G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

PRACTICAL: 1

AIM: To observe the relation between the voltage and current of p-n Junction and
Zener diode

a) To study V-I characteristics of P-N junction diode

APPARATUS: P-N junction doide, Zener Diode, Multimeter, (0-10V) DC voltage

supply, 1K resistor

THOERY:

Figure 1 P N Junction diode

Since the diode is a two-terminal device, the application of a voltage across its
terminals leaves three possibilities:

1) No Bias (VD = 0 V)
2) Forward Bias (VD > 0 V)
3) Reverse Bias (VD < 0 V)

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 1

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

Figure 4 Forward bias condition of P N Junction diode

Figure 5 V-I Characteristics of P N Junction diode

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

(a) Forward bias circuit of PN Diode. (b) Reverse bias circuit of PN Diode

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit on the bread board as per the above figure 6.

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 2

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

2. Measure the voltage VD across the diode and voltage Vr across the resistor
with the variation of input voltage Vin
3. Calculate ID = Vr/R.
4. Plot the graph of VD vs. ID.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

1) Forward Bias:

Sr. Input VoltageVin Voltage Across Voltage Across ID = Vr/R

No. (volt) DiodeVD(volts) ResistorVr (volts) (mA)

2) Reverse bias:

Sr. Input VoltageVin Voltage Across Voltage Across ID = Vr/R

No. (volt) DiodeVD(volts) ResistorVr (volts) (mA)

Graph:

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 3

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

PRACTICAL 2

AIM: - b) To study VI characteristics of Zener Diode

APPARATUS: Zener diode, Multimeter, (0-10V) DC voltage supply, 1KΩ

resistor

THOERY:

(a)Symbol of Zener Diode (b) Zener diode

Figure 1 Zener diode and its symbol

Figure 2 Zener diode characteristic curve

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

(a)Forward bias (b) Reverse bias

Figure 3 Circuit for forward and reverse bias of Zener Diode

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 4

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit on the bread board as per the above figure.
2. Measure the voltage VDZ across the diode and voltage Vr across the resistor
with the variation of input voltage Vin
3. Calculate ID = Vr/R.
4. Plot the graph of VDZ vs. IDZ.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

a) Forward Bias:

Sr. Voltage Across Voltage Across Ir = Vr/R

No. Zener DiodeVdz ResistorVr (mA)
(volts) (volts)

a) Reverse Bias:

Sr. Voltage Across Voltage Across Ir = Vr/R

No. Zener DiodeVdz ResistorVr (mA)
(volts) (volts)

GRAPH:

CONCLUSION:

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 5

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

Lab Assignment 1 & 2

1. Name two breakdown mechanisms and discuss the temperature dependence of

the resulting breakdown voltage.
2. What is Zener breakdown?
3. Describe the avalanche breakdown mechanism.
4. In Zener diode, for currents greater than the knee current, the v-i curve is
almost?
5. Zener diodes can be effectively used in voltage regulator. However, they are
these days being replaced by more efficient?
6. When the load voltage is approximately constant in a zener regulator?
7. What is the zener current, if the load resistance increases in a zener regulator?
8. What is Zener voltage?
9. Explain how zener diode maintains constant voltage across the load?
10. Difference between Zener Diode & P-N junction diode.
11. What is a pn junction?
12. Why is silicon preferred over germanium in the manufacture of semiconductor
devices?
13. What does the arrow head represent in the schematic symbol of a p-n junction?
14. What are the two mechanisms of breakdown in a p-n junction?
15. Name the breakdown mechanism in a highly doped p-n junction under reverse
biased condition.
16. What is an ideal diode?
17. What is reverse saturation current?
18. Why is germanium more temperature dependent than silicon?
19. What is static resistance of a diode?
20. When can the recombination/generation current in the depletion region be
ignored?

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 6

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

PRACTICAL: 3

AIM: To measure ripple factor at the output of Half wave rectifier with & without
Capacitor filter.

APPARATUS: Half-wave rectifier Kit (ETB-09), CRO, Digital Multi meter,

connecting wires etc.

THOERY:

We know that a diode conducts in one direction only. In other direction it doesn’t
conduct. This property of a diode can be made use of in converting an alternating
voltage into a d.c. voltage. The circuits accomplishing this phenomenon are known
as rectifiers. The various types of rectifiers are:

1. Half-wave rectifier

2. Full-wave center tapped rectifier

3. Full-wave bridge rectifier

(a)Input waveform (b) Circuit Diagram (c) Output Waveform

Figure 1 Half Wave Rectifier

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR FILTER:-

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 7

 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

PROCEDURE:

1 Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

2 Connect CRO across the load
3 Note down the peak value Vm of the signal observed on the CRO
4 Switch the CRO into DC mode and observe the waveform. Note down the DC
shift
5 Calculate Vrms and Vdc values by using the formulas

For Half wave rectifier

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2 2
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'( $ &'( $
) )

6 Connect the capacitor filler across the load in the above circuit diagram
7 Proceed with the same procedure mentioned above to measure Vm value
From the CRO and also dc shift from CRO.
8 Calculate the ripple factor by using the formulae

Ripple factor = =

Ripple factor =

7 Remove the load and measure the voltage across the circuit. Take down the
value as VNL; calculate the percentage of voltage regulation using the formulae

V NL − V FL
% Regulation =
V FL *100
Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 8
 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

Vallabh Vidyanagar

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Half-Wave Rectifier without filter

Rectifier Vrms Vdc Ripple Factor TUF Efficiency

Half-Wave Rectifier with filter

Rectifier Vrms Vdc Ripple Factor

Half-Wave
Rectifier

GRAPHS:

Attach / draw the observed graphs on CRO / DSO.

Lab Assignment 3

1. What is rectification?
2. What is rectifier? List out types of rectifiers.
3. What is significance of rectifier?
4. What is the importance of peak inverse voltage in a rectifier circuit?
5. What is PIV of a diode in a Half wave rectifier?
6. Why half-wave rectifiers are generally not used in dc power supply?
7. Define ripple factor, TUF and Efficiency for rectifier circuit.
8. State the equations for ripple factor, TUF and Efficiency (with their values) for
half wave rectifier
9. Why is it necessary to include voltage stabilizer in a power supply?
10. A voltage V = 300 cos100t is applied to a half wave rectifier with RL = 5 kΩ.
The rectifier may be represented by an ideal diode in series with a resistance of
1 kΩ. Calculate : (1)Im (2)DC power (3)AC power (4) Rectifier efficiency
(5)Ripple factor.

Lab Manual: 1020011203 Basic Electrical & Electronics Engineering Page 9