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Intro 4

This document provides an overview of the history and development of artificial intelligence (AI). It discusses early definitions of AI from the 1990s that focused on machine intelligence and automation of intelligent behavior. It then covers major areas and approaches in AI including the Turing Test for machine intelligence, cognitive modeling to match human cognition, using logic to model rational thought, and developing rational agents. The document outlines foundations of AI in various fields and the birth of AI at the 1956 Dartmouth conference. It discusses early successes and limitations experienced in AI. Finally, it covers the growth of expert systems in the 1980s, the rebirth of neural networks in the 1980s and recent focus on learning, probabilistic methods, and applications.

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57 views4 pages

Intro 4

This document provides an overview of the history and development of artificial intelligence (AI). It discusses early definitions of AI from the 1990s that focused on machine intelligence and automation of intelligent behavior. It then covers major areas and approaches in AI including the Turing Test for machine intelligence, cognitive modeling to match human cognition, using logic to model rational thought, and developing rational agents. The document outlines foundations of AI in various fields and the birth of AI at the 1956 Dartmouth conference. It discusses early successes and limitations experienced in AI. Finally, it covers the growth of expert systems in the 1980s, the rebirth of neural networks in the 1980s and recent focus on learning, probabilistic methods, and applications.

Uploaded by

mkmanojdevil
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Denition of AI

The art of creating machines that perform functions that


require intelligence when performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990).

CS 343: Articial Intelligence Introduction

The branch of computer science that is concerned with the


automation of intelligent behavior. (Luger and Stubleeld, 1993)

Systems that think like humans. Systems that act like humans.

Systems that think rationally. Systems that act rationally.

Acting Humanly: The Turing Test

Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Modelling

If the response of a computer to an unrestricted textual


natural-language conversation cannot be distinguished from that of a human being then it can be said to be intelligent.
No. My name is Mary.

Method must not just exhibit behavior sufcient to fool a


human judge but must do it in a way demonstrably analogous to human cognition.

Requires detailed matching of computer behavior and


timing to detailed measurements of human subjects gathered in psychological experiments.
Hi! Are you a computer?

Cognitive Science: Interdisiplinary eld (AI, psychology,


linguistics, philosophy, anthropology) that tries to form computational theories of human cognition.
Are you kidding, Im Hal and I cant even multiply two-digit numbers!

Loebner Prize: Current contest for restricted form of the


Turing test.

Thinking Rationally: Laws of Thought

Acting Rationally: Rational Agents

Formalize correct reasoning using a mathematical model


(e.g. of deductive reasoning).

An agent is an entity that perceives its environment and is


able to execute actions to change it.

Agents have inherent goals that they want to achieve (e.g. Logicist Program: Encode knowledge in formal logical
statements and use mathematical deduction to perform reasoning: survive, reproduce).

A rational agent acts in a way to maximize the achievement


Problems: of its goals.

-Formalizing common sense knowledge is difcult. -General deductive inference is computationally


intractable.

True maximization of goals requires omniscience and


unlimited computational abilities.

Limited rationality involves maximizing goals within the


computational and other resources available.

Foundations of AI Many older disciplines contribute to a foundation for


articial intelligence:

Birth

McCullouch and Pitts (1943) theory of neurons as logical


computing circuits.

-Philosophy:

logic, philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics

-Mathematics: logic, probability theory, theory of


computability

Work in early 50s by Claude Shannon and Turing on game


playing and Marvin Minsky on neural networks.

-Psychology: behaviorism, cognitive psychology -Computer Science & Engineering: hardware, algorithms,
computational complexity theory

Dartmouth conference (1956) -Organized by John McCarthy attended by Marvin Minsky,


Allen Newell, Herb Simon, and a few others.

-Linguistics: theory of grammar, syntax, semantics

-Coined term articial intelligence. -Presentation of game playing programs and Logic
Theorist.

Early Years

Early Limitations

Development of General Problem Solver by Newell and


Simon in early sixties.

Hard to scale solutions to toy problems to more realistic


ones due to difculty of formalizing knowledge and combinatorial explosion of search space of potential solutions.

Arthur Samuels late fties work on learning to play


checkers.

Limitations of Perceptron demonstrated by Minsky and Frank Rosenblatts Perceptron (1962) for training simple
neural networks Papert (1969).

Work in the sixties at MIT lead by Marvin Minsky and John


McCarthy

-Development of LISP symbolic programming language -SAINT: Solved freshman calculus problems -ANALOGY: Solved IQ test analogy problems -SIR: Answered simple questions in English -STUDENT: Solved algebra story problems -SHRDLU: Obeyed simple English commands in the
blocks world

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Knowledge is Power: Expert Systems

AI Industry

Discovery that detailed knowledge of the specic domain


can help control search and lead to expert level performance for restricted tasks.

Development of numerous expert systems in early eighties. Estimated $2 billion industry by 1988.

First expert system DENDRAL for interpreting mass


spectrogram data to determine molecular structure by Buchanan, Feigenbaum, and Lederberg (1969).

Japanese start Fifth Generation project in 1981 to build


intelligent computers based on Prolog logic programming.

Early expert systems developed for other tasks: -MYCIN: diagnosis of bacterial infection (1975)

MCC established in Austin in 1984 to counter Japanese


project.

Limitations become apparent, prediction of AI Winter -PROSPECTOR: Found molybendum deposit based on
geological data (1979)

-R1: Congure computers for DEC (1982)

-Brittleness and domain specicity -Knowledge acquisition bottleneck

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Rebirth of Neural Networks

Recent Times

New algorithms discovered for training more complex


neural networks (1986).

General focus on learning and training methods to address


knowledge-acquisition bottleneck.

Cognitive modelling of many psychological processes using


neural networks, e.g. learning language.

Shift of focus from rule-based and logical methods to


probabilistic and statistical methods (e.g. Bayes nets, Hidden Markov Models).

Industrial applications: -Character and hand-writing recognition -Speech recognition -Processing credit card applications -Financial prediction -Chemical process control

Increased interest in particular tasks and applications -Data mining -Intelligent agents and Internet applications
(softbots, believable agents, intelligent information access)

-Scheduling/conguration applications
(Successful companies: I2, Red Pepper, Trilogy)

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