Basics of Internet of Things (IoT)

Arun Mani Tripathi

Deputy Director ( T)
National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Lucknow
Ph. 7706009307
Online Summer Training
 Definition of IoT
IoT means Internet of Things The
Internet of Things (IoT) describes
the network of physical objects—
“things”—that are embedded with
sensors, software, and other
technologies for the purpose of
connecting and exchanging data
with other devices and systems
over the internet.
 What are things?
➢ Objects

➢ Appliances

➢ Vehicles

➢ Animals

➢ People

➢ Plants

➢ Machines
Why do we need IoT?

• Infrastructure Management
Infrastructure Management is use full
for monitoring and tracking if there is
any problem in urban or rural
Infrastructure such as bridge , railway or
etc to diminish and reduce risk of
dangerous and any failure in strength
would be tested and alarm as soon as
possible to repair it.
 When we think
our house is
smart
• It is related to everything in
home which have the
potential to monitor and
remote control such as air
condition , security lock
lightening, heating,
ventilation, telephon
syatem, tv to make a
comfort , secure , with low
energy consumption.
 Benefits of IoT
Achieve Customer
Centricity
Use of Smart Devices

Reduction in operation
cost Gathering Reach Data
Enhance Security
Measure
 IoT Features
• IoT allows us achieve the true use of technology

Connect Connect various things to the IoT platform

Analyze the data collected and use it to build

Analyse applications

Integrate Integrate various models to improve user experience

 How to implement IoT?

We have to build 4 points in any object to accomplish the task:-

➢ Unique identity (IPv4/IPv6)

➢ Ability to communicate

➢ Ability to sense

➢ Remotely controlled
 IoT Architecture

Application Layer is Responsible for

delivering application specific services to
Application Layer
users

Network Layer is Responsible for

connecting smart things, network devices
Network Layer and servers using wired and wireless
technology

Perseption Layer Sensors sense and

Perception Layer gather information about the
environment
 How IoT Works?
1
5
DATA ANALYSIS
DATA AND
INGESTION PREDICTION

2
DATA
VISUALIZATION

3
DATA DATA
TRANSMISSION PROCESSING
 I/O DEVICE

Introduction Of
Microcontroller
• A microcontroller is a compact
Output Device Input Device

integrated circuit designed to

govern a specific operation in an
embedded system. A typical
microcontroller includes a
System Bus
processor, memory and
input/output (I/O) peripherals on
a single chip.

RAM ROM

Memory
 Need of
Microcontroller in IoT

➢ The IoT requires sensors and actuators

to form the link between the physical
and digital worlds. A sensor converts a
physical state into an analogue or
digital signal, while an actuator turns a
digital signal into some physical effect.
➢ The next step in the IoT architecture is
the computing system which processes
or generates the digital signals.
➢ Microcontrollers can perform these
operations.
 continue…….

➢ MCUs(Microcontroller Units) don’t require operating systems to function, and

are easy to interface with external devices such as sensors and motors.

➢ Their lack of external dependencies also makes them easy to set up. You can
simply turn them on, upload firmware, and they work.

➢ Additionally, the coding required to program an MCU is minimal

 Applications Of
Microcontrollers

Microcontrollers are used in

multiple industries and
applications, including in the
home and enterprise, robotics,
lighting, communications etc
 What Is Arduino Platform ?
• Arduino is open source Embedded system hardware so that hobbyists as well as
professionals can assemble the simplest Arduino modules themselves by hand.
Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to
as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer
code to the physical board. Atmega328 is sub-category of AVR series of
microcontrollers developed by Atmel Company.

The Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family
and a great choice for beginners. Programming on Arduino IDE
follows C Language concepts. ATmega328p is an AVR series of
microcontroller used in Arduino Boards.
 Arduino Board
• Arduino board is an open-
source platform used to make
electronics projects. It consists
of both a microcontroller and
a part of the software or
Integrated Development
Environment (IDE) that runs
on your PC, used to write &
upload computer code to the
physical board. Arduino board
has been used for making
different engineering projects
and different applications.
There are many varieties of
Arduino boards that can be
used for different purposes.

The Arduino Uno is one of the more popular boards in the Arduino family and a great choice for
beginners and making basic project.
Pinout f Arduino Board
 About
Breadboard
• Breadboards are an essential tool
for prototyping and building
temporary circuits. These boards
contain holes for inserting wire
and components. Because of
their temporary nature, they
allow you to create circuits
without soldering. The holes in a
breadboard are connected in
rows both horizontally and
vertically as shown below.
Different kind of
breadboards
 About Arduino Sketch(ide)
➢ The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) contains a text editor for
writing code, a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common
functions, and a series of menus.
➢ These sketches are written in the text editor. It has features for cutting/pasting and
for searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors.
➢ You can download the software from Arduino official website www.arduino.cc
Outlining Of
Arduino Ide
Uploading The
Sketch
 About Serial Monitor in Arduino

Serial Monitor is one of the tools in Arduino IDE. It is used for two purposes:
• Arduino → PC: Receives data from Arduino and display data on screen. This is usually
used for debugging and monitoring
• PC → Arduino: Sends data (command) from PC to Arduino.

Data is exchanged between Serial Monitor and Arduino via USB cable, which is
also used to upload the code to Arduino. Therefore, To use Serial Monitor, we
MUST connect Arduino and PC via this cable.
How to open Serial monitor in Arduino

Click Here
 About LED (Light Emitting
Diode)- Digital Output
Device

• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a

semiconductor device that emits
visible light when an electric
current passes through it.
• Led blinking is the most
beginner & easy step to start
your experiment with Arduino.
• Firstly identify anode(+ve) &
cathode (-ve) leg of LED.
Diagram gives a clear idea of
LED
 About PUSHBUTTON
(Switch)used in Arduino-
Digital Input Device
• The switch enables you to control the
LED and motor, switching the digital
output pin between two states, HIGH
(5V) and LOW (0V).
• With Arduino Uno, you can assign any
of the pins D0 to D13, originally used
for digital output, as digital input.
• The input is “LOW” at 0V or “HIGH” at
5V. The program reads “0” as LOW
and “1” as HIGH
 About
Potentiometer(Analog Input
Device)

• A potentiometer is a simple knob that

provides a variable resistance, which we can
read into the Arduino board as an analog
value. The value obtained from
potentiometer controls the rate at which an
LED blinks.
• By turning the shaft of the potentiometer, we
change the amount of resistance on either
side of the wiper which is connected to the
center pin of the potentiometer.
 Introduction Hex
Keypad
• Keypad is used as an input device to
read the key pressed by the user and
to process it.
• 4x4 keypad consists of 4 rows and 4
columns. Switches are placed
between the rows and columns.
• A key press establishes a connection
between the corresponding row and
column, between which the switch is
placed.
 Introduction of LCD
16x2 Display

• An LCD is an electronic display

module which uses liquid crystal
to produce a visible image. The
16×2 LCD display is a very basic
module commonly used
in DIYs and circuits. The
16×2 translates o a display 16
characters per line in 2 such
lines. In this LCD each character
is displayed in a 5×7 pixel matrix.
 About RFID Technology
➢ RFID tagging is an ID system that uses small radio
frequency identification devices for identification and
tracking purposes. An RFID tagging system includes the
tag itself, a read/write device
➢ RFID is useful to identify people, to make transactions, etc
➢ You can use an RFID system to open a door. For example,
only the person with the right information on his card is
allowed to enter. An RFID system uses tags attached to the
object to be identified.
➢ Each tag has its own identification (UID).
 Servo motor
➢ A Servo is a small device that incorporates a two wire DC
motor, a gear train, a potentiometer, an integrated circuit,
and a shaft (output spine). The shaft can be positioned to
specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded
signal. Of the three wires that stick out from the
servo casing, one is for power, one is for ground, and one
is a control input line.
➢ When a control signal is applied to a Servo that represents
a desired output position of the servo shaft, it
(servo) applies power to its DC motor until its shaft turns
to that position. It uses the position-sensing device to
determine the rotational position of the shaft, so it knows
which way the motor must turn to move the shaft to the
commanded position.
 Introduction of
Sensor
• Sensor is a electronic device which
detect and response to some type of
input from physical environment and
covert this output signal to human
readable displaying or by an electronic
instrument
• Sensor are used in everyday object
such as touch sensitive elevator
buttons(tactile sensor) and lamps
which are dim or brighten by touching
the base.
 We Use
Different Type of
Sensor
 Actuator
• Actuators convert an electrical signal into a corresponding physical
quantity such as movement, force, sound etc. An actuator is also
classed as a transducer because it changes one type of physical
quantity into another and is usually activated or operated by a low
voltage command signal.
 Need Of Actuator
• Imagine the situation in which the water pump should be switched off and halt
on irrigation of some area in the farming plantation. In this case, the design of
the system would probably have looked like measuring the soil moisture
sensors set on the plant. By configuring the system, the sensors are configured
or in operation using some of the machine learning methods that if a certain
level of soil moisture has been met, they then generate data that will send to
some microcontroller which activates an event on the irrigation pumps and
stop the water supply. In this case, the water pump is, in fact, the actuator in
our IoT ecosystem.
Analog/Digital Input/Output Devices For
Interfacing With Arduino
Digital Inputs Digital Outputs
➢Pushbutton Switch ➢LED’s
➢Flame sensor ➢BUZZER
➢Ultrasonic sensor ➢RELAY
➢Infrared sensor etc. ARDUINO
➢7-SEGMENT LED
BEHAVIOUR
DISPLAY
Analog Inputs ➢Read Sensors
➢BULB etc.
➢Potentiometer ➢Make decisions
➢LDR ➢Take Actions Analog Outputs
➢Temperature sensor ➢LED’s
➢Speed sensor ➢MOTORS etc.
➢DHT Sensor etc.
 About HC-05 (Bluetooth) Module
➢ There are several ways for wireless communication
such as NFC, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.
➢ Bluetooth protocol is an affordable communication
method in PAN network, with a maximum data rate of
1Mb/S, working in a nominal range of 100 meters using
2.4 GHz frequency is a common way of wireless
communicating.
➢ HC05 module is a Bluetooth module using serial
communication, mostly used in electronics/IoT
(Arduino)projects.
➢ Working voltage: 3.6V – 5V
 Ethernet Shield

➢ The Arduino Ethernet Shield allows you to

easily connect your Arduino to the internet
through Ethernet cable.
➢ This shield enables your Arduino to send and
receive data from anywhere in the world
with an internet connection.

Users can remotely control their home appliances

using Ethernet shields and browser on your phone
 Introduction of Node MCU
• The NodeMCU (node microcontroller unit) is an open source
software and hardware development environment that is built
around a inexpensive system on a chip (SoC) called the NodeMCU
• NodeMCU is the development board that helps you to prototype
or build IoT product
 What is an iot network?
• An IoT network refers to a collection of interconnected devices that
communicate with other devices without the need for human
involvement, such as autonomous cars, smart appliances, and wearable
tech. The network infrastructures most associated with IoT networks are
4G LTE and 5G which are built to support the resource demands of the
IoT.
Pinout of
NodeMcu
➢ NodeMCU Dev Kit has Arduino like Analog (i.e. A0) and Digital (D0-D8) pins on
its board.

➢ It supports serial communication protocols i.e. UART, SPI, I2C etc.

• Advantages of NodeMCU platform relative to the Arduino
1. Low cost
2. Integrated support for WIFI network
3. Reduced size of the board
4. Low energy consumption
 About Adafruit IO
Want to make your project talk to the Internet?
1. Adafruit IO is a platform designed to display, respond, and interact with your project's
data.

2. Connect your existing project to the Internet to log, stream, and interact with the data
it produces
What can Adafruit IO do for me?
• Display your data in real-time, online
• Make your project internet-connected: Control motors, read sensor data, and
more
• Connect projects to web services like Twitter, RSS feeds, weather services, etc.
• Connect your project to other internet-enabled devices i.e. NodeMCU
Adafruit with NodeMCU
 IFTTT Integration

➢ If This Then That is a great internet

service that simplifies home
automation.

➢ IFTTT can listen to services like

Google Assistant, Dropbox, Twitter,
etc. and take actions like controlling
lights in your home or even sending
data to Adafruit IO.
 Android
• Develop apps for your devices with existing Android
development tools, APIs, and resources along with
new APIs that provide low level I/O and libraries for
common components like temperature sensors,
display controllers, and more.

Build a Things app

You'll learn how to create an app that is optimized for
a "headless" experience and the fundamentals of
communicating with hardware peripherals.