PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 13

IX - 13

COMPUTING FORMULA

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PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 14

X. EXAMPLES FOR DISCUSSION

1. A team of three geologists was investigating the composition of river pebbles. They collected
basalt pebbles from a selected stream and took note of their color (light, dark, very dark),
number of holes, and their diameters.
In the given problem identify the following:

a) universe of interest

b) variable(s) of interest

c) level(s) of measurement of the variable(s)

2. The following summarizes the recorded diameters of 30 grains of moulding sand.

Diameter 8 10 12 16 20 21
Frequency 5 8 8 4 3 2

a) Construct a stemplot for the given data.

b) Find the mean, median and mode.
c) Find the range, variance, standard deviation, and CV
d) Find the measure of skewness and interpret its value.

3. There are four teams competing for two awards. One is for the best design and the other for
best assembly. If any team can win at least one of these, in how many ways can the awards
be given?

4. In how many ways can eight problems be assigned to four groups if no two groups will be
assigned the same problem?

5. A team is being created to work on an experimental trial in outer space. The team needs 2
engineers, 1 microbiologist, 1 agriculturist, 1 statistician and 1 astronaut. If there are 7
engineers, 3 microbiologists, 2 agriculturists, 3 statisticians and 5 astronauts in the pool of
choices, in how many ways can the team be composed?

6. Suppose 5 dead batteries are mixed up with 10 good ones.

a) What is the probability that if one battery is selected, it is good?

b) If eight batteries are drawn from the fifteen, what is the probability that six are dead?

c) If two batteries are drawn from the fifteen, what is the probability that

i) both are good?

ii) one is good and one is dead?

iii) at least one is good?

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7. A successful attack by an interceptor requires (a) the reliable operation of a computing
system, (b) the transmission of correct directions, and (c) the proper functioning of the
striking mechanism. When the P[(a)] is 0.8 and (b) is assured, the overall probability of
success is 0.6. If the computing system is improved to 90% reliability, while P[(b)] is
reduced to 0.8 and the P[(c)] remains unchanged, what is the new overall probability of
success?

8. It is found that in manufacturing a certain article, defects of one type occur with probability
0.1 and another type with probability 0.05, also that the two defects occur independently of
one another. Calculate the probability that

a) an article does not have both kinds of defect

b) an article is defective

c) a defective article has only one type of defect

9. Suppose that in a particular assembly line of two sections, only 75% of all items produced
were found to be satisfactory. It is claimed that the first section has a 95% satisfactory
rating in its production. What is the probability that a satisfactory item from section 1 will
turn out to be a satisfactory item at the end of the assembly line?

10. In preparation for the La Niña phenomenon this month, the Department of Public Works and
Highways joined forces with the Department of Health and the Department of Social Welfare
and Development to develop a strategic plan which will provide basic services to Metro
Manila residents. They decided to get some feedback on these basic needs as foreseen by
some residents of Malabon, Metro Manila. They went to the nearest barangay of Malabon
and asked the first 30 residents that they encountered.
The sampling procedure done is____________.

11. (Refer to 10) Another option that they are considering is getting one resident at random from
each barangay of Malabon. This will lead to having a _____________ sample.

12. Due to the burning of cotton plant wastes (hulls, leaves, etc.), sulfate content in the air over
a City is highest during the month of November. If the data given below are the mean
values of sulfate content during the month of November (analyses of air performed daily)
over the past 10 years, what value for the sulfate content in Lubbock air can the City
Department of Health predict at a 95% confidence level during next November?

Compute an estimate of the average sulfate content in the air this coming November.

Sulfate content, µg/m3 of air

10.83 8.90 14.71 12.35
11.8 9.68 9.33 10.9

13. Identify the most appropriate statistical procedure to apply for each of the following research
objectives:

a) It is of interest to compare three feed rations for chicken. Five chickens for each feed
ration was used in the study and the dressed weight (in kg) after 30 days was obtained.

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PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 16

b) Bennett and Franklin wanted to determine the effect of annealing temperature on the
density of a borosilicate glass with high silica content.

c) An electrical company claims that the lives of the light bulbs it manufactures are normally
distributed with a mean of 5,000 hours and a standard deviation of 200 hours. To test
their claim, a random sample of 100 bulbs produced by this was tested and it was found
that mean life is 4500 hours.

d) A consumer is interested to test the claim of a manufacturer that at least 99% of the
equipment she supplies to a factory conform to specifications.

e) A filling machine for a production operation must be adjusted if more than 8% of the
items being produced are underfilled. A random sample of 80 items from the day’s
production contained 9 underfilled items.

XII. REVIEW PROBLEMS

1. A poker hand consists of five cards, the order of which is conventionally disregarded, from a
well-shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. What is the probability of getting

a. three kings and two queens

b. four red cards and one black card
c. four aces and a jack
d. an ace, a king, a queen, a jack, and a ten all of the same suit

2. The probability that a girl will be alive in 25 years is 3/5 and the probability that his boyfriend
will be alive, independently of his girlfriend, in 25 years is 2/3. Find the probability that in 25
years

a. both will be alive

b. exactly one of them will still be alive
c. neither one of them will be alive
d. at least one of them will be alive

3. Formulate Ho and Ha for the given problem and determine the consequences of Type I and
Type II errors

A cigarette manufacturer advertises that its new low-tar cigarette “contains on the
average no more than 4 milligrams of tar.” The Department of Health would like to test his
claim.

4. A certain brand of milk is advertised as having a net weight of 250 grams. If the net weights
of a random sample of 10 cans are: 251, 246, 250, 243, 245, 247, 249, 248, 245,, and 246
grams, can it be concluded that the average net weight of the cans is less than the
advertised amount?

5. An electrical company claims that the lives of the light bulbs it manufactures are normally
distributed with a mean of 10,000 hours and a standard deviation of 500 hours. If a random
sample of 100 bulbs produced by this company has a mean life of 9800 hours, do the data
support the claim of the electrical company?

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6. A manufacturer claims that at least 98% of the equipment she supplies to a factory conform
to specifications. An examination of a sample 200 pieces of equipment revealed that 8 were
faulty. Test her claim at 5% level of significance.

7. The partial ANOVA table for the comparison of four machine operators in terms of speed in
accomplishing a task is given below:

SV df SS MS
Among operators ____ 333 ____
Within operators 16 ____ 50
TOTAL ____ ____

Test the hypothesis that the four machine operators are equally efficient in accomplishing
their tasks.

8. Consider an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of cloud seeding in the artificial

production of rainfall. Two farming areas with similar past meteorological records were
selected for the experiment. One is seeded regularly throughout the year while the other is
left unseeded. The monthly precipitation in inches at the farms will be recorded for six
randomly selected months. The data gathered is given below:

Farm Area\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6
Seeded 1.75 2.12 1.53 1.10 1.70 2.42
Unseeded 1.62 1.83 1.40 0.75 1.71 2.33

9. Theoretically, heat transfer will be related to the area at the top of the tube that is
“unflooded” by the condensation of the vapor. The data below are the unflooded ratio (x)
and heat transfer enhancement (y) values recorded for the twelve integral fin tubes.

X 1.98 1.95 1.78 1.64 1.54 1.32 2.12 1.88 1.70 1.58 2.47 2.37
Y 4.4 5.3 4.5 4.5 3.7 2.8 6.1 4.9 4.9 4.1 7.0 6.7

Compute for the correlation coefficient and interpret its value.

a. Find the regression line relating heat transfer enhancement to the unflooded ratio
and interpret the values of b0 and b1.

10. “Snacktime” a newly introduced product in the market, claims to contain popcorn,
peanuts and beans in the proportion 5:3:3. A sample of 3000 packs was found to contain
1350 popcorn, 700 peanuts and 950 beans. Test the hypothesis that the company produces
the product in the proportion 5:3:3.

11. A random sample of 400 married men, all retired or at least in their 65’s were classified
according to educational attainment and number of children.

Number of Children
Educational Attainment 0-2 3-5 Over 5
None 12 22 26
Elementary 14 59 37
High School 40 80 34
College 26 31 19

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Test the hypothesis that the number of children is independent of the level of education
attained by the father.

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SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS 7, 8 AND 9 (PROBABILITY) IN EXAMPLES FOR DISCUSSION:

#7 Let A – reliable operation of a computing system

B – transmission of correct decisions
C – proper functioning of the striking mechanism

Given: If P[A] = 0.80, P[B] = 1.0 and P[A  B  C] = 0.60 then P[C] =

This is because if we assume that A, B and C are independent events, then P[A  B  C]
= P[A]*P[B]*P[C].

Unknown: New P[A  B  C] if P[A] = 0.90, P[B] = 0.80 and P[C] = 0.75

Solution: P[A  B  C] = P[A]*P[B]*P[C] = (0.90)(0.80)(0.75) = 0.54

#8 Let D1 = event that an article has 1st type of defect

D2 = event that an article has 2nd type of defect
D1 and D2 are independent events.

a) P[D1C  D2C] = P[D1C]*P[D2C] = (1 – P[D1])*(1 – P[D2]) = (1 – 0.10)(1 – 0.05) =

0.855

b) P[D1  D2] = P[D1] + P[D2] – P[D1  D2] = P[D1] + P[D2] – P[D1]*P[D2]

P[D1  D2] = 0.10 + 0.05 – (0.10)(0.05) = 0.145

c) P[D1  D2] - P[D1  D2] = {P[D1] + P[D2] – P[D1  D2]} - P[D1  D2]
= {P[D1] + P[D2] – P[D1]*P[D2]} - P[D1]*P[D2]
P[D1  D2] - P[D1  D2] = [0.10 + 0.05 – (0.10)(0.05)] - (0.10)(0.05) = 0.14

#9 Let S1 = event that an item produced from the 1st section is satisfactory
S2 = event that an item produced from the 2nd section is satisfactory

P[S2|S1] =

1. Test of Hypothesis on One Population Mean

A certain brand of milk is advertised as having a net weight of 250 grams. If the net weights of a
random sample of 10 cans are: 251, 246, 250, 243, 245, 247, 249, 248, 245, and 246 grams, can
it be concluded that the average net weight of the cans is less than the advertised amount? Use
=0.05.

Let  = average net weight of the cans of milk

Ho:  = 250 The average net weight of the cans of milk is equal to the advertised amount which
is 250 grams.
Ha:  < 250 The average net weight of the cans of milk is less than the advertised amount which
is 250 grams.
Test Procedure: t-test for one population mean at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if tc < -t0.05(9) = -1.833, otherwise fail to reject Ho.
Computations:

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PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 20

Decision: Since tc = -3.8033 < -t0.05(9) = -1.833, we reject Ho.

Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the average net
weight of the cans of milk is less than the advertised amount which is 250 grams.

2. Test of Hypothesis on One Population Mean (Note: The t-tabular value is approximated by the Z-
tabular value because of the large sample size )

An electrical company claims that the lives of the light bulbs it manufactures are normally
distributed with a mean of 10,000 hours and a standard deviation of 500 hours. If a random
sample of 100 bulbs produced by this company has a mean life of 9800 hours, do the data
support the claim of the electrical company? Use =0.05.

Let  = average life of the light bulbs

Ho:  = 10000 The mean life of the light bulbs produced by an electrical company is 10000
hours.
Ha:   10000 The mean life of the light bulbs produced by an electrical company is not
equal to 10000 hours.
Test Procedure: t-test for one population mean at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if |tc| > t0.025(99)  Z0.025 = 1.96, otherwise fail to reject Ho.
Computations:

Decision: Since |tc| = 4 > t0.025(99)  Z0.025 = 1.96, we reject Ho.

Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean life of
the light bulbs produced by an electrical company is not equal to 10000 hours.

3. Z-test on One Population Proportion

A manufacturer claims that at least 98% of the equipment she supplies to a factory conform
to specifications. An examination of a sample 200 pieces of equipment revealed that 8 were
faulty. Test her claim at 5% level of significance.

Let P = proportion of equipments that conform to specification

Ho: P  0.98 At least 98% of the equipment supplied to a factory conform to specifications.
Ha: P < 0.98 Less than 98% of the equipment supplied to a factory conform to
specifications.
Test Procedure: Z-test for one population proportion at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if Zc < - Z0.05 = -1.645, otherwise fail to reject Ho.

Computations:

where

Decision: Since Zc = -2.0203 < - Z0.05 = -1.645, we reject Ho.

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Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that less than 98% of
the equipment supplied to a factory conform to specifications.

4. F-test for One-Way Analysis of Variance (Comparison of More Than Two Means)

Let 1 = mean speed of machine operator 1 in accomplishing a task

2 = mean speed of machine operator 2 in accomplishing a task
3 = mean speed of machine operator 3 in accomplishing a task
4 = mean speed of machine operator 4 in accomplishing a task

Ho: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 The mean speed of the 4 machine operators in accomplishing a task are
the same.
Ha: At least one mean speed is different from the rest.
Test Procedure: F-test for One-Way ANOVA at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if Fc > F0.05(3,16) = 3.24, otherwise fail to reject Ho.

Computations:
Sources Degrees Sum of Mean Fc
of Variation (SV) of freedom Squares (SS) Square
(df) (MS)
Among operators 3 333 111 2.22
Within operators 16 800 50
Total 19 1133
Decision: Since Fc = 2.22 < F0.05(3,16) = 3.24, we fail to reject Ho.
Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean speed
of the 4 machine operators in accomplishing a task are the same.

5. T-test on Two Population Means (obtained from independent samples)

Consider an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of cloud seeding in the artificial

production of rainfall. Two farming areas with similar past meteorological records were
selected for the experiment. One is seeded regularly throughout the year while the other is
left unseeded. The monthly precipitation in inches at the farms will be recorded for six
randomly selected months. The data gathered is given below:

Farm Area\Month 1 2 3 4 5 6
Seeded 1.75 2.12 1.53 1.10 1.70 2.42
Unseeded 1.62 1.83 1.40 0.75 1.71 2.33

Let 1 = mean monthly precipitation for the seeded farm

2 = mean monthly precipitation for the unseeded farm
Ho: 1 = 2 The mean monthly precipitation for the seeded farm is the same as the
unseeded farm.
Ha: 1  2 The mean monthly precipitation for the seeded farm is not the same as the
unseeded farm.
Test Procedure: t-test for two population means from independent samples at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if |tc| > t0.025(10) = 2.228, otherwise fail to reject Ho.
Computations:

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PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 22

Decision: Since |tc| =11.9055 > t0.025(10) = 2.228, we reject Ho.

Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the mean
monthly precipitation for the seeded farm is not the same as the unseeded
farm.

6. Correlation and Simple Linear Regression Analysis

Theoretically, heat transfer will be related to the area at the top of the tube that is
“unflooded” by the condensation of the vapor. The data below are the unflooded ratio (x)
and heat transfer enhancement (y) values recorded for the twelve integral fin tubes.

X 1.98 1.95 1.78 1.64 1.54 1.32 2.12 1.88 1.70 1.58 2.47
2.37
Y 4.4 5.3 4.5 4.5 3.7 2.8 6.1 4.9 4.9 4.1 7.0
6.7

a) Compute for the correlation coefficient and interpret its value.

b) Find the regression line relating heat transfer enhancement to the unflooded ratio
and interpret the values of b0 and b1.

a)

Interpretation: There is a very strong positive linear relationship between unflooded ratio and
heat transfer enhancement of the integral fin tubes.

Computations:

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b)

Interpretation:
b0: Heat transfer enhancement is estimated to be –1.4344 if the value of the unflooded
ratio is zero.
b1: Heat transfer enhancement is expected to increase by 3.4086 per unit increase in the
unflooded ratio.

Predicting equation:

7. Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

“Snacktime” a newly introduced product in the market, claims to contain popcorn, peanuts
and beans in the proportion 5:3:3. A sample of 3000 packs was found to contain 1350
popcorn, 700 peanuts and 950 beans. Test the hypothesis that the company produces the
product in the proportion 5:3:3. Use =0.05.

Ho: ”Snacktime” contains popcorn, peanuts and beans in the 5:3:3 proportion.
Ha: ”Snacktime” does not contain popcorn, peanuts and beans in the 5:3:3 proportion.
Test Procedure: Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if 2c > 20.05(2) = 5.991, otherwise fail to reject Ho.

Computations:

E1 = 3000(5/11)=1363.64 E2 = 3000(3/11)=818.18 E3 = 3000(3/11)=818.18

Decision: Since 2c = 38.4447 > 20.05(2) = 5.991, we reject Ho.

Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that ”Snacktime”
does not contain popcorn, peanuts and beans in the 5:3:3 proportion.

8. Chi-Square Test of Independence

A random sample of 400 married men, all retired or at least in their 65’s were classified
according to educational attainment and number of children.

Number of Children
Educational Attainment 0-2 3-5 Over 5
None 12 22 26

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PSAE Region IV- Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials IV - 24
Elementary 14 59 37
High School 40 80 34
College 26 31 19

Test the hypothesis that the number of children is independent of the level of education
attained by the father. Use =0.05.

Ho: The number of children is independent of the level of education attained by the father.
Ha: The number of children is related to the level of education attained by the father.
Test Procedure: Chi-Square Test of Independence at =0.05
Decision Rule: Reject Ho if 2c > 20.05(6) = 12.592, otherwise fail to reject Ho.
Computations:

Decision: Since 2c = 21.7134 > 20.05(6) = 12.592, we reject Ho.

Conclusion: At =0.05, the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the number of
children is related to the level of education attained by the father.

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