Basic studies for water supply

system

For the proper design of water supply system,

these basic studies must be done:

1.The design period.

2. Population present and future.

3.Water consumption.

4..Water source.
 Design period

In water works the design period ranges from

30 to 50 years.

Factors affecting the design period:

1.Virtual age of different components of the WTP.

2.Cost (capital, operation and maintenance).
3.Population growth.
4.Water consumption.
5.Water source.
6.Labors skills.
 1. Virtual age

Reinforced concrete constructions subject to

water (30 – 50 years)

Steel constructions (20 – 30 years)

Pipes (50 – 80 years)

Mechanical equipments (10 – 15 years)

 POPULATION PREDICTION

Water supply systems must be designed to serve the future

population as well as the present population.

Population prediction methods

1.Arithmatical method.
2.Geometrical method.
3.Annual rate of increasing method.
4.Graphical extension method.
5.Graphical comparison method.
 METHODS OF POPULATION
PREDICTION

1. Arithmetic method

Pn = Po + Ka(av) * Δt

Where:
Ka(av) = Σ(ΔP/ Δt )/no. of (Ka)
Pn : Future Population at tn
Po : Present Population at to
Δt = tn – to
to : Base year
tn : Goal year
 METHODS OF POPULATION
PREDICTION

2.Geometrical method

Ln Pn = Ln Po + Kg(av) * Δt

Where:
Kg(av) = Σ(Δ LnP/Δt )/no. of (Kg)
Pn : Future Population at tn
Po : Present Population at to
Δt = tn – to
to : Base year
tn : Goal year
 METHODS OF POPULATION
PREDICTION

3.Annual rate of increase method

Pn = Po * [1 + (% rp / 100)] Δt

Where:
rp : Annual rate of increasing in population
Pn : Future Population at tn
Po : Present Population at to
Δt = tn – to
to : Base year
tn : Goal year
 METHODS OF POPULATION
PREDICTION

4.Graphical extension method

This method assume that the population-time curve of

the past records may extended into future by
following the trend of increase in the past.
 METHODS OF POPULATION
PREDICTION

5.Graphical comparison method

It based on the assumption that the future population

will increase in the same way as similar larger cities
have increased in the past after reaching the present
population of the investigated city.
 WATER CONSUMPTION
In a normal city the ratio of consumption of water for
these different uses may be as follow:

WATER USES PERSENT OF TOTAL

Domestic 35
Commercial 20
Industrial 20
Public 25
Total 100
Factors affecting the rate of water consumption:

1. Size of community.

2. Climate.

3. Standard of living.

4. Pressure of water in distribution networks.

5. Water quality.

6. Water cost.

7. Sewage facilities.
 FLUCTUATION OF DEMAND

Average rates of demand for various periods of time

Period Maximum rates as % of average

Average 100
Maximum monthly 125 - 150
Maximum daily 150 - 180
Maximum hourly 200 - 300
 FIRE DEMAND

Egyptian specification recommended 60 m3/hr for one fire on assumption

of 2 hours fire for each 10,000 capita or as indicated in the
following table.

No Population Required fire

. (capita) discharge
1 10,000 20
2 25,000 25
3 50,000 30
4 100,000 40
 WATER SOURCES

1. Rain water
2. Surface water (fresh – salt)
(Rivers – Lakes – Seas – Oceans)
3. Ground water (fresh – salt)
(Wells)
 WATER QUALITY

• Proposes of studying water quality:

1. Determine the degree of pollution.
2. Determine of design steps for water treatment
process, (drinking water – industrial water –
swimming ponds).
3. Assessment of treatment units.
4. Check the effluent of WTP with environmental.
 Characteristics of water

1. Physical characteristics.

Parameter Ranges for Drinking Water

1. Temperature (15 – 20oC)
2. Turbidity ≤ 1 NTU
3. Color Colorless'
4. Odor No odor
 Characteristics of water
2. Chemical characteristics.
2.1 pH : ranged from (6.5 – 9.5)
2.2 Dissolved Solids:
Manganese ≤ 0.1 mg/l, Iron and Manganese ≤ 0.3 mg/l
Iron ≤ 0.3 mg/l, Sodium ≤ 200 mg/l
Calcium ≤ 200 mg/l, Magnesium ≤ 150 mg/l
Sulphate ≤ 400 mg/l, Chloride ≤ 500 mg/l
Copper ≤ 1.0 mg/l, Nitrate ≤ 10 mg/l
Nitrate ≤ 0.005 mg/l, Lead ≤ 0.05 mg/l
Cadmium ≤ 0.005 mg/l, Chloride ≤ 500 mg/l
Mercury ≤ 0.001 mg/l, Toxic matters = Zero mg/l
 Characteristics of water
3. Biological characteristics.
• Source, (Micro-organisms, bacteria, virus, protozoa…etc)
• Pathogens = (Harmful bacteria)
• Indicator = Used to indicate the present of pathogens.

• Properties of an ideal indicator:

1. Applicable for all types of water.

2. Always present when pathogens are present.
3. Non-pathogen for the lab. Personal.
4. Have a longer survival time outside the human body (24 hrs)
MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY
WORKS

1.COLLECTION WORKS

2.PURIFICATION WORKS

3.DISTRIBUTION WORKS
Supply Works for Rain Water (RW)
This figure shows flow line in rain water treatment
works
Rain Water Flow Rate (Q)

The rain water flow rate can be computed from this

equation:

[Q = C * I * A] m3/d

Where:
Q: Rain Water Flow Rate (m3/d)
I: Intensity of Rain Fall (m/d)
A: Catchments' Basin Area (m2)
Collection Works for Surface Water
Collection Works for Surface Water

1.Intake structure.

2.Intake conduits.

3.Raw water lift pump station.

4.Transmission lines.
 INTAKE STRUCTURE
•Purpose of intake structure

1.Collect the water from the source.

2.Protect the embankment sides' slopes from
failure.
3.Prevent clogging of intake conduits
(because the intake structure consists of
screen prevent the entrance of the
undesired matters).
•Factors affecting the choice of intake
structure type

1. Water source dimensions (width – depth).

2. Character of bottom.
3. Effect of currents, floods and storms upon the
structure.
4. Water source pollution (on shore – on surface).
5. Navigation requirements.
6. Fluctuation in water level.
•Factors affecting the choice of intake
structure location

1. Upstream the served city to prevent the direct

pollution.
2. On straight part of the water source to prevent
settling and scoring.
3. Restricted area taken around the intake structure
(150 m upstream and 50 m downstream).
 TYPES OF INTAKE STRUCTURE
Type Uses
None polluted shore – navigable canal – narrow and
Shore intake
shallow canals.
Wide rivers (150 – 300 m) – polluted shore – high
fluctuation in water level – navigable. Material of
pipe intake is (Ductile iron or steel).
Pipe intake
[Suction head Hs ≤ 7m = Atmospheric pressure Ha
(=10.33m) – friction losses Hf – secondary losses Hse
– vapors pressure Hv – velocity head Hve].
Submerged
Narrow canals – polluted shore – deep canals.
intake

Insufficient wide for pipe intake to allow navigation

Tower intake
– wide fluctuation in water level – common in lakes.
SHORE INTAKE
PIPE INTAKE
 DESIGN OF SHORE INTAKE BAR
SCREEN (L,S,B,Φ)
DESIGN CRITERIA
•Perpendicular velocity on screen projection ≤ 0.15 m/sec
•The maximum permissible head loss through the screen is
(10 – 15 cm)
•The bar diameter (Φ) = 1.3 – 1.9 cm (or) 0.5 – 0.75 inches.
•The spacing between two bars (S) = 2 – 5 cm.
•The inclined angle of the bar screen (θ) = 30 – 60o
•The vertical bar screen length (Lv) = (HWL – BL) - 0.5 m
•The inclined bar screen length (L) = (Lv) / sin θ
•The inclined net area of the screen = n*S*L
•B = (n+1)*Φ + n*S
•n = number of spacing = (number of bars – 1)
Example
Design the bar screen of a shore intake serves a city of
population 50,000 capita with average water
consumption 250 l/c/d, if (HWL – BL = 4m) .
Solution
•Lv = 4 m, Pop = 50,000 capita, qav = 250 l/c/d
•Qd = Qmm = 1.4 Qav = 1.4*Pop*qav = 17500 m3/d
•Assume wp = 24 h/d
•Qd =0.203 m3/s
•Assume v = 0.15 m/s
•n*S*L = Qd / v = 0.203 / 0.15 = 1.35 m2
•Assume θ = 45o, S = 0.03 m
•L = Lv/sin θ = 5.7 m
•n = 1.35 / (0.03*5.7) = 8 opens
•Assume Φ = 1.6 cm
•B = (n+1)*Φ + n*S = 0.384 m
•Take B = 0.4 m
•Sact = 0.032 m
 INTAKE CONDUITS
•Purpose of intake conduits

Transmit the raw water from the water

source to raw or low water lift pump
station
 DESIGN OF INTAKE CONDUITS
DESIGN CRITERIA
• Number (n) ≥ 2
• Diameter (Φmm) = 25 – 50 - … – 250 – 300 - … – 500 – 600 - … –
1000 mm.(It's preferred to not be exceed than 1000m)
• Design flow = Qd = Qmm (m3/sec), minimum flow (Qmin) = 0.5 Qd
• Qmm = 1.25 – 1.5 Qav
• Ordinary velocity (Vord) = 0.6 – 1.5 m/s
• Maximum maximum velocity at one pipe is broken (Vmm) ≤ 2.5
m/s (If not increase number of pipes at the same cross section area
by decreasing the pipes diameter)
• Minimum velocity at minimum flow (Vmin) ≥ 0.6 m/s (If not close
pipe or more, taking into consideration that may be one pipe only
works at minimum flow if we have to that)
 IMPORTANT CHECKS
1. Vord = Qmm / n*π/4*Ф2 (0.6 – 1.5 m/s)
2. Vmm = Qmm / (n-1)*π/4*Ф2 (≤ 2.5 m/s)
3. Vmin = Qmin / n*π/4*Ф2 (≥ 0.6 m/s) if not close pipes.

IN CASE OF DESIGN IN PRESENT AND

FUTURE
1. Number (n) ≥ 2 in the present.
2. Assume the ordinary velocity at future is 1.4 to 1.5 m/s, and
get the present ordinary velocity = (Vord.future) *
[(Qdpresent) / (Qdfuture)] ≥ 0.6 m/s. (If not, we have to
decrease the pipes in the present and redesign)
CASE OF EXISTING INTAKE CONDUITS
(GIVEN Φ, N) - REQUIRED THE MAXIMUM
FLOW CAN BE CARRIED BY THESE PIPES

1. Assume Vord = max. = 1.5 m/s, Get Qd1 = 1.5*n*π/4*Φ2

2. Assume Vmm = max. = 2.5 m/s, Get Qd2 = 2.5*(n-1)*π/4*Φ2

3. Qdmax = the least from Qd1, Qd2

Example
It is required to design the intake conduits of the water
collection works for a city of population 160,000
capita and average water consumption of 180 l/c/d
(constant with project period), if the annual population
rate of increase is 2% and design period is 40 years.
Solution (2)
In present
P = 300,000 capita
av.wc = 200 l/c/d
Qav = 200,000 * 200 = 40,000,000 l/d = 40,000 m3/d
Qmm = 1.4 Qav = 0.694 m3/s
Qmin = 0.7 Qav = 0.486 m3/s
In future
P = 300,000*(1+0.01)40 = 446,660 capita
Total population increase ratio% = [(446,660-300,000)/(300,000)] * 100
= 48.9 %
wc increase rate% = 0.1 * 0.489 = 0.0489
av.wc = 200*(1+0.0489) = 209.8 l/c/d
Qav = 446,660 * 209.8 = 9371 m3/d
Qmm = 1.4 Qav = 1.52 m3/s
Qmin = 0.7 Qav = 0.759 m3/s
Design in future

Assume wp = 24 hr/d
For economic design, assume vord = 1.5 m/s
So, min. required TXA = 1.52/1.5 = 1.013 m2
Assume Ф = 600 mm = 0.6 m
Take n = 4 pipes

Important checks in future

Vord = Qmm/4*π/4*Ф2 = 1.345 m/s (ok) at (0.6 – 1.5 m/s)

Vmm = Qmm/3*π/4*Ф2= 1.793 m/s (ok) at (≤ 2.5 m/s)
Vmin = Qmin/4*π/4*Ф2= 0.673 m/s (ok) at (≥ 0.6 m/s)
Important checks in present

Vord = Qmm/4*π/4*Ф2 = 0.86 m/s (ok) at (0.6 – 1.5 m/s)

Vmm = Qmm/3*π/4*Ф2= 1.14 m/s (ok) at (≤ 2.5 m/s)
Vmin = Qmin/4*π/4*Ф2= 0.43 m/s ( not ok) not at (≥ 0.6 m/s),
close 2 pipes, Vmin become = 0.86 m/s (ok) at (≥ 0.6 m/s)

Conclusion

"Take four pipes Ф (600) mm (present and future) & close two
pipes at minimum flow in present"
DESIGN OF RAW (LOW) LIFT PUMP
STATION
FLOW CALCULATIONS
Total number of pumps = working + standby
Standby pumps = 50% to 150% working pumps
Working pumps ≥ 2
Qmin Qmm
Value … l/s … l/s
nw ≥2 ≥2
nsb 50% to 150% 50% to 150%
nw nw
nT nw + nsb
In case of connect more than one pump in parallel,
the result discharge will be as shown in the table:

X : discharge of one pump

Number Total Discharge

1 X
2 1.6 X
3 2.2 X
4 3X
5 3.5 X
6 4X
HEAD CALCULATIONS

•The total head = the dynamic head + the static head

•The dynamic head = the friction losses through the
intake conduits and through the rising main + the
secondary losses
•The static head = level of water in the first unit in
the plant – low water level of the water source
•The level of the first unit of the plant = water level
in the ground tank (ground level) + the losses (main
and secondary) through the plant between the units
IF NOT MENTION,
• Take the water level in the first unit in the plant = ground
level + 5 meter.
• Take the secondary losses 20 % of the main losses.
• It can be used the Darcy’s law to calculate the friction losses
through the pipes:
[hf = 4 FLV2/2gФ] (m)
Where:
• F = friction coefficient = 0.008 for concrete.
• L = pipe length by meter, if not mention take (30 – 70 m for
shore intake), (100 – 200 m for pipe intake).
• V = water velocity through the pipe by m/sec.
• g = 9.81 m/s2
• Ф = pipe diameter by meter.
HORSE POWER CALCULATIONS

Total HP = Water density (1000 kg/m3) * nw * qonepump

(m3/sec) * Total head (meter) / 75 * η1 * η2

Take η1 * η2 = 0.6 if not mention.

The life time of the pumps from 10 to 15 years, so we can

use different pumps types through different phases.
 DESIGN OF SUMP
• Volume (m3) = L * S * d
• Volume = bigger of (Qmm * 2min) or (Qmin * 5min)
•S = 1 – 3 m
• L = total number of pumps * (1.5 – 3 m)
• d = Volume / (L*S) ≥ dmin

where:
• dmin = (Low water level in the water source – main and minor
losses through the intake conduit) – (Bed level in the source
– 0.5m), taken into consideration that the intake conduits
rested horizontally.

• Sump is designed for future only, and in present it is divided

by separators from metal.
 LWL
LWL - h h

Sump
dmin
Bed level Intake conduit
0.5 m
Pump
 DESIGN OF MAIN HEADER

•Volume (m3) = π/4 * Ф2 * L

•Volume = bigger of (Qmm * 1min) or (Qmin * 3min)
•L = total number of pumps * (1.5 – 3 m)
•Get Ф.
•Main header is designed for future only.
 Main header

Pump
LWL
0.5 m
 WATER PURIFICATION WORKS

Water treatment plants typically purify water by

passing it through several processes starting by
coagulation, sedimentation or flotation, filtration
and disinfection.

The presence of these processes depended on the

water source as soon as the types of impurities
appear.
 PURPOSES OF WATER PURIFICATION
WORKS

1.Improve the physical characteristics of water,

by removing turbidity, color and taste.
2. Destroy any contained bacteria, special
pathogenic bacteria.
3.Removal of hardness, iron and manganese
salts and excessive amount of gases and salts
soluble in water.
In most surface water, two systems of water
purification are in common use:

1.The slow sand filter plant – which consists of plain

sedimentation followed by slow sand filtration and
disinfection.
2. The rapid sand filter plant – which consists of
sedimentation with coagulation followed by rapid sand
filtration and disinfection.
Ground water sometimes need soften, manganese and iron
removal and rarely disinfection.
Flow diagram in RSF plant uses
Clariflocculator as a chemical
precipitation unit
 1.SEDIMENTAION STAGE

Different types of sedimentation tank according to

operation technique:

1.Fill and draw (Batch System)

In this type, the raw water stays a sedimentation period inside
a sedimentation basin.

2.Continues flow
The flow inter the sedimentation basin from inlet arrangement,
and in the same time exit from outlet arrangement, the
retention time in the basin is the required sedimentation time.
Theory of sedimentation in ideal
sedimentation tanks
The conditions must be done to be an ideal
sedimentation tank:

1.The flow is laminar flow.

2.There are no dead zones.
3.The horizontal velocity is constant.
4.Good arrangement of inlet and outlet weirs.
The solids that have specific gravity more than water
will be settled in a sedimentation zone if the flow
velocity is reduced. The ideal sedimentation tank
consists of (inlet zone – outlet zone – settlement zone –
sludge zone).

Par.
Vh

Vr
Vg

Ideal Sedimentation Tank

Factors affect the sedimentation efficiency:
1. Shape and size of solids.
2. Specific gravity of suspended solids.
3. Suspended solids concentration in water to be treated.
4. Temperature of water to be treated.
5. Velocity of water to be treated.
6. Specific gravity of water to be treated.
7. Viscosity of water to be treated.
8. Retention time.
9. Relationship between tank dimensions.
10.Efficiency of pervious treatment.
11.Sludge removal method.
12.Surface loading rate.
13.Hydraulic load on out let weir.
14.Inlet and outlet arrangement.
PLAIN SEDIMENTATION PROCESS
Design of Plain Sedimentation Tanks

•Removal Ratio = 60 -85 %

•Qd = Qmm=1.4 Qav (m3/d),
•Get Qd (m3/hr) = Qd (m3/d)/w.p (hr/d)
•Retention Time = 4 – 6 hrs
•SLR = 25 – 40 m3/m2/d = Qd / S.A
•HLOW = 150 – 300 m3/m/d = Qd / Lw
•For rectangular only Vf ≤ 0.3 m/min = Qd / X.A
•n ≥ 2
 Rectangular Sed. Tanks Circular Sed. Tanks (Clarifiers)
d=3–5m d=3–5m
B=2–4d Ø ≤ 35 m
L = 4 – 5 B ≤ 50 m n≥2
n≥2 Volume = n /4 Ø2 *d
Volume = nLBd S.A = n /4 Ø2
S.A = nLB Lw = nπØ
X.A = nBd
Lw = nB
= n (B + 2 L/7 – 2m)
= n (2B + 2 L/7 – 4m)
= n (3B + 2 L/7 – 4m)
= n (4B + 2 L/7 – 7m)
= n (5B + 2 L/7 – 7m)
 Sludge Amount

Sludge = Water + [2 to 5 % Solids]

•Assume SS inlet the sedimentation tank = X mg/l
•RR is the Removal Ratio in the sedimentation process =
60 – 85 %
•Amount of SS in sludge per day = Y (t/d) = Qd (m3/d)*[X
(g/m3) / 106 (g/t)]*RR
•Assume concentration of SS in Sludge = C % = 2 – 5 %
•Assume Specific Gravity of Sludge = SG = 1.05 – 2.1
•Amount of Sludge per day (t/d) = Z (t/d) = Y (t/d) / C %
•Volume of Sludge per day (m3/d) = V (m3/d) = [Z (t/d) /
SG * 1(t/m3)]
Example

Design the plain rectangular sedimentation tanks for a water

purification plant of an hourly output 5000 m3. Then get the
amount of sludge if the SS in raw water is 80 ppm and sludge
specific gravity is 1.1.

Solution

(First) Design of plain sedimentation tanks

Assume that wp is 24 hr/day

Qd = 5000 m3/hr
Assume RT = 4 hrs (from 4 – 6 hrs)
Minimum Total Volume = 4* 5000 = 20,000 m3 = nLBd
Assume SLR = 30 m3/m2/d (from 25 – 40 m3/m2/d) = 1.25
m3/m2/hr
TSA = 5000/1.25 = 4000 m2 = n LB
d = Volume/TSA = 20,000/4000 = 5.0 m (from 3 – 5 m)
Assume B = 2d = 10 m
Assume L = 5B = 50 m
n = 8 tanks
Actual SA = 50 * 10 = 500 m2
Actual Volume = 50 * 10 * 5 = 2500 m3
Actual TSA = 8 * 500 = 4,000 m2
Actual Total Volume = 8 * 2500 = 20,000 m3
The important checks

Actual RT = 20,000 / 5000 = 4 hr (ok)

Actual SLR = (5000 / 4000) * 24 = 30 m3/m2/d (ok)
Vf = (5000/ 400*60) = 0.21 m/min (ok)
HLOW = (5000/80) * 24 = 1500 m3/m/d (unsafe)
Take Lw = 178 m, HLOW = 690 m3/m/d (unsafe)
Take Lw = 242 m, HLOW = 495.7 m3/m/d (unsafe)
Take Lw = 322 m, HLOW = 372 m3/m/d (unsafe)
Take Lw = 378 m, HLOW = 317 m3/m/d (unsafe)
Take Lw = 458 m, HLOW = 262 m3/m/d (ok)
Sludge Amount
SS = 80 mg/l
Assume RR is Removal Ratio in plain sedimentation
process = 80 %
Amount of SS in sludge per day = Y (t/d) = 120,000
(m3/d)*[80 (g/m3) / 106 (g/t)] * 0.8 = 7.68 ton/day
Assume concentration of SS in Sludge = C % = 3 %
Amount of Sludge (Water + SS) per day (t/d) = Z (t/d) =
7.68 (t/d) / 0.03 = 256 t/d
Specific Gravity of Sludge = SG = 1.1
Volume of Sludge per day (m3/d) = V (m3/d) = [256 (t/d) /
1.1 * 1(t/m3)] = 232.73 (m3/d)
 COAGULATION PROCESS
•Purpose
Removal of most quantity of solids present in the raw water by
chemical action.

•Process
Addition of a chemical matter (coagulant) to raw water that
reacts with water alkalinity and produce a gelatinous forming
(flocs.) that carries a positive charge at its surface, in the other
side, suspended solids carry a negative charge at their surface.
Attraction force appears between them, the suspended solids
attaches to the flocs surface that causes increasing of flocs
weight. Faster settling appears, sedimentation efficiency will
increase.
•Factors affect the coagulation efficiency
1. pH of raw water.
2. Raw water temperature.
3. Mixing.
4. Coagulant type.
5. Feeding method (dry – wet).

• Types of Coagulants
1. Alum or [Aluminum sulphate (AL2 (SO4)3 + 18H2O)].
2. Sodium Aluminates.
3. Ammonia alum.
4. Ferric chloride
5. Ferrous chloride.
•Methods of mixing alum with raw water

1.Dry feeding

Use the alum as a powder in case of insoluble materials.

2. Wet feeding

Use the alum in liquid form (solution), better than dry feeding,
need concentrated alum solution tank to prepare the alum
solution.
Jar test

Jar test is used to determine the daily coagulant dose.

Steps of the test

1. 5 vessels each 1 liter put in them different coagulant doses.

2. Flash mixing for 30 sec. (100 - 300 rpm)
3. Gentle mixing for 10 min. (1 - 3 rpm)
4. Sedimentation for 30 min.

Get removal efficiency for each vessel, draw relationship between

coagulant dose and efficiency, and then get from the curve the optimum
efficiency.
Motor

Mixers

Vessel

Jar test
Efficiency

Coagulant
Optimum
Dose
CHMICAL SEDIMENTATION PROCESS

Design of Alum Solution Tanks

Alum Dose = X mg/l = 20 – 70 ppm

Concentration of alum solution = Z % = 5 – 10 %
n = 3 tanks (Working – under preparing – standby)
May be use 2 tank working at the same time or more
Square in shape
L=B =1- 5m
d=1–3m
Qd = Qmm = 1.4 Qav (m3/d)
Amount of alum per day (t/d) = Y (t/d) =Xg/m3*Qd (m3/d)/106(g/t)
Amount of alum solution = W (t/d) = Y (t/d) / Z%
Alum solution specific gravity = SG = 1.01 – 1.07
Alum Solution Density = SG * Water density (1 t/m3) = D (t/ m3)
 Volume of alum solution = W (t/d) / D (t/ m3) = C (m3/d)
Volume of alum solution tanks = C (m3)
Volume of one tank = V (m3) = C (m3) / 3
Rate of pumping the alum solution to FMT (liter/hr) = V (m3)*1000
(l/m3)/(w.p/3)

Design of Flash Mixing Tank

Qd = Qmm = 1.4 Qav (m3/d)

Retention Time = 5 → 60 sec
d = 1.5 – 5 m
Circular
n≥1
Ø ≤ 35 m
100 – 300 rpm
Example
Design concentrated alum solution and the flash mixing tanks
for a water treatment plant of a daily output 20,000 m3, if the
alum dose is 40 mg/l. What would be the rate of dosing of
concentrated alum solution?

Solution
Design of alum solution tanks

Qd = 20,000 m3/d
Daily Amount of alum = 20,000 * 40 = 0.8 t/d
Assume alum solution concentration is 10 %
Daily Amount of alum solution = 0.8* 100/10 = 25.2 t/d
Assume specific gravity of alum solution is (1.05)
Daily volume of alum solution = 8 / 1.05 = 7.62 m3
Total alum solution tanks = 7.62 m3
Assume alum solution tanks number = 3 tanks
Alum solution tank volume = 7.62 / 3 = 2.5 m3
Assume d = 1 m
SA = 2.5 m2
Assume alum solution tank is square in shape (B*B*d)
B = (2.5)0..5 = 1.6 m
Rate of pumping the alum solution to FMT (liter/min) = 7.62 m3/d =
7,620 l/d = 5.3 l/min.

Design of flash mixing tank

Qd = 20,000 / 3600 * 24 = 0.23 m3/sec

Assume RT = 60 sec
V = 60 * 0.23 = 13.89 m3
Assume d = 2.25m
Assume n = 1
SA = 6.25 m2
Assume circular Ø = 2.5 m
TYPES OF CHEMICAL SEDIMENTATION UNITS

1. Clariflocculator
2. Accelator
3. Precipitator
4. Pulsator
5. Super Pulsator
6. Plate Settler
7. Tube Settler
CLARIFLOCCULATOR
Accelator
PRECIPITATOR
PULSATOR
SUPER PULSATOR
PLATE SETTLER
 Design criteria of chemical precipitation units

SLR
Unit Ti To di do
(m3/m2/d)

Clariflocculator (1/3 to 1/2) hr (2 to 4) hr do – (0.5 to 1) m (3 to 5)m (25to40)

Accelator (10 to 20) min (1 to 2) hr (0.5 to 1) m (2 to 4)m (40to60)

Precipitator (10 to 25) min (1 to 2.5) hr do – (0.5 -1) m (2 to 4)m (60to100)

Pulsator (2 to 5) min (45 to 75) min (0.5 to 1) m (3 to 6)m (60 to 90)

Plate settler (25 to 45) min (3 to 5) m (100to150)

Tube settler (10 to 30) min (3 to 5) m (120to180)

Example

The daily design flow of a WTP is 500,000 m3; design the chemical
precipitation units once as Clariflocculator or Accelator or Precipitator or
Pulsator or Plate settler or Tube settler.

Solution
Assume wp is 24 hr/d
Qd = (500,000 / 24) = 20,833.33 m3/hr
1. Design of Clariflocculator
Inner Chamber Outer Chamber
Ti = (1/2) hr To = (1/2)hr + 3 hr = 3.5 hrs
Vi = Ti * Qd = n (π/4) * Øi2 di Vo = To * Qd = n (π/4) * Øo2 do
= 10416.67 m3 = 72916.66 m3
di = do – (0.5 m)= 2.5 m do = (3.0) m
I.SA = Vi / di = n (π/4) * Øi2 T.SA = Vo / do = n (π/4) * Øo2
= 4166.67 m2 = 24305.55 m2
From n and I.S.A. Get Øi = 14.5 m Assume Øo = Max. = 35 m
Get min. n = 25
Get Actual Øo = 35 m

The Important checks

1.Øi / Øo = 0.41
2.SLR = [Qd (m3/hr) / Outer S.A] * 24 = 25 to 40 m3/m2/day, where outer SA = n (π/4)
(Øo2 - Øi2) = 19914.167 m2, SLR = 25.1 m3/m2/d (ok)
3.HLOW = [Qd (m3/hr) / n π Øo ] * 24 = 182 m3/m/d (ok)
2 .Design of Accelator
Inner Chamber Outer Chamber
Ti = (10/60) hr To = (10/60)hr + 1.5 hr = 1.67 hrs
Vi = Ti * Qd = n (π/4) * Øi2 di Vo = To * Qd = n (π/4) * Øo2 do
= 3472.22 m3 = 34,791.66 m3
di = 1 m do = (3.0) m
I.S.A = Vi / di = n (π/4) * Øi2 T.SA = Vo / do = n (π/4) * Øo2
= 3472.22 m2 = 11,597.22 m2
From n and I.SA. Get Øi = 19 m Assume Øo = Max. = 35 m
Get min. n = 12
Get Actual Øo = 35 m

The Important checks

1.SLR = [Qd (m3/hr) / Outer S.A] * 24 = 40 to 60 m3/m2/day, where outer SA = n (π/4)

(Øo2 - Øi2) = 8138.88 m2, SLR = 60 m3/m2/d (ok)
3.Design of Precipitator

Inner Chamber Outer Chamber

Ti = (10/60) hr To = (10/60)hr + (90/60) hr = 1.66 hrs
Vi = Ti * Qd = n (π/4) * Øi2 di Vo = To * Qd = n (π/4) * Øo2 do
= 3,472.22 m3 = 34,583.33 m3
di = do – (0.5 m)= 2.5 m do = (3.0) m
I.S.A = Vi / di = n (π/4) * Øi2 T.SA = Vo / do = n (π/4) * Øo2
= 1388.89 m2 = 11,527.77 m2
From n and I.SA Get Øi = 12 m Assume Øo = Max. = 35 m
Get min. n = 12
Get Actual Øo = 35 m

The Important checks

1.SLR = [Qd (m3/hr) / outer S.A] * 24 = 60 to 100 m3/m2/day, where outer S.A = n (π/4)
(Øo2 - Øi2) = 10183.02 m2, SLR = 50 m3/m2/d (safe but waste)
4. Design of Pulsator
Inner Chamber Outer Chamber
Ti = (2/60) hr To = (2/60)hr + (60/60) hr = 1.033 hrs
Vi = Ti * Qd = n b2 di Vo = To * Qd = n B2do
= 694.44 m3 = 21520.83 m3
di = 1 m do = (3.0) m
I.S.A = Vi / di = n b2 T.S.A = Vo / do = n B2
= 694.44 m2 = 7173.6 m2
From n and I.S.A. Get b = 15.25 m Assume B = Max. = 50 m
Get min. n = 3
Get Actual B = 49 m
The Important checks

1.SLR = [Qd (m3/hr) / Outer S.A] * 24 = 60 to 90 m3/m2/day, where outer SA = n (B2 -

b2) = 6505.3 m2, SLR = 76.9 m3/m2/d
5 .Design of Super Pulsator

Inner Chamber Outer Chamber

Ti = (1/60) hr To = (2/60)hr + (20/60) hr = 0.366 hrs
Vi = Ti * Qd = n b2 di Vo = To * Qd = n B2do
= 347.22 m3 = 7639 m3
di = 1 m do = (3.0) m
I.S.A = Vi / di = n b2 T.S.A = Vo / do = n B2
= 347.22 m2 = 2546 m2
From n and I.S.A. Get b = 13 m Assume B = Max. = 50 m
Get min. n = 2
Get Actual B = 36 m
The Important checks

1.SLR = [Qd (m3/hr) / Outer S.A] * 24 = 120 to 220 m3/m2/day, where outer SA = n (B 2
- b2) = 2254 m2, SLR = 220 m3/m2/d
6. Design of Plate settler (Rectangular)

Vol. = (90/60) hr * 20833.33 m3/hr = 18,750 m3

n LBd = 18,750 m3
Assume d = 4 m
n LB = 4,687.5 m2
Assume L = 4 B
Assume L = max. = 50 m
((50)2 / 4) n = 4,687.5 m2
n=8
((L)2 / 4) * 8 = 4,687.5 m2
L = 48.5 m
B = 12 m
SLR = (20833.33 * 24)/(8*48.5*12) = 107.4 m3/m2/d (ok)
7. Design of Tube settler

Vol. = (20/60) hr * 20833.33 m3/hr = 6945 m3

n LBd = 6945m3
Assume d = 3 m
n LB = 2315 m2
Assume L = 4 B
Assume L = max. = 50 m
((50)2 / 4) n = 2315m2
n=4
((L)2 / 4) * 4= 2315m2
L = 48 m
B = 12 m
SLR = (20833.33 * 24)/(4*48*12) = 217 m3/m2/d (ok)
 2. FILTRATION STAGE

DEFINITION

Water filtration can be defined as a physical-chemical process

for separating suspended and colloidal impurities from water
by passing it through a bed of granular material. Water fills the
pores of the filter media, and impurities are absorbed on the
surface of the grain or trapped in the openings.
 PURPOSE

The purposes of filtration in water purification are:

•Removal of the remaining suspended solids and turbidity.

•Removal of iron and manganese salts.
•Removal of taste, odor and color.
•Removal of at least 90% of bacteria.
•Removal of algae.

Also some organic and microorganisms if available in raw

water could by removed by filtration.
THEORY OF FILTRATION

Filtration theory depends on passing water through a porous

material that removes the undesirable impurities from it.

Water

Filter Media

Supporting Media
 MECHANSIM OF FILTRATION
The filtration mechanism can be done by the following:

1.Mechanical Straining

Impurities solids bigger size than voids between filter bed

particles are arrested on it and removed from water. The major
removal takes place in the upper few centimeters of the filter
bed. The impurities which deposited on the filter bed surface
help in straining the small particles also.
2. Sedimentation Action

Removal of suspended particles between the filter bed

particles whose act as sedimentation basins. The suspended
particles settle on the sides of filter bed particles.

3. Adsorption Action

Adsorb the colloidal matters on the filter bed particles as a

result to coat it by a gelatinous layer from bacteria and
microorganisms.
4. Electrolytic Action

The filter bed particles are electrically charged by negative

charge opposite to the charged of impurities present in water
to be filtrate. Due to that the filter bed particles attract the
impurities.

When their charges get neutralized, the washing of filter bed

renews the charges.
5. Biological Action

The organic impurities in water like algae, plankton…etc

deposit on the filter bed capturing different microorganisms
into them. The microorganisms find the source of food on the
water particles, this leads to some important biological and
chemical change in water quality.
 APPLICATIONS OF FILTRATION
In case of high load of suspended solids (more than 50
ppm) in raw water, sedimentation process must be
applied to raw water before filtration process to
remove most of solids and prevent fast filter clogging.

In the other side, in case of low load of suspended

solids (less than 50 ppm) there is no need to make any
treatment before filtration and can use filtration as the
preliminary treatment step (Direct Filtration).

Direct Filtration may be done with chemicals or

without according to the load of turbidity.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTRATION
The filtration can be classified according to:

1. Rate of filtration
1.1 Slow sand filter which operates at rates 5 to 8 m3/m2/d
1.2 Rapid sand filter which operate at rates 120 to 200 m3/m2/d
1.3 High rate filters operate at rates 300 to 900 m3/m2/d

2. Type of filter media

2.1 Sand
2.2 Carbon
2.3 Activated carbon
3. Number of layers in filter bed
3.1 Single media
3.2 Dual media
3.3 Multi-media

4. Direction of flow
4.1 Down flow
4.2 Up flow
4.3 Horizontal flow

5. Characteristic of flow
5.1 Gravity flow
5.2 Pressure flow
FACTORS AFFECT FILTRATION EFFICIENCY
Filtration is a complex technique which involves a certain number of
factors which may have an effect on filtration efficiency

1.Depth of filter media

Increase depth of filter media provide water to take a long pass through
it, which improve water quality, but it increases the head loss through the
media which reduce operation period (time between two washes) and
increase the back washing time.

2. Rate of filtration
The rate of filtration has low effect in quality of filtration, but it greatly
affects the operation period (T) that proportion inversely with the rate of
filtration (V) as follows:- ( T ) α ( 1/V 1.5 )
3. The grain size of the sand
For a good filter, sand shouldn't have a coefficient of uniformity greater
than 2.0 and preferably to be 1.5. The fine sand is suitable when the pre-
treatment is poor, high bacteria and high turbidity removal is required.
The coarse sand is suitable when the pre-treatment is good and water to
be treated is not highly polluted.

4. Depth of water over filter media

There is inverse relation ship between the depth of water over filter
media and filtration efficiency. In case of big water depth over filter
media, the water subject during passing through filter media to high
pressure which causes escaping of particles through the media voids, and
get low filtration efficiency.
5. The maximum permissible head loss of the filter
When water passes through the filter media and under drainage system, it
experiences frictional resistance and therefore head loss occurs, this loss
of head can be measured as the difference in level between the inlet and
outlet water levels. In case of big head loss occurs, most of the media
voids beginning to be locked and the filter are needed to wash the filter

6. The characteristics of water to be filtrated

In case of high load of impurities in the influent water, it must expect
that the operating period will be reduced as a result to increase rate of
voids clogging.
Design Criteria of Slow Sand Filter

Water depth above the filter bed = 0.3 – 1.5 m

Filter bed depth (sand depth) = 0.9 – 1.5 m
Gravel bed depth = 0.3 – 0.6 m
Effective size of the sand = 0.25 – 0.35 mm
Dirty skin layer = 1 – 3 inch
Washing time (removal time) = 1 – 15 days ( 1 day if mechanical & 15
day if manual)
Repairing the filter is taking = 7 – 15 days
The whole cleaning process is taking = 8 – 30 days
The operation time (between two washes) is = 2 – 6 month.
Rate of filtration (ROF) = 3 – 8 m3/m2/d
Area of filter = 1000 – 2500 m2
The filter is Rectangular in surface area (L*B)
L & B ≤ 50 m
n≥2
L/B = 1 – 1.25
Cleaning procedure in slow sand filters

‫ سم( عند‬5 – 2) ‫ ( مع جزء من طبقة الرمل حوالى‬Dirty skin) ‫•يتم كشط الطبقة العلوية‬
.(‫ أسبوع‬2 – 1) ‫ تستمر فترة التنظيف‬،(‫ شهرا‬6 – 2) ‫انسداد المرشح‬

Example
Design the SSF for a WTP working 16 hr/d, if the design flow is 32,000
m3/d

Solution
Qd = 32000 m3/d = 32000/16 = 2000 m3/h
Assume that ROF = 6 m3/m2/d = 6/24 m3/m2/hr
TSA = 2000/(6/24) = 8000 m2
Assume L = 50 m, B = L/1.25 = 40
SA = 50 * 40 = 2000 m2
n = 8000/2000 = 4 filters (ok)
Cleaning procedure in rapid sand filters

Step Open valves Closed valves

1. V3 (empty the filter) V1 & the rest still closed

2. V4 (compressed air) V3 & the rest still closed

3. V5 & V3 (wash water) V4 & the rest still closed

4. V1 & V6 (starting) The rest still closed

5. V1 & V2 (Normal Operation) The rest still closed

Design Criteria of Rapid Sand Filter

Water depth above the filter bed = 1.5 – 2 m

Filter bed depth (sand depth) = 0.6 – 0.75 m
Gravel bed depth = 0.3 – 0.6 m
Effective size of the sand = 0.6 – 1.5 mm
Sand uniformity coefficient = 1.35 – 1.5
Sand specific gravity = 2.55 – 2.65
Effective size of the gravel = 1 – 50 mm
Wash water speed = 2.5 – 3.5 m/s
Cleaning period = 25 – 35 min
Repairing the filter is taking = 15 – 20 min
Washing by compressed air = 2 -5 min
Washed by pressured water = 10 min & 15 -20 min if no air
The operation time (between two washes) is = 12 – 36 hrs
Rate of filtration (ROF) = 100 – 200 m3/m2/d
Area of filter = 40 – 64 m2
The filter is Rectangular in surface area (L*B)
L& B ≤ 8m
B : L = 1 : 1.25 up to 1 : 2
Rate of washing (ROW) = 5 – 6 ROF
Empirical equation to determine minimum number of filters in the WTP
= 0.044 * [Qmm (m3/d)]0.5
The filters numbers:
If nw ≤ 5 take nT = any no. + 1 for wash
If nw > 5 take nT = even no. + 2 for wash
If nw ≥ 30 take nT = no. divisible by 4 + 4 for wash
Amount of wash water (m3/d) = no. of washing by day * time of
washing (10 min) * nT * ROW (m3/m2/d)/(24*60 min/d) * SA (m2)
The washing: 1. every 12 hrs. 2. every 24 hrs. 3. every 36 hrs.

‫فى محطات المياه الحديثة نظام تجميع المياه من قاع المرشح عبارة عن بالطات خرسانية بها‬
.‫ وان كانت الفوانى فى المحطات القديمة تصنع من النحاس‬،‫فوانى من البولي بروبين‬
Example
Design the RSF for a WTP working 16 hr/d, if the design flow is 32000
m3/d

Solution
Qd = 32000 m3/d = 32000/16 = 2000 m3/h
Assume ROF = 200 m3/m2/d = 200/24 m3/m2/hr = 5 m3/m2/hr
TSA = 2000/5 = 400 m2
Assume L = 8 m, B = L/1.25 = 6.25
SA = 8*6.25 = 50 m2
nw = 400/50 = 8 filters (ok)
nT = 8 + 2 = 10 filters
Assume that ROW = 5 ROF = 25 m3/m2/hr
Amount of wash water (m3/d) = no. of washing by day (1) * time of
washing (10 min)* nT (10) * ROW (25) (m3/m2/hr)/(60 min/hr) * SA
(50) (m2) = 2083 m3/d
% WW = (2083/32000) *100 = 6.5 %
 3. DISINFECTION STAGE
•PURPOSE

A consumer cannot tell if drinking water is free of pathogens

by normal inspection. There for, the main purpose of
disinfection is to reduce the potential health risk associated of
drinking water by inactivating pathogens. This prevents the
possible spread of water-born diseases.
•FACTORS AFFECTING DISINFECTION

1. Contact time
The longer the contact time the greater the kill is.

2. Temperature
As temperature increase the rate of kill increase.

3. Characteristics of water
Suspended solids may shield bacteria from the action of the disinfectant.
Some compounds may adsorb the disinfectant.
Viruses, cysts and ova obstruct the disinfection process as they are more
resistant to disinfectants than are bacteria.
4. Kind and concentration of disinfectant

Type and dose of disinfectant are important to achieve the desired goal.

5. Kind and concentration of organisms

The larger number of organisms, the longer is the time required for a
given kill. Beside the need to high concentration of the used disinfectant
as in case of presence of viruses, cysts and ova.
•Requirements of good disinfectant

1. Effective in destroying all kinds of pathogenic bacteria.

2. Do its task within a reasonable contact time at normal
temperature.
3. Economical and easily available.
4. Give residual concentration to safe guard against re-
contamination in water supply system.
5. Not toxic and objectionable to user after the water treatment.
6. Adaptability of practical, quick and accurate assay ‘techniques
for determining disinfection concentration for operation control
and as a measure of disinfecting efficiency.
 METHODS OF DISINFECTION

Method Chemical methods Physical methods

1. Chlorination (Chlorine
gas, Bleaching powder,
Hypochlorite,
Chloramines) 1. Heating.
Examples 2. Permanganate 2. Ultraviolet
3. Iodine radiation
4. Bromine
5. Acid sodium sulphate
6. Ozonization
COMPARISON BETWEEN SOME TYPES OF DISINFECTANTS
Chlorine Gas Chloramines Ozone Ultra-Violet
Total = 0.5 – 1.5
CL2 (0.1 – 0.3)mg/l,
mg/l, Demand = 0.3
Dose Ammonia (0.2 - 1.5 mg/l -------
-0.5 mg/l, Residual =
0.8)mg/l.
0.1 -0.3 mg/l.
Contact Time 10 – 60 min 45 – 75 min 10 - 20 min 1 – 2 sec
1. Cheap
1. Decrease CL2
2. Residual for 1. No chemical
Dose
network residual.
2. Doesn't effect
3. Available 2. Doesn't effect
pipes
4. Easy to store, and in the pipe 1. No chemical used.
Advantages 3. No taste or odor
stored for along 3. No taste or 2. Short contact time.
is produced in
time. odor.
water.
5. Simple equipment 4. Short contact
4. Cheaper than
required. time.
CL2.
6. Easy to use.
1. Expensive.
1. High chlorine 1. Can't store for 2. Can't be 1. Very expensive.
dose may cause along time. stored. 2. Used only when
change in the water 2. Need along 3. No residual. the cost of electricity
Disadvantages
color and taste due contact time. 4. Expensive is low.
to damage of pipes 3. Having chemical equipment. 3. Need training
or it self. residual. 5. Complicated workers.
equipment.
The advantages and disadvantages of chlorination
•Advantages

1. Cheap
1. Residual for network
2. Available
3. Easy to store, and stored for along time.
4. Simple equipment required.
5. Easy to use.

•Disadvantages
1. High chlorine dose may cause change in the water colour and taste
due to damage of pipes or it self.
2. Chlorine reacts with organic compound that appears in water and the
results are cancer compounds.
 METHODS OF CHLORINATION

Position Dose Purpose

After 0.5 -1.5
Simple Chlorination Kill bacteria, safety
filtration mg/l
Before
Prevents algae growth in
coagulati
Pre-simple 5 – 10 sedimentation tank and
on and
Chlorination mg/l decreases bacterial load
after
in the filter
LLP
Double Chlorination Simple + Pre-simple Chlorination
After 2–3 Providing safety against
Super chlorination
filtration mg/l harmful bacteria
From the
Break point After To ensure the residual
curve
Chlorination filtration chlorine is free
shown
Ι - Destruction of CL2 by reducing agents.
Π - Formation of chloro-organic of chloramines
Ш - Destruction of components

CL2 Residual mg/l

Ι Π Ш
Residual is free

Break Point

Chlorine add mg/l

 DETERMINING OF CHLORINE DOSE

The required amount of Chlorine per day (Kg/d) = [Qmm

(m3/d) * (A mg/l + B mg/l)] / 1000 gm/kg,

Where:

A is the chlorine dose required to satisfy disinfection.

B is the required residual chlorine after 30 minutes.
 STORAGE WORKS

Types of storage used in water supply works:

1. Ground Storage.
(Appears in water treatment plant after disinfection stage and
before high lift pump station)
2. Elevated Storage.
(Appears in different positions according to its function)
 GROUND STORAGE
Ground Storage Tank or (Clear Water Tank)
Purpose
1. Produce contact time for disinfection = (0.5 – 1) hr
C1 (m3) = (0.5 – 1)hr * Qmm (m3/hr), Qmm (m3/hr) = Qmm (m3/d)/wp

2. Saves Emergency Storage = (25 % - 40 %) of daily production

C2 (m3) = (0.15 – 0.4) * Qmm (m3/d) or (4 – 10 hr) * Qmm (m3/hr)

3. Balancing difference between maximum daily and maximum monthly

flow through one day
C3 (m3) = [Qmd (m3/d) – Qmm (m3/d)] * 1 day

4. Saves 80% of fire Storage

C4 (m3) = 0.8 * Fire requirements
Fire requirements (m3) = [Pop. (capita) / 10,000 (capita)] *
(60 m3/hr) * (1 to 2 hr)]
‫ ماء فى‬3‫ م‬60 ‫ نسمة – نحتاج‬10.000 ‫وذلك بفرض ان معدل الحريق )حريقة واحدة( لكل‬
‫ حنفيات‬3 ‫ لـ‬2 ‫الساعة لالطفاء– زمن الحريق من ساعة لساعتين – الحريقة الواحدة تحتاج من‬
.‫حريق‬
Code Fire Requirements
Egyptian specification recommended 60 m3/hr for one fire on assumption
of 2 hours fire for each 10,000 capita or as indicated in the following
table.

No. Population (capita) Required fire discharge

1 10,000 20
2 25,000 25
3 50,000 30
4 100,000 40
5 More than 200,000 50 l/s
Design Capacity of Ground Reservoir

Cd (m3) = take bigger of [C1 or C2 or C3] + C4

Almost, the ground storage tank is rectangular in shape, where:
L ≤ 50 m, ‫ م‬10 ‫ويجب ان تقبل القسمة على‬
L = 1.2 – 1.5 B
d=3–5m
n ≥ 2 tanks
Ground Reservoir
Example
It's required to design the ground storage of a WTP serves
300,000 capita with average summer water consumption of
420 l/c/d.

Solution
Assume that the wp = 24 hr/d

Calculations of flows

qmm = 420 l/c/d

qav = 420/1.4 l/c/d = 300 l/c/d
Qav = 300 * 300,000 = 90,000,000 l/d = 90,000 m3/d = 3,750 m3/hr
Qmm = 1.4* Qav = 5,250 m3/hr = 126,000 m3/d
Qmd = 1.8* Qav = 6,750 m3/hr = 162,000 m3/d
Design Capacity

C1 = 1 hr * 5250 m3/hr = 5,250 m3

C2 = 162,000 – 126,000 = 36,000 m3
C3 = 6 hrs * 5250 = 31,000 m3
C4 = 0.8 * [ (300,000/10,000) * 120] = 2,880 m3

Cd = 36,000 + 2,880 = 38,880 m3

Take [4 tanks each (50m*40m*5m)]

That design volume will be 40,000 m3 that saves about 7 hrs

emergency (ok)
 ELEVATED STORAGE
Elevated Storage Tank

Purpose
First: with respect to quantity

1. Cover the fluctuation in water consumption through day.

2. Cover the difference between the maximum consumption
and maximum production through one day (maximum day)
= Qmh - Qmd
3. Save 20 % of fire demand.
Second: with respect to pressure
The locations of elevated tank:
1.Just after high lift pump to:
•Fix the head on pumps, then the pumps work at maximum
efficiency.
•Prevent the effect of water hammer action on the high lift pumps.
•And at this case the elevated tank is called (Surge Tank).

2. At middle of city (at higher points) to:

•Improve water pressure in the network.
3. At extreme points to:
•Improve the water pressure in the network near to the city
boundaries.
•Give ability to city extended in the future.
Design of Elevated Tanks

The capacity
Capacity will be determined from cumulative curve, where:
Capacity (m3) = (a max + bmax) l/c * Pop. (capita) * 0.001 (l/m3) *
Adjusted Factor + 0.2 fire demand (m3/d)

Where:
Adjusted Factor = (1.5 to 1.8) * (Σ Reading / qav)
Determine the dimensions (cylinder in shape)

•Capacity per tank ≤ 2000 m3

•n ≥ 2 tanks
•Фi = (2 – 4) m
•d = about 10 m preferred to be from 1/2 to 2/3 Фo structurally.
•Capacity = n * π/4 * (Фo2 – Фi2) * d
 Types of elevated tanks according to its
function

1. Balance elevated tank. ‫(خزان موازنة‬Pipe fill and draw

works to networks & pipe to waste during empty to
be washed).
2. Storage elevated tank. ‫( خزان تخزين‬Pipe to fill and
pipe to draw & pipe to waste during empty to be
wash).