value. You can eliminate the variable by adding or
_____________________ the equations.

Example 1: Solve the following system using the method of your choice.

y  2x  3
14  2 y  6 x

Example 2: The caterers for a charity event are preparing the dinner menu. There are two meal options
guests can choose from: Steak for $21 or Chicken for $16. The total cost for the 258 guest dinners is
$4878. How many steak dinners were ordered? How many chicken dinners were ordered?
Unit 2: Analytic Geometry

 The distance, d, between any two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is: __________________________.
 The distance from any point on the circle to the centre is called the ______________.
 The equation of a circle having center (0, 0) and radius r is _____________________.
 The _____________________ is the point that is equidistant from the endpoints of the line segment.
 Given the line segment with endpoints A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2), the midpoint is: M =
 A _____________________ is a line that joins a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the opposite side
 The __________________________ is a line perpendicular to a line segment and passes through the
midpoint of the opposite side.

Example 1: A circle has its center at (0, 0) and passes through the point (5, -3).
a) Determine the equation of the circle.

b) Determine if the point (4, 4) lies in, on or outside of the circle.

Example 2: A triangle has its vertices at A(-2, 4), B(1,8) and C(4,1).
a) Calculate the side length of side BC.

b) Calculate the midpoint of side AB.

c) Determine the perpendicular bisector of CA.

Unit 3 - 6: Quadratic Relations

 The ______________ of a one-variable polynomial is the highest exponent that appears in any term of the
expanded form of the polynomial. A polynomial of a degree ____ models a quadratic relation.
 The graph of a quadratic relation is called a _____________________.
 The values of the __________________________ in a table of values determines if the relation is linear.
 If the _____________ differences are constant, the relation is _____________. If not, the relation is
____ - _____________.
Properties of Quadratic Relations:

 The values of the __________________________ in a table of values determines if the relation is

quadratic.
 If the _____________ differences are constant, the relation is _____________.
 If the constant value of the 2nd differences is _____________________, then the parabola opens up.
If the value is _____________________, then the parabola opens down.
 The ____________of a parabola is the point on the graph with the greatest or least y-value.
 The y-coordinate corresponds to the _________________ value and the x-coordinate corresponds to the
______ of ___________________.
 Depending on the direction of opening of the parabola, this optimal value is either a
__________________ or __________________ value.
 A parabola is symmetrical with respect to a vertical line through its vertex. This line is called the
_______________________.
 The x-intercepts of a parabola are called the ____________

A quadratic relation can be written in three forms:

a)
b)
c)

 A quadratic relation in the form y = a(x – r)(x – s) is said to be in _____________________ form,

where r and s represent __________________.

 A quadratic relation in the form y = ax2 + bx + c is said to be in ____________________ form,

where c represents ___________________.

 A quadratic relation in the form y = a(x – h)2 + k is said to be in _____________________, where the
vertex is ( , ) and the equation of the axis of symmetry x = _____ , and the optimal value is _____.

 If a > 0, the parabola opens __________. If a < 0, the parabola opens ___________.

Describing Transformations: y = a(x – h)2 + k

The following are transformations to the graph y = x2

The “a” value:

If “a” is negative, then it is a _____________________ in the x-axis
If a > 1, then it is a vertical ________________________ by a factor of a.
If 0 < a < 1, then it is a vertical________________________ by a factor of a.

The “h” value:

If h > 0, then it is ___________________________.
If h  0, then it is ___________________________.

The “k” value:

If k > 0, then it is ___________________________.
If k  0, then it is ___________________________.
Sketching Graphs of Quadratic Relations:

 To graph a parabola, complete a _______________ of ________________ for y = x 2

The five important points are: (-2, ), (-1, ), (0, ), (1, ), (2, )
 Create a new table of values using the mapping rule: (x, y)  ( x , y ) based on the
transformations.

Equations of Quadratic Relations:

 The equation, in factored form, can be determined if the __________ are given and some other point on
the graph (such as the vertex, y-intercept or any other point)

 The equation, in vertex form, can be determined if the __________ is given and some other point on the
graph (such as the y-intercept or any other point)

In both cases, substitute the given information into the appropriate equation and solve for the _____ value.

 The equation, in standard form, can be determined by ____________________ and

_____________________ the equation using FOIL.

Exponent Laws:

 Multiplication, Division, Power of a Power

When multiplying powers with the same base, ____________ the exponents.
When dividing powers with the same base, _______________ the exponents.
When multiplying powers by a power, __________________ the exponents.

 Zero Exponents

Any power with exponent 0 is equal to __________.

 Negative Exponents
n
n a
For any non-zero base b, b = _______ For any rational base,   = ________
b

Factoring
 Many quadratic relations in standard form can be written in factored form by factoring.
We learned several methods: AM Method, Decomposition, Box Method (Criss Cross),
Special Cases: Difference of Squares, Perfect Squares.

*Always remove the ________________ _________________ ________________ ( ) first!

 The zeros of a quadratic relation can be found by:

1. ___________________ the expression using the appropriate method
2. Set each bracket equal to ___________ and solving for _______

 The axis of symmetry can be determine by using the formula x = ________ , where r and s represent the
zeros.
 The vertex can be found by substituting the value of the ______ of _______________ into the equation
and solving for ______.

 Use the skill of _________________ the _____________ to a take a quadratic from Standard Form to
Vertex Form.
 The use of completing the square is useful to determine the ______________ or the maximum or minimum
point of the relation.
 Use the method of completing the square to solve a word problem if the question requires the maximum or
minimum, the greatest or least.
 The quadratic formula is another way to help us find the zeros (or roots or to solve the quadratic)
x=

 The quadratic formula is useful when the quadratic is not _________________.

 The ____________________, b 2  4ac , identifies the number of roots (1, 2, or 0) and the type of roots
(real and distinct, equal, or no real roots)

Word Problems
Word problems can be solving using a variety of methods from Unit 4 and Unit 5.
 If the problem requires the zeros or roots, use the _________________ formula or ____________,
if possible.
 If the problem requires the vertex, the quickest method is _________________ the ___________.

Example 1: Given the graph y = -2 (x + 4) (x – 6), complete the following:

a) Does the graph open up or down? How do you know?

b) Determine the zeros of the function.

c) Determine the axis of symmetry.

d) Determine the vertex.

e) Determine the equation in standard form.

f) Graph the equation.

Example 2: Factor.
a) x 2  7 x  18 b) 2 x 2  5x  12 c) 64 y 2  144

d) 25x 2  70 x  49 e) 16 x 2 ( y  4)  24 x( y  4)  9( y  4)

Example 3: State the transformations applied to the function y  x2 .

1 2
a) x 9 b)  3( x  2) 2  7
2

Example 4: For the following equation y  3x 2  12 x  5, complete the following:

a) What direction does the quadratic open? Explain.

b) What is the vertex?

Example 5: Consider the equation y  3x 2  9 x  12. How many roots does the equation have? What are the
solutions to the equation?
Example 6: Josh punts a football during gym class. The path of the ball is modeled by the function,
h  2.25t 2  4.5t  6.75, where h is the height of the football and t is time elapsed. Determine the balls
maximum height.

Unit 7: Similar Triangles & Trigonometry

 _____________________ triangles has the _________ size and shape.

The corresponding _______ lengths and ___________ measures are ___________.
The symbol is _____.

 _____________________ triangles have the same shape, but ________________sizes. One triangle is
an enlargement or reduction of the other.

 The corresponding __________ are equal but ________ lengths are ________________________.
The symbol is _____.

 The __________ __________, k, relates the lengths of corresponding sides of similar figures.

 To calculate an unknown side length in a triangle, you must determine that two triangles are ___________,
then you can set up a ________________________ using corresponding sides.

 When solving right triangles, apply the _______________ trigonometric ratios: SOH CAH TOA

sin A = ________________ cos A = ________________ tan A = ________________

 Use the ______________ trigonometric ratio (sin-1; cos-1; tan-1) when you need to determine the measure
of an angle.

Unit 8: Acute Triangle Trigonometry

 When solving oblique (non-right) triangles, apply the Sine Law or the Cosine Law.

 Use the ____________ Law if you are given __________ or __________

sin A sin B sin C a b c

   or
 
a b c sin A sin B sin C
 Use the ______________ Law if you are given ___________ or ___________

a2 =
Example 1: Sam is a landscape designer. She is working on a backyard that is the shape of a right triangle. She
needs to cover the yard with sod and then fence the yard. She starts by drawing a scale diagram using the
scale 1 cm represents 6.25 m. She marks the dimensions of the yard on her drawing as 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm.
A roll of sod covers 0.93 m2. How many rolls of sod does Sam need? What length of fencing does she need?

Example 2: Solve for the variable presented.

a) b) c)

Example 3: The roof of a new house must be built to exact specifications so that solar panels can be installed.
The long rafters at the front of the house must be inclined at an angle of 26 to the horizontal beam. The
short rafters at the back of the house must be inclined at an angle of 66 . The house is 15.3 m wide.
Determine the length of the long rafters.

Example 4: Find the value of smallest angle.