數學科

Deductive Geometry
演繹幾何

Bottom-up Approach!
(由下至上法)!
Association Approach!
(聯想法)!
Contents 目錄:
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何

z Summary of Geometry Proving Skills 幾何學證明技巧總結

z Method for solving Geometry Questions 解幾何問題方法

z Construction of Geometry figures 幾何繒圖

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 1

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(A) Summary of Geometry Proving Skills 幾何學證明技巧總結
1. Relationship between parallel lines and its angles.
平行線及其角之關係.
i. If ∠a = ∠b ,then AB // CD .
(Corr. ∠s equal.)
如果 ∠a = ∠b ,則 AB // CD .
(對應角相等.)
ii. If ∠b = ∠d ,then AB // CD .
(Alt. ∠s equal.)
如果 ∠b = ∠d ,則 AB // CD .
(錯角相等.)
iii. If ∠b + ∠c = 180 ° ,then AB // CD .
(Int. ∠s supplementary)
如果 ∠b + ∠c = 180 ° ,則 AB // CD .
(同旁內角互補.)
iv. If AB // CD , then
∠a = ∠b . (Corr. ∠s , AB // CD )
如果 AB // CD ,則
∠a = ∠b . (對應角, AB // CD )
v. If AB // CD ,then
∠b = ∠d . (Alt. ∠s , AB // CD )
如果 AB // CD ,則
∠b = ∠d . (錯角, AB // CD )
vi. If AB // CD ,then
∠b + ∠c = 180 ° . (Int. ∠s , AB // CD )
If AB // CD ,then
∠b + ∠c = 180 ° . (同旁內角, AB // CD )

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 2

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2. Properties of angles at a point, on a straight line and in a triangle.
角在一點上, 一直線上和一三角形內之特性.
ii. ∠a + ∠b + ∠c + ∠d = 360 ° .
(Angles at a point)

ii. ∠a + ∠b + ∠c + ∠d = 180 ° .
(Adjacent Angles on a straight line)

iv. ∠a = ∠b .
(Vert. Oppsite angles equal)

vi. ∠a + ∠b + ∠c = 180 ° .
(Angles sum of triangle.)

v. ∠c = ∠a + ∠b
(ext. angle of a triangle)

vi. ∆ABC is an isosceles ∆

⇔ AB = AC (Base sides of ).
⇔ ∠b = ∠c (Bases ∠s of )

vii. ∆ABC is an equilateral ∆

⇔ AB = BC = AC (sides of are equal).

⇔ ∠a = ∠b = ∠c = 60° ( ∠s of are equal).

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 3

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3. Congruent Triangles 全等三角形.
i. AB = DE and BC = EF and AC = DF
⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (SSS )

ii. AB = DE and BC = EF and ∠ABC = ∠DEF

⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (SAS )

iii. ∠ABC = ∠DEF and BC = EF and ∠ACB = ∠DFE

⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF ( ASA)

iv. ∠ABC = ∠DEF and ∠ACB = ∠DFE and AC = DF

⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF ( AAS )

v. ∠ABC = ∠DEF = 90 ° and AC = DF and BC = EF

⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (RHS )

4. Similar Triangles 相似三角形.

i. ∠ABC = ∠DEF and ∠ACB = ∠DFE and ∠BAC = ∠EDF
⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF ( AAA)

AB AC BC
ii. = = ⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (3 sides proportional)
DE DF EF

AB AC
iii. = and ∠BAC = ∠EDF
DE DF
⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (ratio of 2 sides, included ∠ )

iv. ∠ABC = ∠DEF and ∠BAC = ∠EDF

⇔ ∆ABC ≅ ∆DEF (A.A. Similar)

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 4

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5. Theorem between the sides and angles in a triangle 三角形角度和邊長的定理
i. AB + BC > AC
(Triangle Inequality 三角不等式)

ii. AB > BC
⇔ ∠ACB > BAC
(Bigger interior ∠ , Longer corr. sides)

iii. ∠ACD > ∠ABC and ∠ACD > ∠BAC

(ext. ∠ > corresponding Interior ∠ )

iv. BD = DC
⇔ AD is the median of ∆ ABC.

v. ∠BAD = ∠CAD
⇔ AD is the angle bisector of ∠A in ∆ ABC.

vi. AD BC
⇔ AD is the altitude of ∠A in ∆ ABC.

6. Bisectors 平分線
i. BD is the angle bisector of ∠ABC
⇔ ∠ABD = ∠DBC

ii. CD is the perpendicular bisector of AB .

⇔ AC = BC and ∠ACD = 90 ° .

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 5

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7. Point of Intersection of straight lines 直線相交點之特性
i. I is the point of intersection of AB and CD.

ii. AB, CD and EF are concurrent at point I.

iii. AB, CD and EF are not concurrent.

iv. O is the In centre of ∆ ABC

⇔ AO, BO and CO are the angle bisector of ∠A , ∠B and ∠C
respectively.

v. O is the Circumcenter of ∆ ABC

⇔ DO, EO and FO are the perpendicular bisector of AB, BC
and AC respectively.

vi. O is the Centroid of ∆ ABC

⇔ DO, EO and FO are the perpendicular bisector of AB, BC
and AC respectively.

vii. O is the Orthocenter of ∆ ABC

⇔ DO, EO and FO are altitude of ∆ ABC.

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 6

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(B) Method for solving Geometry questions 解幾何問題方法
1. There are mainly two methods for solving Geometry questions.
解幾何問題主要有兩個方法.
i. Bottom-up Approach (由下至上法).
ii. Association Approach (聯想法).
iii. Applying the answers from the previous parts (應用之前部份的答案).

黎 Sir 提提你 :
1. Bottom-up Approach (由下至上法):

2. Association Approach (聯想法):

3. Applying the answers from the previous parts (應用之前部份的答案):

4. 條條大道通羅馬, 殊途同歸:
5. Deductive Geometry(演繹幾何) ⇔

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 7

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e.g. 1 例子一
In the figure above, prove that AD 2 = BC × CE − DC 2 (5 marks)
在上圖, 証明 AD 2 = BC × CE − DC 2 (5 分)

黎 sir 教你諗:
To prove 証明: AD 2 = BC × CE − DC 2 即係…
___________________ 即係…
______________
想起________________ 即係…
AC CE
=
(___________________) BC AC

即係… 想起___________
由呢度開始做, 做到
(______________)
AD 2 = BC × CE − DC 2
証明________________
Prove_______________

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

AD 2 = BC × CE − DC 2 ------------------ (1A)

黎 sir 提提你: 1. (side 邊長)2 + ⇔

2. Ratio of sides 邊長比例 ⇔
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 8

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e.g. 2 例子二

After teaching 10 lessons, Andy is very hungry and so he eats a sandwich. When he eat
a part of the sandwich (as shown in the figure), he find that the sandwich goes bad. So
he throws it away. Find out the area of the part of sandwich where Andy ate. (8 marks)
上完 10 堂後, Andy 好肚餓所以他吃了一件三文治. 當他吃了一部份後, 他發現這三文
治原來已經變壞了. 所以他便棄掉它. 試找出給 Andy 吃了的那一部份三文治的面積.
(8 分)
想起

黎 sir 教你諗:
To find 找: Area of ∆ CDE

=
即係…
想起:
( ) 即係…
and
即係…
= and =

= and =
由呢度開始做, 做到
即係…
Area of the ∆ CDE
證明
Prove

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 9

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Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找 ∆ 面積, 一定想起 ∆ 面積公式:

2. 找 ∆ 邊長, 有兩個 ∆ +冇邊相等 ⇔

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 10

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e.g. 3 例子三
In the figure above, prove that ∠ADC = ∠BCD . (6 marks)
在上圖, 証明 ∠ADC = ∠BCD . (6 分)

黎 sir 教你諗:
To prove 証明:
即係…
想起
即係…
欠
∴ 想起証明
即係…
由呢度開始做, 做到
∠ADC = ∠BCD 證明
Prove

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找 ∆ 邊長, 有兩個 ∆ +有邊相等 ⇔

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 11

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e.g. 4 例子四
Find x. 找 x. (3 marks / 3 分)

黎 sir 教你諗:
Find 找: x
即係…
想起

即係…
想起
即係…
由呢度開始做, 做到 x = ?
加
Adding

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 有平衡線, 找 ∠ ⇔
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 12

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e.g. 6 例子六
In the figure, ABC, AOE and BOD are straight lines and x − y = 50° . Find r + s . (3 marks)
在上圖, ABC, AOE 和 BOD 是直線和 x − y = 50° . 求 r + s . (3 分)

黎 sir 教你諗: Find 找: r + s

即係…
即係…
想起
即係…

想起 即係…

由呢度開始做, 做到 r + s = ?
r, s
r, s

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 有外角(ext. ∠ ),
2. 題目已知既,

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 13

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e.g.7 例子七
在上圖中, AD BC, AG GC, x DF, CG//DF, BDEG 是正方形. AB=8, BC=2. 求 x. (8 分)
In the figure, AD BC, AG GC, x DF, CG//DF, BDEG is a square. AB=8m BC=2. Find x. (8 marks)

黎 sir 教你諗:
Find 找: x 即係…

想起 即係…
, , ,
⇒
即係…
想起
⇒ ,
即係…
,

即係…

由呢度開始做, 做到 x = ?
Solving
⇒ 解方程!

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 14

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Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 平行四邊形的高 ⇒
2. 平行四邊形 ⇒

3. ⇒

4. 3 equations 方程, 3 unknowns 變數 ⇒

5. 最後答案 ⇒
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 15

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e.g.8 例子八
In the figure, CD AB, ∠ACB = 90 ° , AD = 5cm, DB = 3cm, find CD.
在上圖中, CD AB, ∠ACB = 90 ° , AD = 5cm, DB = 3cm, 求 CD.
Find 找: 即係…
想起: ,
( )
黎 sir 教你諗: 即係…
CD, AD ⇒
DB ⇒ 由呢度開始做, 做到 CD = ?
Prove 証明

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:
Consider ∆ ACD and ∆ BAD

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找 ∆ 邊長, 有兩個 ∆ +冇邊相等 ⇔
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 16

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e.g. 9 例子九
In the figure, AB=AC, AD=AE, Prove BF=CF. (3 marks)
在上圖中, AB=AC, AD=AE, 証明 BF=CF. (3 分)

Prove 証明: 即係…

黎 sir 教你諗: , 即係…
即係…

想起:
( )
BF ⇒
CF ⇒

想起: 由呢度開始做, 做到 BF = CF
( ) Prove 証明
∠DBF , AB ⇒
∠ECF , AC ⇒

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 17

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Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找 ∆ 邊長, 有兩個 ∆ +冇邊相等 ⇔

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 18

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e.g. 10 例子十
In the figure, AB=AC, ∠ABE = ∠ACD . Prove that AD = AE. (2 marks)
在上圖中, AB=AC, ∠ABE = ∠ACD . 証明 AD = AE. (2 分)

黎 sir 教你諗: Prove 証明: 即係…

,

想起:
( )
AD ⇒ 由呢度開始做, 做到 AD = AE
AE ⇒
Prove 証明

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找 ∆ 邊長, 有兩個 ∆ +有邊相等 ⇔
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 19

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e.g. 11 例子十一
In the figure, AB=BC. Prove BC // DE. (4 marks)
在上圖中, AB=BC. 証明 BC // DE. (4 分)

黎 sir 教你諗: Prove 証明: BC // DE 即係…

即係…
想起:
( )

由呢度開始做, 做到 BC // DE
∠EFB ⇒ 找 ,
∠CBF ⇒

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 找平行邊 ⇔
Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 20

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e.g. 12 例子十二
In the figure, O is the center of the circle. Prove ∠ACB = 90° (4 marks)
在上圖中, O 是圓形的圓心. 証明 ∠ACB = 90° . (4 分)

Prove 証明: ∠ACB = 90° 即係…

黎 sir 教你諗: 即係…
圓形半徑 ∆ 即係…
⇔

由呢度開始做, 做到 ∠ACB = 90°

考慮 ,

藍箭嘴: Bottom-up Approach 由下至上法 紅箭嘴: Association Approach 聯想法.

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 21

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Solutions 題解:

黎 sir 提提你:
1. 圓形半徑 ∆ ⇔

2. 找 ∆ 內角 ⇔

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 22

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(C) Construction of Geometry 幾何繒圖
1. Construction of Angle bisector of an angle.
Step 1 Take B as the center.
Choose an appropriate radius,
and draw an arc to intersect
BA and BC at P and Q
respectively.

Step 2 Take P and Q as centers, select

1
a radius longer than PQ and
2
draw two arcs such that these
two arcs intersect at D.

Step 3 Join BD. BD is the angle

bisector of ∠ABC

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 23

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2. Construction of perpendicular bisector of a line segment.
Step 1 Take A as the center. Choose a
1
radius longer than AB and
2
draw an arc above and below
the line segment AB.

Step 2 Take B as the center. Use the

same radius and draw another
two ones to intersect the arcs at
C and D.

Step 3 Join CD. CD intersects AB at

M, M is the mid-point of AB.
CD is the perpendicular
bisector of AB

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 24

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3. Construction of a line passing through a given point on a line segment and
perpendicular to that line segment.
Step 1 Take P as the center. Choose
an appropriate radius and draw
an arc to intersect AB at H and
K.

Step 2 Take H and K as centers. Use a

1
radius longer than HK and
2
draw two arcs such that they
meet at Q.
Step 3 Join PQ. Then PQ ⊥ AB .

Deductive Geometry 演繹幾何 25

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4. Construction of a line passing through a point lying outside a line segment and
perpendicular to that line segment.
Step 1 Take P as the center. Choose
an appropriate radius and draw
an arc to intersect AB at H and
K.

Step 2 Take H and K as centers.

Choose a radius longer than
1
HK and draw two arcs such
2
that the two arcs meet at Q.

Step 3 Join PQ. The line PQ

intersects AB at M, and
PQ ⊥ AB

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