Geo Unit 1

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Name______________________________________________ Date________________

Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 1.2: Points, Lines, and Planes

It is important in geometry to be careful about assumptions. Ideas must be proven,


formally or informally, in order to apply them.

All of mathematics, including geometry, is built off of definitions, postulates, and


theorems.

 A definition states the meaning of a concept using only the minimum amount of
information needed to describe it. Definitions are also “reversible”.
Example: If a point cuts a segment into 2 equal lengths, then it is called a
midpoint.
If a midpoint is on a segment, then it cuts the segment into 2 equal
lengths.

 A postulate or axiom are facts that we accept to be true, and either need not or
cannot be formally proven. They are not necessarily “reversible”.
Example: If point 𝐵 is between points 𝐴 and 𝐶, then 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐶.

 A theorem is a fact that is proven to be true. They are also not necessarily
“reversible”.
Example: If a polygon is a rectangle, then its diagonals are the same length.

The first important definitions are what are considered to be the building blocks of
geometry, and will also be crucial to our study of algebra…
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Int. Alg and Geo

Point:

Line:

Plane:

These terms are what we call _____________________ terms.

We will be generating more definitions at another time.


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Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 2.1: If-Then Statements; Converses

An if-then statement, otherwise known as a conditional statement or simply a conditional,


is made up of two parts as a means of relating different mathematical expressions or
ideas. These types of statements make up the foundation of not just Geometry, but all of
mathematics as a whole.

Write your if-then statement below:

General Form for a Conditional: If 𝑝, then 𝑞.

𝑝 is the ________________________, and 𝑞 is the _________________________

Underline and label the different parts of your if-then statement above.

Then, find a partner and write their conditional statement below. Underline and label the
different parts of their statement.

Rewrite your if-then statement, but switch your hypothesis and your conclusion. Does
your statement still make sense? Is your statement necessarily true?
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Int. Alg and Geo

The converse of a conditional statement switches the hypothesis and the conclusion to
make a new statement.

General Form for a Converse: If 𝑞, then 𝑝.

Write the converse of your partner’s statement, and determine whether the converse is
necessarily true or false.

If the conditional and its converse are both true, then we can rewrite the two statements
as one biconditional statement.

Conditional: If today is Friday, then tomorrow is Saturday.

Converse: If _______________________________________, then

___________________________________________.

Biconditional: __________________________________________________.

General Form for a Biconditional:

Find a statement at your table where the conditional and converse are both true. Write
both below.

Now, rewrite those statements as one biconditional statement.


Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

Practice:

Write the converse of each of the following statements, and determine if each converse is
true or false. If the converse is true, then write the original conditional and its converse as
one biconditional statement. If the converse is false, then provide a counterexample to
show why it is false.

1) If a student attends Pingry, then they go to school in Somerset County.

2) If you are going to the arcade, then you will need a lot of quarters.

3) If 𝑚∠1 = 90°, then ∠1 is a right angle.


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Int. Alg and Geo

4) If 6𝑥 = 18, then 𝑥 = 3.

5) If a number is divisible by 9, then it is divisible by 3.

6) If a number is not divisible by 3, then it is not divisible by 9.

*) Are the two conditional statements in (5) and (6) logically equivalent? Why
or why not?
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Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 1.2 (Continued) + Geo 1.3: Segments, Rays, and Distance

What makes a good definition?

These are Widgets: These are NOT Widgets:

What makes a Widget a Widget?

Most definitions will be written in the form of a biconditional.

Definition: A figure is a Widget if and only if


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Int. Alg and Geo

Use the examples and counter-examples posted to Moodle (Definitions Part 1) in order to
generate a definition for each of the following terms.

Group Definition Class Definition

Collinear Points:

Coplanar Points:

Parallel Lines:

Perpendicular Lines:

Skew Lines:

Midpoint:
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Int. Alg and Geo

Group Definition Class Definition

Bisector (of a segment):

Congruent (segments):

Bisector (of an angle):

Congruent (angles)

Ray:

Opposite Rays:
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Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 1.4/2.4: Angles

An angle is a figure formed by two rays (or segments) that have the same endpoint.
A

B 1

We will explore different types of angles, and relationships between angles.

Use the examples and counter-examples posted to Moodle (Definitions Part 2) in order to
generate a definition for each of the following terms.

Group Definition Class Definition

Acute angle:

Obtuse angle:

Right angle:

Straight angle:
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Int. Alg and Geo

Group Definition Class Definition

Vertical angles:

Adjacent angles:

Complementary angles:

Supplementary angles:

Find the complement and the supplement of each of the following angles.

1) 40° comp. = ________ supp. = ________

2) 1° comp. = ________ supp. = ________

3) 27° comp. = ________ supp. = ________

4) 95° comp. = ________ supp. = ________


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Int. Alg and Geo

In the diagram below, identify all pairs of supplementary angles and vertical angles.

1
4 2
3

Using the angle measure given, find the measure of all other angles in the diagram below.
[Note that the diagram is not to scale]

1
4 2
3

5) 𝑚∠1 = 30° 𝑚∠2 = ______ 𝑚∠3 = ______ 𝑚∠4 = ______

6) 𝑚∠1 = 95° 𝑚∠2 = ______ 𝑚∠3 = ______ 𝑚∠4 = ______

7) 𝑚∠1 = 𝑥 𝑚∠2 = ______ 𝑚∠3 = ______ 𝑚∠4 = ______

Based on the above results, complete the following theorem.

Vertical Angle Theorem (VAT): Vertical angles are __________________.


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Int. Alg and Geo

Practice

1) Explain in your own words how you were able to find the complement and
supplement of each of the angles two pages back.

2) Use your answer above to find the complement and supplement for an angle in
general. [Note: this idea will come up frequently throughout the year]

angle = 𝑥 comp. = ___________ supp. = ___________

Solve for each of the variables in the following diagrams.

3) 4)

ሺ7𝑥 − 11ሻ°
ሺ3𝑥 + 19ሻ°
ሺ141 − 2𝑥ሻ° 75°
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Int. Alg and Geo

5) 6)

ሺ9𝑥 + 8ሻ°
ሺ4𝑥ሻ° ሺ𝑥 + 6ሻ°
ሺ19 − 2𝑥ሻ°

7) Identify all pairs of complementary 8) Use the previous problem to


angles in the diagram below. help you solve for 𝑥.

ሺ𝑥 + 12ሻ°
1
2
ሺ2𝑥 − 15ሻ°
3
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Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 3.4: Angles of a Triangle

Definition: A figure is a triangle if and only if it is formed by ______________________

______________________________ joining ______________________________

______________________________________________.

C B

Vertices (plural of vertex) of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶:

Sides of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶:

Angles of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶:

Triangles come in several different shapes and sizes…

Group Definition Class Definition

Right triangle:

Acute triangle:
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Int. Alg and Geo

Group Definition Class Definition

Obtuse triangle:

Equiangular triangle:

Scalene triangle:

Equilateral triangle:

Isosceles triangle:
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Int. Alg and Geo

The next two terms are important, but we will not set up formal definitions for them.

1
2 3
4

9
6 7
5 8

Examples of Interior Angles Examples of Exterior Angles

In your own words, describe an interior angle.

In your own words, describe an exterior angle.

How does an interior angle relate to its exterior angle?


Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

Sketch the diagram that you created in GeoGebra below.

Conclusions:

Triangle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle is _______.

Remote Interior Angle Theorem:

𝑎°

𝑥° 𝑏°
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Int. Alg and Geo

The following are corollaries of the Triangle Sum Theorem. Fill in the blanks to best
complete the statements.

Third Angle Corollary: If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two angles of

another triangle, then ________________________________________________.

104° 104°
33° 33°

Corollary 2: Each angle of an equiangular triangle is ____________.

𝑥°

Corollary 4: The acute angles of a right triangle are _____________________________.

𝑥°

27°
Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

Practice

Solve for the variable(s) in each diagram.

1) 𝑥° 2)
150°
55°

52°

ሺ3𝑥ሻ° ሺ2𝑥ሻ°

50° 60°
3) 4)
𝑥°

𝑦°

45° 𝑥° 48°

5) 6) 𝑦°
𝑥°

40° 𝑥°
20° 𝑦°
65° 25°
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Int. Alg and Geo

7) 𝑒°

𝑎° 𝑏° 133° 40°

𝑑°
𝑐°

140° 47°

71°

8) 80°
[Note: You will only be able to find a value
for 𝑘, not for 𝑥 or 𝑦]

𝑘°
𝑥° 𝑦°
𝑥° 𝑦°
Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

Geo 3.5: Angles of a Polygon

Group Definition Class Definition

Polygon:

Diagonal:

Convex polygon:

Quick definition: A polygon is regular if and only if all of its sides and angles are

_____________________.
Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

Sketch the diagram that you created in GeoGebra below:

Complete the following chart with the other members of your group. Do not fill in any
numbers in the last column without confirming your results on GeoGebra first!

Name of Polygon # of Sides Sum of Interior Angles Sum of Exterior Angles


3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Use your results above to come up with a general formula for the sum of interior angles
and the sum of exterior angles of any polygon with 𝑛 sides.
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Int. Alg and Geo

Polygon Interior Angle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measures of the angles in a

convex polygon with 𝑛 sides is given by the formula _______________________.

Polygon Exterior Angle Sum Theorem: The sum of the measures of the exterior angles

of a convex polygon with 𝑛 sides is _____________________________________.

Practice

1) Find the sum of the interior angles of a 22-gon.

2) Find the sum of the exterior angles of a 22-gon.

3) Assuming that the 22-gon is regular, find the measure of each interior and exterior
angle.

4) Assuming that an 𝑛-gon is regular, come up with a formula to find the measure of
each interior angle and each exterior angle.

Interior angle: Exterior angle:


Name______________________________________________ Date________________
Int. Alg and Geo

5) Complete the following charts. You may assume that each polygon is regular.

a)
Number of sides (𝑛) 6 10 24
Sum of interior angles
Sum of exterior angles
Interior angle measure
Exterior angle measure

b)
Number of sides (𝑛) 9
Interior angle measure 165° 178°
Exterior angle measure 20° 6°

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