1

The Role of 5G Wireless Networks in the Internet-of-

Things (IoT)
Mashael M. Alsulami Nadine Akkari
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
King Abdul-Aziz University King Abdul-Aziz University
Jeddah, KSA Jeddah, KSA
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract__ The number of mobile hosts that will be used in can power the IoT enabling technologies by providing brief
2020 will be exceeding 50 billion hosts [5]. This increase in the comparison over the existing wireless networks that are
amount of mobile devices is intersected with the evolution of considered as options for IoT to provide high connectivity
the Internet of things (IoT) technology. The demand to create such as cellular networks, low-power Wide Area Networks
intelligent environments such as smart cities and smart homes
(LPWAN), and Short-Range networks.
is increased. The evolution in this area results on the concept of
IoT where devices of everyday are connected [5]. These
interactions between a large numbers of heterogeneous devices
B. Background Overview
increase a substantial demand on providing high connectivity,
extremely high data rates, low latency, designing special
applications to serve the IoT and many other communication The idea of the Internet of Things (IoT) is to connect the
requirements [8]. Thus, the promising 5G cellular networks everyday physical objects such as microwave, doors,
can be considered as the key enabler for IoT technology. lightings and so on. The technical concept of the IoT is to
Moreover, the 5G wireless networks can be used to achieve the
enables these different physical objects to sense information
high communication requirements of the IoT. This survey is
conducted to investigate the role of 5G cellular networks in the using sensors and sends these information to a server. This
evolution of IoT. Also, this survey aims to compare existing server analyzes this information to gain some knowledge
wireless networks to emphasize the role of 5G as enabler driver and translates them to certain behaviors or actions. These
for IoT. This survey highlights both requirements and enabling actions format intelligent environments such as smart
technologies of the IoT. Furthermore, it discusses some of the homes. The evolution of the IoT enables billion of
challenges that face the evolution of IoT. connected devices to connect to the Internet, which impact
on the way people live. As stated previously, the number of
connected devices is expected to exceed 50 billion devices
Keywords – Internet of Things, IoT, 5G, cellular networks, D2D by 2020s. [4]
communication, mm wave technology, relay, wireless software
defined network, and network function virtualization. Furthermore, IoT can be roughly divided into two
categories as suggested by [8] into: consumer IoT (cIoT)
and industrial IoT (iIoT). The idea of cIoT is to improve the
way people live by saving their time and money. Examples
I. INTRODUCTION of the connected objects in the cIoT include microwave,
lightings, mobile and any objects that belong to a certain
A. Motivation of the paper user. The cIoT indicates the machine-to-user
communications. [8]
Due to the massive data exchanged among large numbers
On the other hands, the idea of iIoT is to integrate
of connected devices to form the IoT, the need to provide
various technologies to improve business services in
extremely increased capacity, high data rate and high
different sectors. It implicitly indicates the behavior of
connectivity is increased. Thus, 5G wireless networks
machine-to-machine communications. Each of cIoT and
considered as a key driver for IoT. Satisfying the increased
iIoT as service domains has its own communication
requirements of IoT drives several types of network to
requirements that are measured differently in both such as
compete to provide the connectivity need by the IoT
reliability, Quality of service (QoS), and privacy.
applications. Thus, this survey aims to highlight how the 5G
Nevertheless, they share some common communication

978-1-5386-4427-0/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

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requirements such as scalability. The features of cIoT recharging or replacement of energy systems. IoT achieves
include low power consumption, ease of installation and the energy efficiency or consumption by the mean of direct
integration. [8] communication between connected devices, which allows
sort of local connectivity among devices that is usually
Wireless networks have improved their features as provided by wireless technologies. [7]
attempts to keep up with the growth of technologies.
Various wireless cellular networks generations have been 2) Scalability
designed until the advent of 5G cellular networks. The
development of the 5G promises to provide extremely high Since sensors are cheap and available, deploying many
data rates, significantly low latency and high integrity. Also, of them to connect objects on different places is easy. This
the nature of the 5G cellular network supports the increase in the number of connected devices raise many
heterogeneity of connected device in the IoT. In fact, the 5G challenges regarding provide coverage to all these
could play a potential role as a foundation to facilitate the connected devices in reliable manner. Furthermore, the
connectivity of the large amount of connected devices to the overhead of signaling and connection setup must be
Internet. [8] reduced. Due to the increase number of connected devices,
the handover between cells is increased. These issues related
to scalability feature of IoT can be handled by technologies
C. Organization of the paper
such as SDN. [4]

The remaining of this survey is organized as follows. 3) Intelligent processing and storage
Section 2 is a literature review of the ongoing works
regarding IoT and 5G networks. It discusses the challenges, As stated previously the concept of the IoT is to have
components, characteristics and technologies of IoT. Also, number of connected devices via several sensors, which are
an overview of 5G wireless networks is given including responsible of sending information, after sensing them from
challenges and enabling technologies. Section 3 is a these devices, to a remote server. This remote server is
conducted comparative analysis of the available IoT responsible of translate and process these information to
connectivity options. In section 4, a discussion on the knowledge that represented as certain actions or behaviors.
enabling technologies of IoT via 5G is given. Finally, Usually these remote servers are hosted in cloud providers.
section 5 is a conclusion of the survey. Since collecting and processing all information from
different devices are complex processes, the IoT cloud
providers must have certain capabilities to handle these
II. LITRATURE REVIEW complicated tasks. [4]

Internet of things (IoT) can be defined according to [10] Moreover, cloud providers in this context are required to
as a dynamic global network infrastructure with ability of provide on demand computational capability. There are two
self-configuration. It has a concept of connecting various ways or approaches to handle the complexity of IoT cloud
types of physical or virtual objects. [11] providers and computational load that need to be performed
in the server providers’ side. First, several cloud providers
In this section, the key characteristics of IoT to be can be used for the same IoT network. Second, to reduce the
supported by the 5G systems are discussed. Also, a brief delay that could occur because of the complexity of the
discussion is given regarding the challenges or open issues processing, the computing service could be moved to the
in the IoT and the main technologies that are used by IoT edge of the network.
systems.
4) Security
A. Challenges of IoT
The security challenge is illustrated in the idea of having
1) Energy Efficiency diversity of connected devices with different hardware and
platforms. The communication among these devices can be
One of the major challenges that characterizing the IoT hacked since providing a security mechanism that is
is to provide efficient energy consumption. The idea is how compatible with all these different devices is a complex
to achieve high-energy efficiency among IoT task. In fact, threats could come from two aspects: among
communications. In fact, most of the energy challenges in communication of devices or in the communication between
the IoT are related to the connected devices. These these devices and remote servers. [6]
connected devices are usually depending on batteries or on
harvesting energy systems. Also, sometimes especially on 5) Interoperability
applications that required remote communication, the
energy consumption can be problematic in case of requiring One of the most obvious challenges that face the IoT is
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interoperability. Due to the diverse range of devices that RFID is a wireless system that consists of two
need to be connected, the need to coordinate these different parts: tags and readers. Tags are attached to objects
devices is increased. These devices use different hardware, or devices that aimed to be connected and they
run over different platforms, and manufactured by different contain stored information that is usually read by
vendors. There are many IoT devices in the market today readers. These tags use radio waves with different
but each of them uses its own standards and interfaces in frequencies from different antennas to form a
order to communicate with other devices or remote servers. communication among devices. Also, these tags
This could cause a conflict when different devices are used can be passive where they powered by reader or
in the same domain. The incompatibility among devices, they can be active where they powered by batteries.
sensors, and even interfaces of remote servers is a main [9]
reason that causes the interoperability challenge in IoT. [4]
2. Near Field Communications (NFC):
B. Characteristics of IoT
NFC is based on the same mechanism of RFID
IoT is not a single technology itself. It is a concept of many in the mean of having tags and readers. However,
integrated technologies. It has several characteristics that the idea is to integrate this concept into smart
shape the purposes and functionalities of IoT. These phones. NFC illustrates the concept of short-range
characteristics or features are elaborated as follows: low power wireless networks where all devices are
connected in the same domain of other mobile
1. Interconnectivity: In the IoT, everything can be phones. It allows sending small amount of data
connected including any virtual or physical objects. under a specific domain between two devices. The
The interconnectivity feature is illustrated by the typical range of NFC is 20m. NFC can be
connection among these different objects and the considered as one of the most significant radio
communication infrastructure. technologies that allow wireless communications to
enable IoT. In fact, this technology will enable
2. Things-related services: The concept of this using smart phones as other objects connected to it.
characteristic is to provide services that can be [9]
applied to several connected things based on
constraints of these things. For instance, privacy 3. Machine-to-Machine Communications (M2M):
protection as a service can be applied to same
things with their constraints. The concept of M2M is too similar to the
concept of IoT. In IoT, diversity of connected
3. Heterogeneity: The heterogeneity feature of the objects is the key driver while in M2M
IoT comes from the idea of connect different communications; the communication is among
devices that are built using different hardware and different machines such as computers, processors,
run over different platforms. sensors and smart phones. According to [9], M2M
is structured into five parts: M2M Device, M2M
4. Dynamic changes: IoT can handle dynamic Gateways, M2M communication network, M2M
changes that are required by involved different Area network, and M2M applications. All
objects. Several dynamic changes could occur in technologies that are used to enable M2M
term of state changes such as idle, connected and communications can be used to enable the IoT. [9]
disconnected, or in term of context changes such as
changing locations. [10] 4. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications (V2V):

C. IoT Technologies This kind of communication requires a complex

network infrastructure since it involves
Many studies have been focused on the technologies that communication via vehicles. Vehicles usually
are used to allow the communications that are required by move from one place to another, which cause a
the IoT. Several techniques are used to provide a non-fixed topology. To describe the V2V
communication between devices in the IoT. In order to communication, two types of interactions are
connect devices, each device needs to be identified by a involved: interaction between vehicle to vehicle
unique identifier. Basically these technologies are used to and the interaction between vehicle and road
implement the real idea of the IoT and make the interactions infrastructure. [10]
between different devices possible. Below some of these
technologies and approaches are listed:

1. Radio Frequency Identifications (RFID):

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D. Overview of 5G The enabling solutions/technologies that have been used to
gain high data rate are as follows:
In order to enhance the capabilities of LTE, a fifth
generation of cellular network (5G) is under investigations 1. MIMO  
and discussions. [3] Also, the 5G has certain requirements 2. Relays  
and challenges that need to be satisfied and solved using 3.  Small  cells  
variety of technologies. The challenges that faced the 5G are 4. Millimeter  wave  communication  
regarding: 5. Wireless  SDN  

IV Increase  capacity,    
V High  data  rate,    
2) Reduced latency
VI Low  latency,    
VII Huge  number  of  connections,  and    
VIII Low  cost  and  quality  of  service  (QoS).  [4]     Latency is the time required to transfer data from source
  to destination via a network. The importance of reducing
To achieve these requirements, or on other words, to latency of a network is derived from the application that
solve these challenges, certain technologies have been highly affected by delay such as gaming. In fact, the RTT
involved as enabling technologies for the 5G. These latency of LTE is about 15 milliseconds and expected to be
technologies are: massive MIMO, D2D, Network Function reduced to 1 ms to satisfy the requirements of the 5G. The
Virtualization, Wireless SDN, IoT, ultra-densification, reason of such a need to reduced latency within 5G is the
Radio Access technologies, Green communication, and big increasing use real-time interactions in many applications,
data and mobile cloud computing. which required no delay to enhance the user experience.
Also, the idea of the Internet of things and machine type
The 5G is expected to achieve certain requirements to be communication where everything is connected and delay is
able to serve the various types of devices and applications. not acceptable. [4] The enabling technologies that have been
Each of these requirements is discussed below: used to reduce latency are:

1. D2D communication
1) High data rate
2. All optical networks
3. Big data and mobile cloud computing
With the explosion on using networks in applications
that required fast communications, the need for high data 3) Low energy
rate is rapidly increased. Over years, reaching high data rate
in the wireless networks is one of the most important factors
to evaluate the performance of such networks. Nevertheless, One of the enabling technologies that are supported by
LTE has provided a data rate that reached up to 15 Mbps, 5G is IoT where devices are connected using sensors
however; new applications such as ultra-HD video without need to always connect to a base station. This
streaming need higher data rates (up to 25 Mbps) than the scenario indicates that these devices will only switched on
ones that is currently available. [4] when they needed. This means that 5G required reducing
energy and supports no synchronizations. [4]
Data rate has two main metrics that characterized the
network: cell-edge data rate and area capacity. Cell-edge
data rate indicates the rate of the data in the edge of the cell 4) High scalability
where the signal of connection is in the weakest point. The
cell-edge data rate should be improved to achieve high data With designing LTE and then 5G wireless networks, the
rate for the overall system. Furthermore, when a user is increase number of mobile phone devices should be taken
close to the cell-edge in a network, the interference will be into consideration. The number of devices connected to a
high which led to weak signal. On the other hands, when a cellular network is expected to grow as indicated in [4] to 50
user is close from the cell center, the interference will be billion by 2020. Serving and handling that number of
low which led to strong signal. The goal is improve the data devices need an efficient scalable network. Providing high
rate in the cell edge to improve the user experience. [4] One scalability for cellular networks require enough frequency
of the most effective ways to do that is via the use of small spectrum resources and efficient media control. [4]
cells. [3] The use of small cells improves the coverage of
cellular networks as well as the capacity. The second metric
that impacts that data rate is the area capacity. Area capacity
indicates the total data rate that a network can serve per unit
area. In 5G, data rate are expected to reach 10 Gbps with
100 Mbps for cell-edge data rate. [4]
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III. COMPERISON OF IOT CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS since these applications still operate over short-range area
coverage. Some protocols examples are ZigBee and Z-
Wave. [8]
The main goal of this section is to compare current T
wireless networks that are used to enable IoT and provide
the promising connectivity to IoT devices. After the TABLE I. COMPARISON OF IOT CONNECTIVITY OPTIONS
comparison, the role of 5G networks can be drawn and
discussed on how 5G can power the connectivity of IoT.

The three connectivity landscapes that are being

compared are: cellular networks, low-power wide area
networks (LPWAN), and short-range networks. In fact, two
perspectives of the comparison are given. First, a
comparison among connectivity options in term of their
characteristics. Second comparison between the main
protocols of these connectivity options is given in term of
IoT requirements.

Table 1 compares the current alternatives connectivity

tracks that are used by several IoT applications and these
connectivity options are: cellular networks, LPWAN, and
short-range networks. Based on table 1, SRLD can include protocols such as
ZigBee, Bluetooth and even more Wi-Fi. For SRHD, this
Basically, many of IoT devices will be served by radio group is needed for cIoT applications where the distance
technologies as discussed in section 2.1.3. [5] Usually the between connected devices is short but a high data rate is
connectivity required by these applications are designed as needed. LRLD can include protocols such as SigFox and
applications for indoor environments such as smart homes. LoRa. It serves personal area networks. Finally, providing
high data rate in long range is classified as LRHD and
Table 1 compares these connectivity options based on includes cellular networks protocols such as 3G, 4G, and
their characteristics and the requirements of IoT. The LTE.
criteria that are used in the comparison are: data rate,
bandwidth, coverage, range, latency, scalability and power A. Classification of IoT connectivity protocols
use. More precisely, two protocols for each type of these
systems are included in the comparison. In this section, a classification of current IoT
connectivity protocols is presented. It classifies the
Cellular networks are mainly designed to provide protocols that could be used in the IoT applications into four
coverage for long distances or wide areas with high speed groups based data rate and range criteria. The classification
and low power in LTE and 4G. However, the cost of using is as follows:
cellular networks is expensive in term of providing
reliability because of the handover process. Some protocols 1. Short-Range, High Data rate protocols (SRHD).
that are used in cellular networks are: 2G, 3G, LTE, and 2. Short-Range, Low Data rate protocols (SRLD).
future 5G [5]. 3. Long-Range, High Data rate protocols (LRHD).
4. Long-Range, High Data rate protocols (LRHD).
LPWAN is a new emerging technology that aims to
serve wide area on low-end IoT applications [8]. As shown This classification is illustrated in Figure 1. In this
in table 1, LPWAN provides low power consumption, long classification, any range that is less than 10m considers as
range and low cost. It is mainly designed to provide short range while any range above that considers as long
machine type communications (MTC). Some protocols range. Also, any data rate that is less than 1 Mbps considers
examples for this type of wireless system are SigFox and as low data rate while any data rate above that considers as
LoRa [5]. high data rate.

Short-range network is another emerging technology that Basically, this classification aims to show the role of 5G
mainly served indoor environments and cIoT devices since in providing two aspects of connectivity to the IoT
the coverage area is short and considered as home or applications: SRHD for cIoT applications and LRHD for
personal area. In contrast, it provides low power iIoT applications.
consumption and low cost. In fact, this kind of wireless
networks is widely used by many current IoT applications
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As stated previously, the use of licensed spectrum in
D2D communication improves the quality of service (QoS)
by increasing the data rate and reducing latency. Also, D2D
communication allow for better user experience especially
when the capacity of a BS is reached because of data traffic
[4]. Furthermore, D2D communications can be used as a
foundation for many technologies such as machine type
communication (MTC) and vehicle-to-vehicle
communications (V2V). There are four types of D2D
communication:
1. Device relaying with BS controlled link
establishment.
2. Device relaying with device controlled link
establishment.
3. Direct D2D communication with BS controlled link
establishment.
Figure 1. Classification of IoT connectivity options protocols 4. Direct D2D communication with device controlled
link establishment.

IV ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES OF 5G IN IOT Using D2D communication to enable IoT applications

has a potential benefit in group communications via IoT
devices [8]. However, several open issues need to be
As a result of the evolution of IoT systems, many
investigated in D2D communication including: security,
features and functionalities need to be involved in designing
discovery of resources and interference managements [8].
the next generation of cellular networks. Many studies show
that 5G is the key driver of IoT because of its enabling
technologies that take into considerations the variety of IoT B. Millimeter Wave Technology
requirements. Moreover, providing reliable connectivity for
IoT devices is a task involving coordination and integration One of the promising technologies that show a
of several enabling technologies. substantial impact on improving capacity and throughput of
mobile communications is the use of millimeter frequencies
To satisfy IoT requirements such as long coverage, bands. The frequencies bands in the mm wave are at 30 to
extremely high data rate, scalability, and capacity, several 300 GHz [4]. Furthermore, mm wave carrier frequencies
technologies are used from 5G designs to enable IoT increase the data rates by allowing large bandwidth
communications. These technologies are discussed in the allocations [8].
incoming subsections.
In term of IoT applications, the use of mm wave could
A. Device to Device Communications enable high data rates for these kinds of applications with
great capacity [8]. As discussed in the previous point, the
short-range communication that is offered by mm wave
The main idea of device-to-device communication (D2D) technology can be attractive for D2D communications [1].
is to allow two devices to communicate with each other
without an intermediate base station (BS) that controls the
communication. Also, the main benefit of such a technology C. Relays
is the use of licensed spectrum rather than unlicensed
spectrum used by technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth A relay network can be considered as a network topology
[8]. This type of communication provides high data rate and that used mainly in wireless network to improve its
low latency due to the efficient and direct communication performance. The idea of relays is to have a relay node (RN)
between the two connected devices. Naturally, in order for in between UEs and eNBs. Furthermore, these RNs have the
two devices to be communicated over cellular system, they functionality of both UEs and eNBs. They are responsible of
need to be connected to each other through a base station receiving and transferring information through a wireless
(BS), which in turn results in low data rate and delay [4]. network from UEs/eNBs to eNBs/UEs. There are four main
advantages of relay nodes. First, they provide temporary
5G systems are expected to allow the direct communication network deployments since RNs are easy to be deployed and
illustrated in D2D communications to support many IoT removed more than eNBs. Second, they increase the cell-
applications that required such communication [4]. edge throughput because locating the RNs close to cell-edge
improves the cell-edge throughout. Third, most important
benefit of RNs is increasing the data rate by locating RNs in
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low signal level areas. Finally, in some cases multiple users
(UEs) move together from one location to another and that
required a mobility feature, which is supported by co- IV CONCLUSION
located RNs. [2]
IoT is the very near future concept that shape our lives.
In term of IoT systems, relaying is a key technology that It is one of the enabling technologies for 5G cellular
provides scalability for IoT applications. In case of having systems. To enable IoT applications, several requirements
sort of traffic over one base station (BS), IoT devices can be must be satisfied each of them using certain technologies.
connected to several relay stations (RSs), which in turn These technologies considered as IoT enabling technologies,
allow for better connectivity and coverage. which are mainly used to enable 5G cellular systems too.
This survey condiucts a comparative analysis between
D. Wireless Software-Defined Network (WSDN) several IoT connectivity options to inesigate which of them
is most suited for IoT applications. However, the
Many studies have considered SDN as one of the comparison shows that all these wireless networks are
enabling technologies for 5G cellular systems [4][8]. SDN capable of serving IoT systems each under certain
is an emerging paradigm that based on the idea of separate circumstances. This paper provides in-depth state of
the data plans from control plan, which increase the knowledge regarding the role of 5G cellular systems in the
flexibility of network performance [1]. By splitting the development of IoT systems and it provides a comparative
control plans from data or user plans, capacity and data rates analysis for some of IoT connectivity landscapes. This
can be increased by reducing the overhead that can be survey starts by giving overviews of both IoT and 5G
occurred by control plans [1]. systems including their requirements and challenges. More
preciecly, IoT characteristics and technologies have been
Furthermore, SDN can be used in the evolution of IoT discussed. After that, comparison of IoT connectivity
systems to highlight flexibility and interoperability options has been proposed from two prespectives: based on
challenges. In term of flexibility, SDN allows dynamic IoT the characteristics od these options and based on IoT
architecture that can deal with the amount of connected requirements. Several enabling technologies for IoT have
devices and data being exchanged [1]. In term of been highlighted from the 5G point of view. This survey
interoperability, splitting control from data plans allows for predicts that many IoT applications will use the currently
independent use of resources. In fact, SDN allows several available cellular networks such as 4G and LTE until the
different services having different quality of service QoS to complete arrival of 5G in 2020s.
exist in the same domain [8].

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