Report – Electrical protection

settings
P14169

Wind farm Formosa 2

prepared for:

Fortune Electric Co., Ltd.

No.10, Jilin Rd., Zhongli Dist., Taoyuan City 32063, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Moeller & Poeller Engineering

(M.P.E.) GmbH
Europaplatz 5
72072 Tübingen
Germany

Tel.: +49 7071 13879-0

Fax.: +49 7071 13879-99
Email.: [email protected]

Released by:
Peter Lilje, Ph. D.
Tel.: +49 7071 13879-17
Email.: [email protected]

Version Date Author Comments

1 19.10.2020 Peter Lilje Draft report under review
2 11.02.2021 Peter Lilje Draft report under review
Various adjustments, removal of 161kV shunt,
incorporation of comments
3 07.05.2021 Peter Lilje Issued for client’s comments
4 31.05.2021 Peter Lilje Added breaker fail and restricted earth fault.
Added IDMT-overcurrent protection at POC as
per TPC’s review check list.
Other improvements.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table of contents

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 5
2 69kV Cable strings (CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640) ....................................................................... 7
2.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51/46) ................................................................................. 7
2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N) .............................................................. 11
2.3 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 13
3 69kV Shunt reactors (CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940) .................................................................. 15
3.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51) .................................................................................... 15
3.2 Reactor restricted earth fault protection (87N) ...................................................................... 17
3.3 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N) .............................................................. 17
3.4 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 19
4 69kV Filters (CBs 810, 820) ....................................................................................................... 20
4.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51/46) ............................................................................... 20
4.2 Delay before energising protection (37 and 62) .................................................................... 21
4.3 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N) .............................................................. 22
4.4 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 22
5 69/25kV Substation auxiliary transformer (CBs 590, 210)...................................................... 24
5.1 Transformer differential protection (87T) ............................................................................... 24
5.2 Transformer restricted earth fault protection (87N) ............................................................... 25
5.3 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51) ....................................................................... 26
5.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N) ................................................. 28
5.5 Phase overcurrent protection at 23kV (50/51/46).................................................................. 29
5.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N) ................................................. 30
5.7 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 30
6 23/0.40kV Substation LV transformer (CB 220) ....................................................................... 31
6.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 23kV (50/51) ....................................................................... 31
6.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N) ................................................. 32
7 69kV Busbars .............................................................................................................................. 34
7.1 Busbar differential protection (87B) ....................................................................................... 34
7.2 69kV Bus coupler (CB 600) ................................................................................................... 37
7.2.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51) ............................................................... 37
7.2.2 Breaker fail protection (50BF) ........................................................................................ 37
8 161/69kV Wind farm transformers (CBs 710/20/30 and 1650/60/70) ...................................... 38
8.1 Transformer differential protection (87T) ............................................................................... 38
8.2 Transformer restricted earth fault protection (87N) ............................................................... 41
8.3 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51/46).................................................................. 42
8.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N) ................................................. 45

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8.5 Phase overcurrent protection at 161kV (50/51) ..................................................................... 46

8.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 161kV (50N/51N) ............................................... 47
8.7 Transformer neutral overcurrent protection (51Z) ................................................................. 48
8.8 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo) .......................................................................................... 50
8.9 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 51
9 161kV Busbars............................................................................................................................ 52
9.1 Busbar differential protection (87B) ....................................................................................... 52
10 161kV Export cables .................................................................................................................. 54
10.1 Cable differential protection (87L) ......................................................................................... 54
10.2 Cable distance protection (21)............................................................................................... 55
10.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67) ............................................ 59
10.4 Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67N) ......................... 60
10.5 Phase overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50/51) .............................................. 61
10.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50N/51N) ........................ 63
10.7 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo) .......................................................................................... 64
10.8 Frequency protection (81L, 81H) ........................................................................................... 65
10.9 Breaker fail protection (50BF)................................................................................................ 65
11 161kV Grid interface protection (CBs 1550, 1560) .................................................................. 66
11.1 Summary of TPC requirements ............................................................................................. 66
11.2 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51) .................................................................................... 66
11.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection (67) ....................................................................... 67
11.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N) .............................................................. 67
11.5 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo) .......................................................................................... 67
11.6 Frequency protection (81L, 81H) ........................................................................................... 68
12 References .................................................................................................................................. 69

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

1 Introduction
The company Fortune Electric Co., Ltd. (Fortune Electric) is planning the construction of the onshore
parts of the nearshore wind farm Formosa 2 in Taiwan, together with all required power system
studies. The wind farm will have 47 wind turbine generators of the type Siemens SG 8.0-167 DD;
60Hz. It will be connected to the 161kV transmission system. The wind farm voltage will be 69kV.
This document presents the proposed settings of the electrical protection relays. The protection
functions have been provided by Fortune Electric [1]. The settings are stated in terms of primary
voltages and currents. The values that must be entered into the relay may be secondary, % or per unit
values. These may depend on the specific version of the relay to be installed and must be derived by
the protection commissioning engineer from the primary values.
All current transformers have rated secondary currents of 5A [2]. It is recommended to ensure that the
burdens of all relay circuits do not lead to excessive saturation.
Figure 1 shows the topology of the onshore electrical system, including the circuit breakers (CBs) that
were considered in this study (numbers in red).
The symbol Apri is used throughout this document to mean Amperes on the primary side of the current
transformer.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 1: Topology of onshore wind farm power system incl. circuit breaker numbers

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

2 69kV Cable strings (CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640)

2.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51/46)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to grade with the protection of the WTG
transformers. It is set up to measure RMS currents.

The pickup current is set to approximately 110-120% of the cable rating, which allows temporary
operation at of the WTGs at 8.4MW and 1.08p.u. voltage. The current contribution from the WTGs will
be within 110% for their rated currents during fault conditions (944A for 12 WTGs).

The protection acts as a backup for the WTG transformer protection. It is noted that this backup
function has a limitation, because 2-ph faults on the secondary side of the last WTG in a string could
lead to faults currents in the order of the load currents i.e., they would not cause the overcurrent
protection in the CBs 610, 620, 630 or 640 to operate.

At currents above approximately 130% of the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection of the
WTGs, the tripping time is reduced to 200ms. This reduces the operating time compared to the IDMT-
characteristic at high fault currents.

The protection is also set to grade with that of the 10Mvar shunt reactors.

A negative-sequence definite-time overcurrent function is set to back up the protection on the HV side
of the WTG transformers in the event of unbalanced faults in the WTG transformers, leading to fault
currents that are not detected by the normal phase overcurrent protection. It is noted that the WTGs
control their negative sequence currents to zero during fault conditions. Table 4 shows that the
negative phase sequence overcurrent protection is slower than the phase overcurrent protection,
which ensures that the string is not disconnected prior to the WTG protection having had time to clear
WTG faults. The negative phase sequence protection also provides a backup to earth faults on the
690V side of the WTG transformers.

Table 1: Phase overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]

Description Setting
Definite time overcurrent, I> (7SR45) 102Apri
Time delay, I> (7SR45) 190ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> (7SR45) 1443Apri
Definite time overcurrent, I> (7SJ82) 98Apri
Time delay, I> (7SJ82) 190ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> (7SJ82) 1393Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 2: Rated, operating and sub-transient fault currents at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640

Description Current at CB (Apri)

610 620 630 640
Rating of cable GIS 6x0-TJBx 1209Apri
Rating of cable TJBx-DDP-x 935Apri
Rating of cable DDP-x-to-WTG 967Apri
110% of rating (TJBx-DDP-x) 1029Apri
Maximum operating current with WTGs at 8.4MW, 976 1022 922 951
maximum reactive power (over-excited) with 98%
voltage at F2-69kV
Maximum operating current with WTGs at 8.4MW, 944 933 876 930
maximum reactive power (under-excited) with 98%
voltage at F2-69kV
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most remote 3801 / 3566 3969 / 3540 /
WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 0% of WTG 2195 2059 2292 2044
transformer impedance, string interlink closed, one
161/69kV wind farm transformer in service, one 161kV
cable in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most remote 1121 / 1101 / 1135 / 1098 /
WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 80% of WTG
647 635 655 634
transformer impedance, string interlink closed, one
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service, one
161kV cable in service
Maximum 3-ph short-circuit current at first WTG 16255 15397 15940 12559
(69kV), all 161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
all 161kV cables in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault 595 / 589 / 598 / 588 /
at most remote WTG (690V terminals), string interlink
297 294 299 294
closed, two 161/69kV wind farm transformers in
service, two 161kV cables in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current
Maximum short-circuit current for three-phase fault at 23 793 23 799 23 893 23 829
terminals of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm
transformers in service, two 161kV cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault 19169 / 19169 / 19169 / 19169 /
at terminals of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind 11288 11288 11288 11288
farm transformers in service, two 161kV cables in
service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current
Maximum 2-ph short-circuit current at terminals of 19110 / 19112 / 19146 / 19117 /
reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm transformers
11288 11288 11288 11288
in service, two 161kV cables in service

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 3: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
610 620 630 640
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard Standard Standard Standard
inverse inverse inverse inverse
IDMT current pick-up 1032 Apri 1032 Apri 1032 Apri 1032 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 1800 Apri 1800 Apri 1800 Apri 1800 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, I> 200ms 200ms 200ms 200ms
Negative sequence, Stage 1-definite time 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri
overcurrent, I2>
Negative sequence, Stage 1-time delay, I2> 500ms 500ms 500ms 500ms
Harmonic blocking (both +ve and -ve Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled
sequence)

Figure 2: Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 and cable capabilities

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 4: Calculated operating times for phase overcurrent and negative sequence overcurrent
protection

Description
Phase Operating Negative Operating
current time sequence time
current
(Apri) (s) (s)
(Apri)
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most 3801 0.20 2195 0.50
remote WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 0%
of WTG transformer impedance, string interlink
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, one 161kV cable in service
Minimum 2-ph short-circuit current at most 1121 None 647 0.50
remote WTG (69kV), with fault impedance 80%
of WTG transformer impedance, string interlink
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, one 161kV cable in service
Maximum 3-ph short-circuit current at first WTG 16255 0.20 0 None
(69kV), all 161/69kV wind farm transformers in
service, all 161kV cables in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to- 595 None 297 0.50
phase fault at most remote WTG (690V
terminals), string interlink closed, two 161/69kV
wind farm transformers in service, two 161kV
cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for three-phase 23793 0.20 0 None
fault at terminals of reactor (69kV), three
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
two 161kV cables in service
Maximum short-circuit current for phase-to- 19169 0.20 11288 0.50
phase fault at terminals of reactor (69kV), three
161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
two 161kV cables in service
Maximum 2-ph short-circuit current at terminals 19110 0.20 11288 0.50
of reactor (69kV), three 161/69kV wind farm
transformers in service, two 161kV cables in
service

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

2.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

Earth faults in the string cables lead to residual currents in the CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640.
Overcurrent relays (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SJ85) are used to detect such faults. The relays must be
set to grade with the protection of the WTG transformers and the 10Mvar shunt reactors (CBs 910,
920, 930 and 940).

An earth fault current in the offshore network leads to a residual current at all four string CBs in the
substation (610, 620, 630 and 640). Selective protection is achieved using time-grading of time-
dependent overcurrent protection.

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

Table 5 summarises the earth-fault protection settings of the WTG transformers [3] and Figure 3
shows them diagrammatically.

Table 5: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at WTG 69kV [3]

Description Setting
Instantaneous overcurrent, IG>> (7SR45) 24 Apri
Instantaneous overcurrent, IG>> (7SJ82) 12 Apri

Table 6 shows the fault currents through the bays 610-640 for various fault locations and operating
conditions. Both the residual currents (3Io) and the negative-sequence currents (I2) are shown.

Table 7 and Figure 3 show the proposed settings for the phase-to-ground protection.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 6: Sub-transient fault currents at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 for different operating and fault
conditions

Description Current at Bay (Apri)

610 620 630 640 NER
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 848 / 836 / 859 / 843 / ~850
(HV terminal of WTG), one 161/69kV wind 285 285 287 291
farm transformer in service, all other strings
disconnected
3Io / I2
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 185 / 299 / 165 / 1141 / 939
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 0 438
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at end of string 552 / 702 / 525 / 2137 / 1225
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 0 897
closed, one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected, SR-1 to 4
disconnected
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at end of string 386 / 449 / 0 336 / 2604 / 784
D (HV terminal of WTG), string D interlink 0 0 923
closed, three 161/69kV wind farm transformers
in service, strings A-D connected, reactors SR-
1 to 4 disconnected
3Io / I2
Maximum current for earth fault at terminals of 520 / 662 / 0 495 / 3839 / 1156
shunt reactor SR-4, three 161/69kV wind farm 0 0 1396
transformer in service, strings A-D connected,
reactors SR-1 to 4 disconnected
3Io / I2
Minimum current for earth fault at end of string 0/ 0/ 0/ 0/ 0
(LV terminal of WTG), string interlink closed, 200 198 200 198
one 161/69kV wind farm transformer in
service, strings A-D connected
3Io / I2

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 7: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
610 620 630 640
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard Standard Standard Standard
inverse inverse inverse inverse
IDMT current pick-up, 3Io 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri 180 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Instantaneous overcurrent, 3Io>> 4608 Apri 4608 Apri 4608 Apri 4608 Apri

Figure 3: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 610, 620, 630, 640

2.3 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

A breaker fail event is very unlikely in the case of modern GIS-type circuit breakers. It is
recommended that the required breaker fail system be set up to be very robust. The detection of the
status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than using auxiliary
contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 8: Breaker fail protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
610 620 630 640
Phase current threshold for breaker closed 300 Apri 300 Apri 300 Apri 300 Apri
detection

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

3 69kV Shunt reactors (CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940)

3.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at RMS currents higher than load
current (84A). The pickup current is set to around 140% to ensure that the reactors do not trip even
with temporary overvoltages in the grid of 20%, allowing for component tolerances and CT errors.
Overvoltages can also occur due to single-phase faults in the 69kV network, and at least one second
is allowed to clear such faults before tripping the shunt reactor.
Table 9 and Figure 4 show the proposed settings for the phase overcurrent protection.
Table 9: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
910 920 930 940
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard Standard Standard Standard
inverse inverse inverse inverse
IDMT current pick-up 120 Apri 120 Apri 120 Apri 120 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 500 Apri 500 Apri 500 Apri 500 Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled Enabled Enabled Enabled

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 4: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 910 (shunt reactor, purple) and CB 610 (string cable, blue)

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

3.2 Reactor restricted earth fault protection (87N)

The restricted ground fault protection increases the percentage of the reactor winding in which an
earth fault is detected beyond that covered by overcurrent protection.
The relay characteristic is shown in Figure 12. The settings have been determined using the
recommendations provided by Siemens in [6], the main considerations of which are as follows:

• The differential current is given by 𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ + 3𝐼𝑜∗ | , where 𝐼𝑌∗ refers to the star-point
current, 3𝐼𝑜∗ refers to the sum of the phase currents and * means that the ratios of the current
transformers have been considered.

• The restraint current is given by 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ | + |𝐼𝐴∗ | + |𝐼𝐵∗ | + |𝐼𝐶∗ | .

• A minimum possible setting for the threshold current is specified (5% of the current
transformer rating). Using the current transformer primary current of 1200A, the minimum
threshold in Ampere is 0.05*1200A = 60A. Since the reactor rated current is 83.7A (based on
10MVA and 69kV), the minimum threshold in percentage of the reactor’s rated current is 72%.
Based on that, the threshold has been set at 75%.

• In the case of a shunt reactor, the sloped section can be set to the minimum value of 0.05. A
sensitive setting is possible because faults external to the reactor do not lead to saturation of
the reactor’s current transformers.

• The protection relay uses the phase angles of the currents to provide security against
maloperation whilst allowing sensitive settings to be used.
In the case of a single-phase to ground fault, the lowest fault current at the terminals of the reactor
occurs if only one of the 200MVA transformers is in service and amounts to 1100A. The fault current
reduces to 3Io=60A if the fault impedance is approximately 650Ω. This impedance exceeds the
reactors winding reactance of 476Ω, meaning that the restricted earth fault protection would cover the
entire winding.
Table 10: Shunt reactor restricted earth fault protection at CBs 610, 620, 630 and 640 (7SJ82)

Description Setting

Threshold 60 Apri
0.75 I/Irated,S
Intersection of the two straight lines 250 Apri
Slope 0.05

3.3 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

The settings for the phase-to-ground fault protection in the 10Mvar inductive shunts should consider
that a neutral current will also flow in the event of earth faults in other part of the 69kV system.

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The pickup current is set to approximately 10% of the CT rated current. Very high currents, which can
only occur for faults in the respective shunt reactor, can be cleared instantaneously.

Table 11: Sub-transient currents at selected CBs for different operating and 1ph-ground short-circuit
conditions

Description Current at CB
640 910, 920,
930, 940
Maximum residual current 3Io for fault at terminals of shunt reactor 3453 Apri 282 - 3662
SR-1 Apri
Minimum residual current 3Io for earth fault at end of string D, one 1169 Apri 237 Apri
161/69kV wind farm transformer in service, strings A-D connected
Maximum residual current 3Io for earth fault at end of string D, string 2293 Apri 187 Apri
D interlink closed, three 161/69kV wind farm transformers in service,
strings A-D connected

Table 12 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 5 shows them diagrammatically.

Table 12: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
910, 920, 930, 940
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up, 3Io 30 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.10
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 500 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 5: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940

3.4 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 13: Breaker fail protection at CBs 910, 920, 930 and 940 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
910 920 930 940
Phase current threshold for breaker closed 50 Apri 50 Apri 50 Apri 50 Apri
detection

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

4 69kV Filters (CBs 810, 820)

4.1 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51/46)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set with an IEC standard inverse characteristic to
allow for temporary overcurrents during network transients. It acts as a backup to the filter-internal
protection, which is to be provided by the filter supplier. The pickup current is set to approximately
120% of the power-frequency load current (1.2 x 125A ≈ 150A).

Further protection is provided at component level. For example, the current unbalance between
capacitor groups is measured to detect capacitor failures. It must be ensured that the settings of any
thermal overload, additional overcurrent, overvoltage or current unbalance protection is not activated
during grid disturbances, which the wind farm has to ride through. For example, the filter should not
trip during temporary overvoltages (which lead to currents beyond the rated current) that occur due to
increases in the grid voltage. Such voltage increases will be corrected by the action of the wind farm
transformer tap changers (see also section 8.8).

Table 14: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 810 and 820 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
810, 820
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up 150 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.10
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 750 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 6: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CB 810, 820 (filters)

4.2 Delay before energising protection (37 and 62)

In an application with shunt capacitors, it must be ensured that the capacitor voltages have decayed
sufficiently before re-energising to limit the making current, thereby protecting the circuit breaker. In
this application, the inrush currents are limited by the filters’ inductances and their resistances.
Nevertheless, it is proposed to detect a de-energisation and to delay the re-energisation of the filters1.

The de-energisation can be detected using either an under-voltage or under-current protection

function. In this case, an under-current function has been proposed, set to 50% of the rated current. A
time delay is added to avoid the logic from being activated during external grid faults.

Based on the specified discharge time of 10 minutes, as specified in [7], it is proposed to set the delay
to 15 minutes.

1 As an additional precaution, the filters can be discharged through their earth switches (after having discharged
through their built-in resistances) prior to re-energisation.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 15: Delay before re-energising at CBs 810 and 820 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
810, 820
Under-current to detect de-energisation, <I 60 Apri
Delay to detect energisation 3s
Delay before re-energisation 15 minutes

4.3 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

The star points of the filters are not grounded, so no residual current flows in the event of external
single-phase-to-ground short circuits. Phase-to-ground fault protection in the filters should be cleared
instantaneously. A small delay is included for low fault currents to increase the security of the
protection.

The pickup current of the relay is set to measure RMS currents and respond to the lowest possible
current, subject to the recommendation in [4] that for RMS current measurements the setting should
not be less than 10% of the secondary rated current. It is assumed that the multi-ratio current
transformer will be set at 300/5A.

Table 16 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 14 shows them diagrammatically, together
with the protection characteristics for the other 69kV substation bays.

Table 16: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 810 and 820 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
810, 820
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, 3Io> 30 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, 3Io> 150ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, 3Io>> 120 Apri

4.4 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 17: Breaker fail protection at CBs 810 and 820 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
810, 820
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 60 Apri

23
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

5 69/25kV Substation auxiliary transformer (CBs 590, 210)

5.1 Transformer differential protection (87T)
The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 11. The settings have been
determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [6], the main considerations of which
are as follows:

• The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 11, where the current
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 | and the restraint current by Irest. = Max (| I1|, | I2|), with I1
and I2 being the currents on either side of the transformer.

• The star-point of the 22.8kV-side is solidly grounded. The measurement of the CT in the star-
point connection is used by the differential protection. This improves the accuracy of
distinguishing between internal and external earth faults.

• The threshold setting is chosen based on the assumption that the setting of the tap setting is
not fed back to the relay. This leads to a tap changer correction value of kStS = 0.1 [6] and a
threshold setting of at least 0.27.

• The slope has been set assuming that the tap setting is not fed back to the relay and in
accordance with the recommendation in [6], leading to Slope 1 ≈ 2*1.2* kStS = 0.24.

• Current transformer errors can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
Errors up to 10% have been considered.

• The setting for I-diff-unconstrained was set above the maximum expected inrush current,
using figure 6-48 in [6]. A further consideration was the maximum current on the 69kV-side of
the transformer, for a fault on 22.8kV-side. Currents higher than this must, therefore, be due to
faults inside the protected zone.
The main parameters of the transformers are shown in Table 18. The proposed settings are shown in
Table 19.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 18: Parameters of substation auxiliary transformer [2]

Parameter Value
Rated power (base for values below) 6 MVA
Rated voltage HV side 69kV ± 8*1.25%
Rated voltage LV side 22.8 kV
Rated current HV side at 69kV 50.2 A
Rated current LV side at 22.8kV 152 A
Short circuit voltage uk 10 %

Table 19: Substation auxiliary transformer differential protection at CB 590 (7UT85)

Description Setting

Base power for the values below 6 MVA

CT ratio, LV-side 200 / 5
Neutral point (22.8kV-side) Grounded
Threshold  30% of rated current
Intersection 1 Irest  67% of rated current
Slope 1  30%
Add-on stabilisation Deactivated
Intersection 2 Irest  250% of rated current
Slope 2  70%
Threshold, I-diff unconstrained 10 x rated current
Harmonic blocking Enabled

5.2 Transformer restricted earth fault protection (87N)

The restricted ground fault protection is a differential protection that increases the percentage of the
transformer secondary winding in which an earth fault is detected.
The relay characteristic is shown in Figure 12. The settings have been determined using the
recommendations provided by Siemens in [6], the main considerations of which are as follows:

• The differential current is given by 𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ + 3𝐼𝑜∗ | , where 𝐼𝑌∗ refers to the star-point
current, 3𝐼𝑜∗ refers to the sum of the phase currents and * means that the ratios of the current
transformers have been considered.

• The restraint current is given by 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ | + |𝐼𝐴∗ | + |𝐼𝐵∗ | + |𝐼𝐶∗ | .

• A minimum possible setting for the threshold current is specified (5% of the current
transformer rating). Using the current transformer primary current of 200A, the minimum

25
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

threshold in Ampere is 0.05*200A = 10A. Since the transformer rated current is 152A, the
minimum threshold in per centage of the transformer rated current is 6.5%. Based on that, the
threshold has been set at a value higher than 0.065.

• The sloped section of the characteristic is typically set to start at a restraint current of 3 times
the rated current (in this case, 456 A). The slope is set at the threshold setting / 3.

• The protection relay uses the phase angles of the currents to provide security against
maloperation whilst allowing sensitive settings to be used.

Table 20: Substation auxiliary transformer restricted earth fault protection LV side at CB 590 (7UT85)

Description Setting

Threshold 0.20 I/Irated,S

i.e., 30.4 Apri
Intersection of the two straight lines 450 Apri
Slope 0.30

5.3 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51)

A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current.
The pickup current is set to approximately 150% of the transformer rated current and the short-circuit
protection is set to grade with the overcurrent protection of the downstream transformer.
The protection acts as a backup to the transformer differential protection. For a fault current that is so
high, that the fault could only be inside the transformer, the circuit breaker is tripped without delay.
The protection of downstream equipment, as well as the protection of the alternative supply to the
auxiliaries from TPC will include fuses. Therefore, an extremely inverse characteristic is selected for
the phase overcurrent protection.
Table 21 provides the currents in the CB 590 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Table 21: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CB 590 for different operating and fault
conditions

Description Current

Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 50.2 Apri

150% of maximum load current 75.3 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on LV side of transformer 548 Apri
120% of maximum short-circuit current 658 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer 488 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 22 lists the proposed settings and Figure 7 shows the relay characteristics diagrammatically.

Table 22: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 590 (7UT85)

Description Setting
590
CT ratio 300 / 5
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Extremely
inverse
IDMT current pick-up 75 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.40
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 699 Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled

Figure 7: Overcurrent protection at 69kV CBs 210 (red), 220 (blue), 590 (black) and 710 (purple), and
capability of 6MVA substation transformer TR-4

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

5.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

The protection acts as a backup to the transformer differential protection.

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

The pickup current is set to approximately 10% of the CT rated current.

The proposed settings are shown in Table 23 and Figure 14.

Table 23: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 590 (7UT85)

Description Setting
590
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, 3Io> 30 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, 3Io> 150ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, 3Io>> 120 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

5.5 Phase overcurrent protection at 23kV (50/51/46)

A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current
of the 6MVA transformer. The pickup current is set to 110% of the transformer rated current.
Considering the transformer’s rating, it is unlikely that it would be overloaded, even for short periods. A
relatively low pickup setting allows the protection to act as a backup for the downstream protection for
most faults.
The protection provides some degree of backup to the downstream protection, being less sensitive to
faults further into the downstream network. A very inverse characteristic is chosen to increase the
protection operating time substantially for relatively low fault currents, thereby allowing more time for
downstream protection to clear faults.
Table 24 provides the currents in the CB 210 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Table 24: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CB 210 for different operating and fault
conditions

Description Current

Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 152 Apri

110% of maximum load current 168 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on HV side of 500kVA transformer 1658 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of 500kVA transformer 175 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on HV side of 500kVA transformer, 336 Apri
fault impedance of 50 Ohm (80% of 500kVA transformer impedance)

Table 25 lists the proposed settings and Figure 8 shows the relay characteristics diagrammatically,
together with the characteristics of the upstream protection.
Table 25: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
210
CT ratio 200 / 5
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Extremely
inverse
IDMT current pick-up 168 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.30
Harmonic blocking Enabled

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

5.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N)

The protection acts as a backup to the transformer differential protection (including restricted earth
fault protection). It also backs up the protection of the downstream 500kVA transformer.

The protection should grade with that in CB 220 i.e., the protection of the 500kVA transformer.

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

The pickup current is set to approximately 10% of the CT rated current.

The proposed settings are shown in Table 26 and in Figure 9.

Table 26: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 210 (7SJ82)

Description Setting

Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 20 Apri

Time delay, 3Io> 300ms

5.7 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 27: Breaker fail protection at CBs 590 (7UT85)

Description Setting
590
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 250 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

6 23/0.40kV Substation LV transformer (CB 220)

6.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 23kV (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current.
The pickup current is set to 125% of the 500kVA transformer’s rated current and the short-circuit
protection is set to grade with the overcurrent protection of the downstream transformer. For a fault
current that is so high, that the fault could only be inside the transformer, the circuit breaker is tripped
without delay.
Table 28 lists the currents in the CB 220 that are relevant for the determination of the protection
settings.
Table 28: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CB 220 for different operating and fault
conditions

Description Current

Rated transformer capability current on 22.8kV-side 12.7 Apri

125% of maximum load current 15.8 Apri
Maximum short-circuit current for 3-ph fault on LV side of transformer 201 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer 175 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for single phase-to-ground fault on LV side of 106 Apri
transformer

Table 29 lists the proposed settings and Figure 8 shows the relay characteristics diagrammatically.

Table 29: Phase overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
220
CT ratio 50 / 5
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Extremely
inverse
IDMT current pick-up 16 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.08
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 300 Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 8: Overcurrent protection at CB 210 (red), 220 (blue) and 590 (black), and capability of 500kVA
substation transformer Trf_Station

6.2 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 23kV (50N/51N)

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

The pickup current is set to approximately 10% of the CT rated current. Very high currents, which can
only occur for faults in the respective shunt reactor, can be cleared instantaneously.

Table 30 summarises the proposed settings. The grading with the protection at CB 210 is shown in
Figure 9.

Table 30: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 220 (7SJ82)

Description Setting
220
Definite time overcurrent, 3Io>> 5 Apri
Time delay, 3Io> 150ms
Instantaneous overcurrent, 3Io>> 25 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 9: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CB 220 and 210

33
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

7 69kV Busbars
7.1 Busbar differential protection (87B)
The busbar differential protection includes two zones, each of which includes one busbar and the bus
coupler. A check zone should be enabled for extra security, using the standard logic provided by
Siemens to prevent overstabilisation [8].
The settings have been determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [8], the main
considerations of which are as follows:

• The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 10, where the current
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 + …| and the restraint current by Irest. = | I1| + | I2 | + …,
with I1 and I2 etc. being the currents through the individual CBs.

• The rated current must be selected to exceed a tenth of the largest nominal current. In this
case the largest nominal current would be that of the bus coupler i.e., 2500A, so that the rated
current must exceed 250A. It can be set to equal the actual rated busbar current i.e., 2500A.

• The threshold Idiff determines the sensitivity of the protection in the case of low fault currents.
It should be set not higher than 80% of the lowest steady-state fault current and not lower than
130% of the highest operating current of all the feeders.

• The stabilisation factor k improves the stability in case of faults outside of the protected zone
but reduces the sensitivity of the detection of internal faults. Its setting considers measurement
errors of the current transformers. The manual includes a formula to calculate its setting,
based on the burden of the secondary circuit. These can be measured once the construction
has been completed.

• The single-phase-to-ground short-circuit currents can be lower than the load currents.
Therefore, it is recommended to use the additional sensitive characteristic at low values of
load current. Stability should be ensured by using additional criteria, such as under-voltage.
Such criteria have already been foreseen by Fortune Electric [1].

• The threshold Id for the sensitive characteristic should be set to the lowest fault current with a
20% margin. The sensitive characteristic ends at the setting Is, which should be set to the sum
of the magnitudes of the maximum load currents plus the single-phase to earth fault current
(plus 20% margin).

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The following table summarises the currents used to determine suitable settings for the busbar
differential protection.
Table 31: Sub-transient fault currents used to determine setting for 69kV busbar protection

Description Current

Minimum busbar fault current (2-phase fault); one 161kV cable, one 5981 Apri
161/69kV transformer and no 69kV strings in service
80% of above minimum fault current 4785 Apri
Minimum busbar fault current (1-phase fault); one 161kV cable, one 983 Apri
161/69kV transformer and no 69kV strings in service
80% of above minimum fault current 786 Apri
Current through transformer, operating at 200MVA, 69kV 1673 Apri
130% of above current 2174 Apri

Figure 10: Characteristic of transformer differential protection [8]

The following table shows the proposed settings. The relay settings (in %) depend on the selection of
rated current.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The setting for the stabilisation factor should be reviewed on site using measurements of the CT
burden.

The “area of higher sensitivity” should be activated based on the zero-sequence voltage Uo.

The threshold Id of the sensitive characteristic was set to about 50% of the single-phase fault current
with only one transformer in service. The threshold Is was selected to ensure that the area of higher
sensitivity can be activated over the entire operating range. Is was set at 120% of the maximum total
current, being the sum of the maximum individual feeder currents and the earth-fault current.
Table 32: 69kV busbar differential protection (7SS85)

Description Setting

Rated object current Irobj 2500 Apri

Threshold Idiff 2500 Apri
Stabilisation factor k 0.65
Zero-sequence voltage for activation of higher sensitivity area, referred to Uo>50%
nominal voltage
Threshold Id for sensitive characteristic 500 Apri
Threshold Is for sensitive characteristic 10000 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

7.2 69kV Bus coupler (CB 600)

7.2.1 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51)
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to protect the coupler against overloading. It is
set up to measure RMS currents. A time delay is included to allow the protection at other circuit
breakers to clear short-circuit currents prior to the bus coupler tripping.

The coupler has a continuous current rating of 2500A. The overcurrent protection is set marginally
below this to allow for CT errors.

Table 33 provides the proposed settings. These must be confirmed once the short-term capability of
the bus coupler is known.

Table 33: Phase overload protection at CBs 600 (7SS85)

Description Setting
600
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up 2400 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.40

7.2.2 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 34: Breaker fail protection at CBs 600 (7SS85)

Description Setting
600
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 500 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8 161/69kV Wind farm transformers (CBs 710/20/30 and

1650/60/70)
8.1 Transformer differential protection (87T)
The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 11. The settings have been
determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [6], the main considerations of which
are as follows:

• The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 11, where the current
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 | and the restraint current by Irest. = Max (| I1|, | I2|), with I1
and I2 being the currents on either side of the transformer.

• The star-point of the 69kV-side is grounded via an NER. It is recommended to use the
measurement of the CT in the star-point connection to the NER. This improves the accuracy
of distinguishing between internal and external earth faults.

• The transformer tap changer can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
The tap changer setting should be fed to the relay to allow relatively sensitive settings to be
used. This leads to a recommended threshold setting of 0.20.

• For slope 1, Siemens [6] recommends a minimum value of 0.30. For slope 2, at least twice
this value is recommended.

• Current transformer errors can cause a non-zero current difference during normal operation.
Errors up to 10% have been considered.

• The setting for I-diff-unconstrained was set above the maximum expected inrush current,
using figure 6-48 in [6]. A further consideration was the maximum current on the 161kV-side of
the transformer, for a fault on 69kV-side, which is approximately 3200A. Currents higher than
this must, therefore, be due to faults inside the protected zone.
The recommended settings are shown in Table 36.

38
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The main parameters of the transformers are as follows:

Table 35: Parameters of wind farm step-up transformers [9]

Parameter Value
Rated power (base for impedances in this table) (ODAN) 120 MVA
Rated power with forced cooling (ODAF) 200 MVA
Primary side current at 200MVA, 161kV 717 A
Primary side current at 200MVA, 0.9 x 161kV 797 A
Secondary side current at 200MVA, 69kV 1673.5 A
Voltage HV side 161 kV
Voltage LV side 69 kV
Short circuit voltage uk range at nominal tap position 12 % @120MVA
Copper losses plus auxiliary losses 296 kW
Zero sequence impedance-Short circuit voltage uk0 12 % assumed
No load current 0.1% assumed
No load losses 105 kW
Vector group Dyn1
Additional voltage per tap 1.25 %
Minimum position -8
Maximum position 8

39
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 11: Characteristic of transformer differential protection [6]

40
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 36: Wind farm transformer differential protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)

Description Setting

Base power for the values below 200 MVA

Threshold  20% of rated current*
Intersection 1 Irest  67% of rated current
Slope 1  30%
Threshold add-on stabilisation  Not used
Intersection 2 Irest  250% of rated current
Slope 2  70%
Threshold, I-diff unstrained 6.5 x rated current
Harmonic blocking Enabled
*If the transformer tap setting is not sent to the relay, the setting should be increased to 30%.

8.2 Transformer restricted earth fault protection (87N)

The restricted ground fault protection is a differential protection that increases the percentage of the
transformer secondary winding in which an earth fault is detected.
The relay characteristic is shown in Figure 12. The settings have been determined using the
recommendations provided by Siemens in [6], the main considerations of which are as follows:

• The differential current is given by 𝐼𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ + 3𝐼𝑜∗ | , where 𝐼𝑌∗ refers to the star-point
current, 3𝐼𝑜∗ refers to the sum of the phase currents and * means that the ratios of the current
transformers have been considered.

• The restraint current is given by 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡,𝑅𝐸𝐹 = |𝐼𝑌∗ | + |𝐼𝐴∗ | + |𝐼𝐵∗ | + |𝐼𝐶∗ | .

• A minimum possible setting for the threshold current is specified (5% of the current
transformer rating). Using the current transformer primary current of 2000A, the minimum
threshold in Ampere is 0.05*2000A = 100A. Since the transformer rated current is 1673.5A
(based on 200MVA and 69kV), the minimum threshold in per centage of the transformer rated
current is 5.9%. Based on that, the threshold has been set at 6%.

• The sloped section of the characteristic is typically set to start at a restraint current of 3 times
the rated current (in this case, 5020 A). Based on that, the slope is set to 0.06/3 = 0.02.

• The protection relay uses the phase angles of the currents to provide security against
maloperation whilst allowing sensitive settings to be used.

41
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 12: Restricted ground fault protection characteristic [6]

The proportion of the secondary transformer winding, which is covered by the restricted earth fault
protection, can be estimated from the threshold current and the differential current that would flow
through the star point in the event of a single-phase to ground fault at the transformer terminals. For a
fault at the terminals, the differential current would amount to approximately 69kV*√3/40Ω = 1kA.
Therefore, the protection will cover approximately 90% of the winding.
Table 37: Wind farm transformer restricted earth fault protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)

Description Setting
1650, 1660, 1670
Threshold 0.06 I/Irated,S
i.e., 100 Apri
Intersection of the two straight lines 5020 Apri
Slope 0.02

8.3 Phase overcurrent protection at 69kV (50/51/46)

The protection acts as a backup to that of the string protection in the CBs 160, 620, 630 and 640 as
well as the protection of the harmonic filters and the substation auxiliary transformer.
The wind farm will normally be operated with all three wind farm transformers in service and the 69kV
bus coupler closed. If one transformer fails, the current on the 69kV side of the remaining transformers
would not exceed 2000A, even if all 47 WTGs were operated at 8.4MW and the power factor at the
POC were 0.96 (such loading would already lead to more than 376MW at the POC). If it is operated
with only one transformer, temporary overloading may be desirable to minimise the energy losses.
However, the 69kV switches are rated at 2000A. Therefore, the power should be limited by the wind
farm controller. For the unlikely event that the power limitation fails, the overcurrent protection is set
close to the rated current of the switches.

42
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The fault current through the circuit breakers at 710, 720 and 730 for faults in the 69kV offshore
system depend highly on the number of wind farm transformers in service and on the distance of the
fault from the substation. Some faults lead to currents close to the maximum load currents, so that the
phase overcurrent protection cannot always back up the protection at 610 – 640, or the operating
times of the backup phase current protection are very high. To achieve reasonable operating times for
the backup protection function, it is recommended to make use of definite-time overcurrent protection.
To ensure that the backup protection provides extensive coverage, a relatively low current pickup
setting is proposed. The recommended settings are shown in Table 39 and Figure 13. The backup
protection extends up to about the second last 69kV-node in the strings under worst-case conditions
(minimum phase-to-phase fault). Such a fault is likely to develop into one includes an earth current,
which is covered by further protection and backup protection.
If a short-current through the circuit breaker exceeds the maximum value that it could reach in the
event of a 69kV busbar fault, then the short-circuit must be on the transformer side of the circuit
breaker (being fed through the 69kV system from remaining transformers as well as the WTGs). In this
case, the circuit breaker can be tripped with minimal delay.
Table 38: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CBs 710, 720 and 730 for different
operating and fault conditions

Description Current

Rated transformer capability current on 69kV-side 1749 Apri [10]

150% of maximum load current 2623 Apri
Rated current of switchgear 2000 Apri [2]
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, two wind farm
transformers out of service, all other equipment in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current 3695 / 2134 Apri
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, one wind farm
transformer out of service, all other equipment in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current 2445 / 1412 Apri
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the end of string D, all equipment in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current 1824 / 1053 Apri
Minimum current for 2ph fault at the second last 69kV-node in string D, all
equipment in service
Phase current / Negative-sequence current 1905 / 1100 Apri
Minimum current for 3ph fault at the end of string D, all equipment in service 2108 Apri
Minimum current for 2ph fault at first WTG of string D (69kV terminals), all 2899 Apri
equipment in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit at 69kV substation busbar, two wind 8441 Apri
farm transformers out of service, all other equipment in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit at 69kV substation busbar, all 6971 Apri
equipment in service

43
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

The recommended settings are shown in Table 39 and Figure 13.

Table 39: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)

Description Setting

Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 1900 Apri

Stage 1-time delay, I> 1.00 s
Stage 2-definite time overcurrent, I> 4100 Apri
Stage 2-time delay, I> 0.40 s
Instantaneous overcurrent, I> 10000 Apri
Negative sequence, Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I2> 800 Apri
Negative sequence, Stage 1-time delay, I2> 1.00 s
Harmonic blocking (both +ve and -ve sequence) Enabled

Figure 13: Overcurrent protection, 69kV CBs 710, 720 and 730 (wind farm transformers, purple)

44
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 69kV (50N/51N)

Phase-to-ground fault protection in the CBs 710, 720 and 730 acts as a backup for faults in the 69kV
network, which are not cleared by the string breakers 610, 620, 630 or 640 or the substation auxiliary
transformer breaker 590 or the filter circuit breakers 810 or 820.

Table 40 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 14 shows them diagrammatically.

Table 40: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
710, 720, 730
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up 300 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.12

Figure 14: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 69kV substation bays

45
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8.5 Phase overcurrent protection at 161kV (50/51)

The protection typically allows temporary overloading of the transformer up to e.g., 125-150% of rated
current. There is no need to set the pickup value considerably higher than a value corresponding to
the maximum rating of the switchgear (2000A at 69kV).
The protection acts as a backup to the protection on the 69kV side of the transformer and to the
transformer differential protection. The short-circuit protection is set to grade with the string cable
protection, filter protection and station transformer protection. Fault current magnitudes that are so
high, that the fault must be in the transformer, can be cleared instantaneously.
TPC expects that an IDMT-type protection with a standard inverse characteristic, along with an
instantaneous overcurrent function, is used [11]. It is recommended to add a definite-time element to
reduce the operating time of the backup protection function in case of faults in the 69kV network.
Table 42 and Figure 15 show the proposed settings.
Table 41: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 for different
operating and fault conditions

Description Current

Transformer current at 200MVA, 90% voltage 797 Apri

2000 A on 69kV referred to 161kV side (at the ratio of 161kV /69kV) 857 Apri
Minimum short-circuit current for 2-ph fault on LV side of transformer, three 2369 Apri
transformers in service, one 161kV cable in service
Maximum current for 3-ph short-circuit fault on secondary side of transformer, 3618 Apri
occurs with one transformer in service

Table 42: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)

Description Setting
1650, 1660, 1670
IDMT characteristic (IEC) IEC standard
inverse
IDMT current pick-up 990 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.25s
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, I> 2100 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, I> 0.65 s
Instantaneous overcurrent, I>> 5250 Apri
Harmonic blocking Enabled

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 15: Overcurrent protection at 161kV CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 and 69kV CBs 710, 720 and
730

8.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at 161kV (50N/51N)

The current measurement is set to measure the fundamental frequency component (standard, as
recommended by Siemens [4]).

The pickup current is set to approximately 10% of the CT rated current. An instantaneous element is
added for the case of very high fault currents.

Table 43 summarises the proposed settings and Figure 16 show the protection characteristic
graphically.

Table 43: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 1650, 1660, 1670 (7UT85)

Description Setting
1650, 1660, 1670
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up, 3Io 150 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.05
Instantaneous overcurrent 3000 Apri

47
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 16: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs 1650 and 1660

8.7 Transformer neutral overcurrent protection (51Z)

The NER has a capability of 1000A / 10s. The current transformer has a ratio of 1000 / 5.

Table 43 summarises the proposed settings and the characteristic is shown in Figure 17.

Table 44: Neutral overcurrent protection (7SJ85)

Description Setting

IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse

IDMT current pick-up, 3Io 500 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.22

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Figure 17: NER overcurrent protection

49
P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8.8 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo)

The voltage at the 69kV busbars will normally be regulated within a narrow band [12]. Following a
disturbance in the external power system, the transformer tap changers must be allowed to operate
before the wind farm trips due to an under-voltage or over-voltage condition.
The proposed settings for undervoltage (27) and overvoltage (59) are shown in Table 45.
It is noted that the time delay settings should be reviewed when the operating time of the transformer
tap changer is available.
Table 45: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
710, 720, 730
Undervoltage, U< 62.1 kV (90% of 69kV)
Time delay, U< 30s
Phase overvoltage, U> 72.5 kV
(100% of rated voltage,
105% of 69kV)
Time delay, U> 60s

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

8.9 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 46: Breaker fail protection at CBs 710, 720 and 730 (7SJ85)

Description Setting
710, 720,
730
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 500 Apri

Table 47: Breaker fail protection at CBs 1650, 1660 and 1670 (7UT85)

Description Setting
1650, 1660,
1670
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 1200 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

9 161kV Busbars
9.1 Busbar differential protection (87B)
The busbar differential protection includes two zones, each of which includes one busbar and the bus
coupler.
The settings have been determined using the recommendations provided by Siemens in [8], the main
considerations of which are as follows:

• The characteristic of the differential protection relay is shown in Figure 10, where the current
difference is given by Idiff = | I1 + I2 + …| and the restraint current by Irest. = | I1| + | I2 | + …,
with I1 and I2 etc. being the currents through the individual CBs.

• The rated current must be selected to exceed a tenth of the largest nominal current. In this
case the largest nominal current would be that of an export cable, which is around 1400A. The
rated current has to exceed 140A. It can be set to the actual rated current of the busbar i.e.,
2000A.

• The threshold Idiff determines the sensitivity of the protection in the case of low fault currents.
It should be set not higher than 80% of the lowest steady-state fault current and not lower than
130% of the highest operating current of all the feeders.

• The stabilisation factor k improves the stability in case of faults outside of the protected zone
but reduces the sensitivity of the detection of internal faults. Its setting considers measurement
errors of the current transformers. The manual includes a formula to calculate its setting,
based on the burden of the secondary circuit. These can be measured once the construction
has been completed.

• Since the minimum fault current is not in the range of the load current, no additional sensitive
characteristic is foreseen.
The following table summarises the currents used to determine suitable settings for the busbar
differential protection.
Table 48: Fault currents used to determine setting for 161kV busbar protection

Description Current

Busbar continuous current capability 2000 Apri

Minimum busbar fault current (2-phase fault); one 161kV cable 18100 Apri
80% of above minimum fault current 14480 Apri
Minimum busbar fault current (1-phase fault); one 161kV cable 18850 Apri
Current through 161kV cable, operating at 400MVA 1434 Apri
130% of above maximum operating current 1864 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 32 shows the proposed settings.

The setting for the stabilisation factor should be reviewed on site using measurements of the CT
burden.

Table 49: 161kV busbar differential protection (7SS85)

Description Setting

Rated object current Irobj 2000 Apri

Threshold Idiff 2500 Apri
Stabilisation factor k 65%
Sensitive characteristic (Id, Is) deactivated

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10 161kV Export cables

10.1 Cable differential protection (87L)
The proposed relay (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SL86) includes two stages (I-DIFF and I-DIFF fast 2). The
second stage is optimised for fast tripping and is set to operate at high fault currents. A cable charging
current compensation function can be set to be able to use more sensitive settings of the I-DIFF stage.
The relay includes an adaptive self-stabilisation function, which calculates the restraint current Irest
shown in Figure 18. The pickup characteristic is given by a threshold plus a 45° line. This function
requires information about the current transformers to be entered into the relay (see [13] for detailed
information).

Figure 18: Characteristic of line differential protection [13]

According to [14], the ratios of the multi-ratio current transformers have been selected at 3000A:5A.

The rated current of the cable could be set according to 1485 A (Table 57). The threshold I-DIFF is set
approximately 20% of the rated current (note that the use of the special charging compensation
function would allow a lower setting [13]). The fast stage I-DIFF fast 2 is set to approximately twice the
rated current of the cable.

A relay trip signal shall lead to the tripping of all three phases.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 50: 161kV cable differential protection (7SL86)

Description Setting

Threshold I-DIFF 300 Apri

Operate delay 0s
I-DIFF fast 2 3000 Apri
Ic-stabilisation/ Ic-rated 1.5

10.2 Cable distance protection (21)

Distance protection at Ying-Pan substation (1550 and 1560):

The first zone of the distance protection shall act as a backup to the cable differential protection (87L).
It is set to approximately 80% of the cable length so as not to risk tripping prior to the tripping of
downstream protection.

The distance relays shall be set up for direct inter-tripping i.e., if either of the relays at Ying-Pan end
sees a fault in its zone 1, it shall send tripping signals to both the local-end and remote-end circuit
breaker of the faulted line.

A second zone is set to reach into the wind farm, thereby acting as a backup to the 200MVA wind farm
transformer protection. It shall be time-delayed and reach into, but not beyond the wind farm
transformers.

The relays at the Ying-Pan end should trip the breakers at Ying-Pan immediately if the fault is seen in
the overreaching zone (zone 2) and the remote circuit breaker is open. This is typically done using the
echo logic i.e., the relays at F2 shall be set up to send an echo signal.

Distance relays typically require a source-to-line impedance ratio (SIR) of at most 50 to estimate the
impedance with sufficient accuracy. The fault current from the wind farm depends on the number of
WTGs in operation. With all WTGs in operation, the fault current is limited to approximately 110% of
rated wind farm current (1.5kA). This relates to a source impedance of 63Ω. The cable impedance is
around 0.86Ω, so that the SIR is around 73. With half the number of WTGs in operation, this increases
to 126. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that a distance relay at F2 would always measure the
impedance to the fault correctly, especially if the fault is close to F2. It is, therefore, proposed to make
use of the weak infeed logic.

If the relays at Ying-Pan see the fault in zone 2, and no blocking signal is received from the relays at
F2, then they shall trip the circuit breakers at the Ying-Pan end. The blocking signal shall be generated
by the relays at F2 if they see the fault in their reverse zone i.e., behind them, such as in the wind farm
transformers.

Distance protection at F2 substation (1610 and 1620):

The weak infeed logic should be set up to make use of a voltage measurement at F2. They shall trip
the breakers at F2 with minimal delay if they receive a permissive signal from the relays at Ying-Pan
and do not see the fault in their reverse zones e.g., in the wind farm transformers.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

If the relays at F2 see the fault in their reverse zone (zone 3), they send a blocking signal to the relays
at Ying-Pan.

It is recommended that the weak infeed logic is always operational i.e., not to make it dependent on
the operating state of the wind farm.

The reverse-looking zone 3 at F2 shall reach beyond the overreaching zone at Ying-Pan to prevent a
mal-operation of the weak infeed logic.

The proposed relay (Siemens SIPROTEC 7SL86) allows the setting of many possible impedance
shapes – see Figure 19. It is proposed to use quadrilaterals. The inclination characteristic defined by
the angle α is not used.

The resistive reach depends mainly on the resistance of the cable. Some allowance is made for the
resistance of an arc, which could occur at the cable termination.

Figure 19: Example characteristics of line distance protection [13]

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 51: System data and currents at CBs 1550, 1560, 1610 and 1620 for different operating and
fault conditions

Description Value

VT ratio 161000V/√3:115V/√3
CT ratio 3000/5
Positive-sequence resistance of 161kV cables [12] 0.04852Ωpri
Positive-sequence reactance of 161kV cables [12] 0.8573 Ωpri
Positive-sequence impedance of 161kV cables 0.86 Ωpri, 86.8°
Zero-sequence impedance of 161kV cables [12] 1.95 Ωpri, 58.8°
Rated current of cable, n-1 [15] 1485 Apri
Impedance of one 200MVA transformers at 161kV 25.9Ω
Half of impedance of three parallel 200MVA transformers at 161kV 4.3Ω
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan for 2-phase fault at 69kV-side of 3060 Apri
transformer, one 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan for 2-phase fault at 161kV- 5036 Apri
terminals of transformer with 8Ω fault reactance, both 161kV cables in
service
Maximum short-circuit current at Ying-Pan, three-phase fault at 161kV/F2 30 000 Apri
and one 161kV cable in service
Minimum short circuit current at Ying-Pan, 2-phase fault with 5Ω reactance 11 615 Apri
at the 161kV-terminals of a 200MVA transformer, other two transformers
out of service, one 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Impedance seen at POC for worst-case loading (including some margin):
R+jX as seen at the POC at 161kV, 400MW, 0Mvar 64.8+j0 Ωpri
R+jX as seen at the POC at 161kV, 400MW, 0.9 power factor 52.5±j25.4 Ωpri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 52: 161kV cable distance protection at CBs 1550, 1560, 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting

General
Characteristic Quadrilateral, forward
Relay characteristic angle, 𝜑𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡 86°
Pickup method Impedance
Minimum current to enable pickup 150Apri
Other • Direct intertripping from Yin-Pan
• Weak infeed logic at F2

Zone 1 at Ying-Pan (direction cable)

X reach (80% of cable reactance) 0.69 Ωpri
R (ph-ph) 1.37 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 1.37 Ωpri
Operate delay (all fault types) with or without permissive 50ms
trip signal from F2-end

Zone 2 at Ying-Pan (direction cable)

X reach 5.0 Ωpri
R (ph-ph) 2.5 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 2.5 Ωpri
Operate delay (all fault types) to allow for blocking signal 60ms
to be received from F2-end relays
Operate delay (all fault types) if fault persists with or 500ms
without blocking signal

Zone 3 at F2 (direction transformers)

X reach 10.0 Ωpri
R (ph-ph) 4.0 Ωpri
R (ph-g) 4.0 Ωpri
Phase undervoltage for weak infeed logic 70% of 161kV
Zero-sequence voltage for weak infeed logic, 3*Vo 30% of 161kV
Operate delay (all fault types) if no permissive signal 500ms
received from Ying-Pan end relays
Operate delay (all fault types) with permissive signal 50ms
received from Ying-Pan end relays

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67)

A directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than load current. A
directional element is required to prevent the tripping of the parallel cable in the event of a cable fault.
The maximum operating current through the cables is limited by the power rating of the WTGs.
Therefore, it is not possible to overload the cables substantially.
Depending on the location of the cable fault, the current through the breaker at F2 could be as low as
0A or higher than 10kA. A definite-time characteristic is proposed with a short delay, which increases
the security (allowing the direction of the fault to be determined correctly). The settings do not need to
grade with the transformer overcurrent protection (bays 1650, 1660 and 1670) due to the directional
element.
Table 53: Rated currents and sub-transient fault currents at CBs 1610 and 1620 for different operating
and fault conditions (7SL86)

Description Current
1610, 1620

Rated current of cable, n-1 [15] 1485 Apri

Cable current at 376MW, 0.96 power factor, 90% voltage 1561 Apri
120% of rated cable current 1782 Apri
Minimum current for 2-phase short circuit fault at 69kV-side of transformer, 3060 Apri
one 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum current for 2-phase short circuit fault at 69kV-side of transformer, 1553 Apri
two 161kV cable and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault at F2 (161kV), both 10 030 Apri
cables in service
(equals current through circuit breaker for cable fault close to F2)
Minimum short-circuit current for phase-to-phase fault at F2 (161kV), one 18 120 Apri
161kV cable in service

The proposed settings are shown in Table 54.

Table 54: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting

CT ratio 3000 / 5
Stage 1-definite time overcurrent, directional I> 2000 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, directional I> 0.15s

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.4 Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at F2-substation (67N)

The phase fault protection (section 10.3) also protects the cables in the event of earth fault currents
(see Table 55). An additional directional earth-fault protection function is set for the circuit breakers at
the bays 1610 and 1620 for the case where only one cable is in service and the short-circuit current
from the wind farm is relatively small.

The settings are summarised in Table 43 and shown in and Figure 21.

Table 55: Sub-transient fault currents at CBs 1610 and 1620 for different operating and fault
conditions (7SL86)

Description Current

Minimum current 3Io for single phase to ground short circuit at 161kV busbar 10685 Apri
of F2, both 161kV cables in service
Minimum current 3Io for single phase to ground short circuit at 161kV busbar 18798 Apri
of F2, one 161kV cables in service

Table 56: Phase-to-ground directional overcurrent protection at CBs 1610, 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting
1610, 1620
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard
inverse
IDMT current pick-up, directional 3Io 420 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.10

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.5 Phase overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50/51)

The overcurrent protection provides a backup to the line differential protection (87L) and the distance
protection (21). It also acts as a backup to the phase overcurrent at the circuit breakers 1650, 1660
and 1670.
TPC expects the protection to include a standard inverse IDMT-function as well as an instantaneous
overcurrent protection function (see chapter 11).
A non-directional overcurrent protection function is set to operate at currents higher than the maximum
load current. The characteristic is set to grade with the transformer overcurrent protection (bays 1650,
1660 and 1670).
The settings are summarised in Table 58. Figure 20 shows the grading with the transformer
overcurrent protection.
Table 57: Line parameters and fault currents at CBs 1550 and 1560 for different operating and fault
conditions

Description Current

Rated current of cable, n-1 [15] 1485 Apri

Capacitance per unit length of line, C1 0.26µF
Capacitance per unit length of line, C0 0.26µF
Total line length 4.15km
Rated charging current / charging power 38A / 10.5Mvar
Cable current at 376MW, 0.96 power factor, 90% voltage 1561 Apri
120% of rated cable current 1782 Apri
Minimum short circuit current for 2-phase fault at 69kV-side of transformer, 1553 Apri
both 161kV cables and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short circuit current for 2-phase fault at 161kV-side of transformer, 10 011 Apri
both 161kV cables and one 200MVA transformer in service
Minimum short circuit current for 2-phase fault at 161kV-side of transformer, 18 090 Apri
one 161kV cables and one 200MVA transformer in service

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

Table 58: Phase overcurrent protection at CBs 1550 and 1560 (7SL86)

Description Setting
1550, 1560
CT ratio 3000 / 5
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard inverse
IDMT current pick-up 1650 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.22
Stage 1-overcurrent, I> 6300 Apri
Stage 1-time delay, I> 250 ms
Harmonic blocking Enabled

Figure 20: Overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs at Yin-Pan and F2 substations (purple, 1550, 1560,
1610, 1620) and transformer bays at F2 (green, 1650, 1660 and 1670)

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.6 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at Ying-Pan substation (50N/51N)

The phase overcurrent protection (section 10.5) also protects the cables in the case of earth fault
currents. It also acts as a backup for earth fault currents in the 200MVA transformers. An additional
non-directional earth-fault protection function is set for the circuit breakers at the bays 1550 and 1560.
The settings are summarised in Table 59 and shown in Figure 21.

Table 59: Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection at CBs 1610, 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting
1650, 1660,
1670
IDMT characteristic (IEC) Standard
inverse
IDMT current pick-up, 3Io 420 Apri
IDMT time multiplier 0.10

Figure 21: Phase to ground overcurrent protection, 161kV CBs at Yin-Pan substation bays (1550,
1560 in red), F2 substation bays (1610 and 1620 in blue) and transformer bays at F2 (1650, 1660 and
1670 in green)

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.7 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo)

The proposed settings for undervoltage (27) and overvoltage (59) are shown in Table 60. The settings
are outside the required fault ride-though settings in the grid code [16]. The code states that the plant
may be tripped for voltages outside the range 90-110%, but it does not provide any minimum time
delays.
The settings are similar to the ones at the POC (section 11.5) but take into consideration the voltage
change across the cables (up to 0.5% if a single cable is in service).
Table 60: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting

Undervoltage, U< 143.3kV (89%)

Time delay, U< 3.5s
Phase overvoltage, U> 178.7kV (111%)
Time delay, U> 2.0s
Residual overvoltage, 3Vo 30%
Time delay, U> 2s

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

10.8 Frequency protection (81L, 81H)

The proposed settings are shown in Table 64. The settings correspond with those at the POC (section
11.6).

Table 61: Frequency protection, CBs 1550 and 1560 (7SL86)

Description Setting
1550, 1560
Underfrequency, <f (81L) 58Hz
Time delay, <f 2s
Overfrequency, >f (81H) 61Hz
Time delay, >f 2s

10.9 Breaker fail protection (50BF)

The detection of the status of the circuit breakers should be done based on current flow rather than
using auxiliary contacts.

The circuit breaker shall be considered closed if any phase current exceeds approximately half of the
minimum fault current. It is not required to make use of separate current thresholds such as 3Io or I2.

In the event of a breaker failure detection, the protection function shall issue a second trip signal to the
circuit breaker. If the breaker failure condition persists, remote circuit breakers shall be tripped
according to the logic specified in the protection philosophy [5].

Table 62: Breaker fail protection at CBs 1610 and 1620 (7SL86)

Description Setting
1610, 1620
Phase current threshold for breaker closed detection 5000 Apri

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

11 161kV Grid interface protection (CBs 1550, 1560)

11.1 Summary of TPC requirements
The grid code requirements applicable to protection are summarised below [16]:
“(4) For Power Generation Equipment connected to TPC’s ultra-high voltage system, the following
protective relays are required at the point of common coupling or the power feeding point, and the
protective equipment shall be coordinated with TPC's system:
1. Phase-to-phase overcurrent relay (50/51): with instant and Standard inverse properties. For
separately installed phases, one relay is required for each.
2. Grounded overcurrent relay (50N/51N): with instant and Standard inverse properties. For separately
installed phases, one relay is required for each.
3. Grounded high voltage relay (59Vo): with delay property.
4. Low voltage relay (27): with delay property.
5. High voltage relay (59): with delay property.
6. Phase-to-phase directional overcurrent relay (67) (except when power regulators are used): Shall
have Standard inverse property.
7. Main and backup protective relays: Shall be installed required for system protection.
8. Bus relay (87B): (1) Required for 69,000V systems using gas insulated switchgear (GIS). (2)
Required for systems of 161,000V or above. However, systems without a bus and with other main
protective relay coverage are exempt.
9. Back-feeding relay (32): with delay property. Required for systems with no back-feeding at the point
of common coupling. Systems with no back-feeding at the point of common coupling are exempt. Anti-
back-feeding functionality is considered to be present for users supplied with ultra-high voltage by
TPC, where the Power Generation Equipment is connected to the user’s low voltage interior wiring
system, the total equipment capacity does not exceed the pickup current of the phase-to-phase
overcurrent relay of the main breaker of the point of common coupling or 25% of the rated current of
the main fuse, and anti-islanding equipment is installed.
10. Potential transformers/ground potential transformers (PTs/GPTs) for protecting relays shall be
installed at the bus. Where no bus is present, potential transformers/ground potential transformers
(PTs/GPTs) for protecting relays shall be installed on the line side.
11. For Power Generation Equipment connected to TPC’s equipment via an ultra-high voltage system,
isolation equipment is required at the power feeding point.
(5) To protect relays in an event of line failure between the Power Generation Equipment system and
TPC’s system, the breaker at the point of common coupling shall promptly and automatically trip (main
protective relay) and shall not automatically resume paralleling.”

11.2 Phase overcurrent protection (50/51)

The proposed settings are given in section 10.5.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

11.3 Phase directional overcurrent protection (67)

The settings of the directional overcurrent protection shall be provided by TPC, if required. The three-
phase short-circuit current contribution to the external network could be as high as 1.5kA.

11.4 Phase-to-ground overcurrent protection (50N/51N)

The proposed settings are given in section 10.6.

11.5 Voltage protection (27, 59, 59Vo)

The proposed settings for undervoltage (27) and overvoltage (59) are shown in Table 63. The settings
are outside the required fault ride-though settings in the grid code [16]. The code states that the plant
may be tripped for voltages outside the range 90-110%, but it does not provide any minimum time
delays.
The setting for the residual overvoltage (59Vo) should be provided by TPC since it depends on the
network’s zero-sequence impedance. The wind farm does not have an active zero-sequence source
due to the use of delta windings in the 200MVA wind farm transformers.
It is recommended to activate and set a V/f protection function to protect the transformers in the wind
farm from overfluxing. Alternatively, such a protection function could also be activated further
downstream e.g., bays 1610 and 1620. Low frequencies lead to high flux levels in transformers (for a
given voltage). For transformers designed to IEC standards, the maximum continuous flux level is
typically 105% i.e., the ratio of per unit voltage (based on the transformer’s rated voltage) to per unit
frequency (60Hz) should not exceed 105%. At 161kV, the minimum continuous frequency would then
be 1/1.05*60Hz i.e., 57.1Hz.
According to Fortune Electrical, the settings below have already been agreed with TPC:
Table 63: Undervoltage and overvoltage protection, CBs 1550 and 1560

Description Setting
1550, 1560
Undervoltage, U< 144.9kV (90%)
Time delay, U< 3.5s
Phase overvoltage, U> 177.1kV (110%)
Time delay, U> 2.0s
Residual overvoltage, 3Vo 30%
Time delay, U> 2s

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11.6 Frequency protection (81L, 81H)

The frequency trip settings for the WTGs are shown in Figure 22 [17].

Figure 22: WTG frequency limits (trip levels) [17]

The settings have already been agreed with TPC. These are shown in Table 64.

Table 64: Frequency protection, CBs 1550 and 1560

Description Setting

Underfrequency, <f (81L) 58Hz

Time delay, <f 2s
Overfrequency, >f (81H) 61Hz
Time delay, >f 2s

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

12 References

[1] Fortune Electric, “Formosa 2 On Shore Work Detailed design meeting No. 12th, Presentation,”
10. Dec. 2019.

[2] Fortune Electric, F2-ONS-CON-FOR-SL-EL-00002-002_Electrical System Single Line Diagram-

[J].pdf.

[3] Siemens, “D8 60Hz 66kV Relay Settings; Fortune Electric Document F2-WTG-CON-SGR-SP-
EL-00002[00],” 06.08.2019.

[4] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.01 and higher, Overcurrent Protection 7SJ82, 7SJ85, Manual
C53000-G5040-C017-B”.

[5] Fortune Electrical, “Protection philosophy; F2-ONS-CON-FOR-ST-EL-00021, rev. C,”

04.02.2021.

[6] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.01 and higher, Transformer Differential Protection 7UT82,
7UT85, 7UT86, 7UT87, Manual C53000-G5040-C016-C”.

[7] GE, “Specification of capacitor C1 and C2,” 4.11.2020.

[8] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.30 and higher, Low-Impedance Busbar Protection, 7SS85,”
Manual C53000-G5040-C019-A.

[9] FORTUNE ELECTRIC CO., LTD., SPECIFICATION FOR TRANSFORMER TR19025

DATE:2019/10/18.

[10] FORTUNE ELECTRIC CO., LTD., SPECIFICATION FOR TRANSFORMER TR19025; F2-ONS-
CON-FOR-LY-EL-00002-002, 2019/10/18.

[11] Email from Fortune Electrical (Breeze Yeh), “Re: URGENT - TPC SLD & Protection Settings
Agreed Strategy,” 12.05.2021.

[12] MPE GmbH, “Wind farm Formosa 2; Load flow and short-circuit report, Version 5,” 28.01.2021.

[13] Siemens, “SIPROTEC 5, Version 8.30 and higher, Distance Protection, Line Differential
Protection, and Overcurrent Protection for 3-Pole Tripping, 7SL86 etc.,” C53000-G5040-C010-D.

[14] Fortune Electric Co., “Formosa 2 Offshore Wind Farm Project, Protection Philosophy; F2-ONS-
CON-FOR-ST-EL-00021; Version 5,” 28 January 2021.

[15] MPE, “Wind farm Formosa 2: Cable sizing study; Version 2,” 15.04.2021.

[16] TPC, Taiwan Power Company's Technical Guidelines for the Parallel Connection of Renewable
Energy Power Generation Systems.

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P14169 – Wind farm Formosa 2 – Protection settings

[17] Siemens Wind Power, “D12 Wind Turbine Voltage and Frequency Limits, Type 3; F2 document
number F2-WTG-CON-F2-CD-EL-00013,” 07.03.2019.

[18] MPE GmbH, “P14169_Formosa_2_Harmonics_v4.pdf,” 10.11.2020.

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