Ship Parts Definition & Immersion Hydrometer

Course Title: Naval Architecture-I
Question no-1: Definition : Deck Camber, Bilge Radius, Flat of Keel (Half Siding),
Deadrise (Rise of Floor), Tumblehome, Wetted Surface, Trim.
Answer:
Deck Camber (Round of Beam): Curvature of decks in the transverse direction. Measured as the
height of deck at centre above the height of deck at side. the camber is used on exposed decks to drive
water to the sides of the ship. other decks are also often called camber.
Figure 1: Chamber & Tumble home

Bilge Radius:The bilge radius of a ship is the radius of the plating that joins the side shell to the
bottom shell, measured at midships. It is an important factor in ship design as it affects the roll
damping of the ship. The effective bilge radius is calculated empirically using a formula that takes
into account the water density, kinematic viscosity of water, wave frequency, beam, draft, lateral
dimension of the ship, block coefficient of the ship, amplitude of roll motion, and forward speed or
steady current speed. (See Figure 2).
Flat of Keel (Half Siding): The flat of keel is the horizontal area at the bottom of a ship's keel where it
meets the ship's bottom plating. It is usually a flat plate that runs along the centerline of the ship and
provides additional lateral stability to the vessel. The flat of keel helps to reduce the rolling motion of
the ship and provides a smooth transition between the keel and the bottom of the hull. In ship design,
the flat of keel is an important factor in determining the ship's stability and maneuverability. A larger
flat of keel can provide more stability, while a smaller flat of keel can improve maneuverability. (See
Figure 2)
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Figure 2: Bilge radius, Flat of keel & Deadrise.
Deadrise (Rise of Floor):The rise of the bottom shell plating line above the base line. This rise is
measured at the line of molded beam. the rise of floor can be defined as the vertical distance above the
baseline or the keel line (0 level) to the point that a tangent drawn to the side shell plating on either
side intersects the side shell at the maximum beam, usually taken for the section amidships. (See
Figure 2)
Tumblehome: the inward curvature of the side shell above the summer load line. This is unusual on
modern ships. (See Figure 1).
Wetted Surface: Wetted surface of a ship is the area of the hull that is in contact with water when the
ship is afloat. The wetted surface plays a significant role in ship design since it affects the overall
hydrodynamic drag of the vessel. The larger the wetted surface, the greater the drag, which can reduce
the ship's speed and increase fuel consumption. Therefore, ship designers aim to minimize the wetted
surface area to improve the ship's hydrodynamic performance.
Trim: rim of a ship refers to the difference in the draft (depth in the water) between the bow (front)
and stern (back) of the vessel. When a ship is evenly balanced with the same draft at both ends, it is
said to be "on an even keel." However, if the draft is greater at the bow than at the stern, the ship is
said to have "trim by the head." Conversely, if the draft is greater at the stern than at the bow, the ship
is said to have "trim by the stern." Trim is an important factor in ship stability and performance.
Improper trim can affect the ship's maneuverability, fuel efficiency, and speed. To achieve optimal
trim, ballast tanks are often used to adjust the weight distribution of the ship. Ballast water is taken on
or discharged to ensure that the ship is properly trimmed and remains stable in varying sea conditions.
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Question no-2: Explain- TPC and Reserve Buyonce.
Answer :
TPC: TPC stands for Tonnes Per Centimeter and refers to the weight in tonnes that must be loaded or
discharged to change a ship's mean draft by one centimeter. It is a measure of a ship's stability and is
calculated based on the water plane area of the ship.
TPC is a measure of a ship's stability. It indicates the weight in tonnes that must be loaded or
discharged to change the ship's mean draft by one centimeter. The mean draft is the average of the
draft at the forward and aft ends of the ship.
For example, if a ship has a TPC of 30 tonnes per centimeter, it means that if you load or discharge 30
tonnes of cargo from the ship, the ship's mean draft will change by one centimeter.
The TPC value is calculated based on the water plane area of the ship, which is the area of the ship's
hull that is in contact with the water when the ship is afloat. The water plane area is used to calculate
the displacement of the ship, which is the weight of water displaced by the ship.
The TPC value is important for ensuring that a ship is loaded correctly and does not become unstable.
If a ship is overloaded or loaded unevenly, it can affect the ship's stability and make it more difficult
to maneuver.
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Reserve buoyancy:
volume of enclosed space or the part of the ship above the waterline that can be made watertight. It is
the watertight volume of the ship above its waterline providing additional buoyancy. Thus, many
times it is also termed as the freeboard.
Reserve buoyancy is an important factor in determining a ship's seaworthiness, and minimum

freeboards are assigned to a ship to ensure that there is adequate reserve buoyancy at all times. It can
be expressed as a volume or as a percentage of the total volume of the vessel.
It provides additional buoyancy to the ship and helps to keep the ship afloat in case of flooding or
damage.
The freeboard of a ship is the distance between the waterline and the main deck level. It is the
minimum distance required to ensure that there is adequate reserve buoyancy at all times. The
freeboard is determined based on the type of ship, its size, and the area of operation.
In general, ships with higher freeboards are considered safer because they have more reserve
buoyancy and are less likely to flood or capsize in rough seas. The reserve buoyancy can be expressed
as a volume or as a percentage of the total volume of the vessel.
The reserve buoyancy is taken into account during the design and construction of the ship. It is also
monitored during the ship's operation to ensure that the ship remains stable and safe.
Question no-3: Explain the procedure of the variable immersion hydrometer.

Answer :
the procedure of the variable immersion hydrometer: A variable immersion hydrometer is a

device used to measure the specific gravity or density of a liquid. Here are the steps to use it:
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1. Fill a container with the liquid you want to measure.
2. Insert the hydrometer into the liquid, making sure it is floating freely and not touching the
sides or bottom of the container.
3. Allow the hydrometer to come to rest and take a reading of the scale at the surface of the
liquid. This is known as the "surface reading."
4. Slowly lower the hydrometer deeper into the liquid, taking readings at each depth. These
readings are known as "immersion readings."
5. Continue taking immersion readings until the hydrometer reaches the bottom of the
container or until the readings stop changing significantly.
6. Record the surface and immersion readings and use them to calculate the specific gravity
or density of the liquid using a conversion table or formula.
It's important to note that the specific procedure may vary depending on the specific type and
model of variable immersion hydrometer being used. Always consult the manufacturer's
instructions for proper use and handling.

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Course Title: Naval Architecture-I

Figure 1: Chamber & Tumble home

Reserve buoyancy is an important factor in determining a ship's seaworthiness, and minimum

Question no-3: Explain the procedure of the variable immersion hydrometer.

the procedure of the variable immersion hydrometer: A variable immersion hydrometer is a

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