MAHARASHTRA STATE BORAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

WINTER-14 EXAMINATION

Subject Code- IDR(12283) Model Answer

Q Answer Remark Total

No: mark
s
1(A) Attempt any Three 4
State classification of drives giving example of each category.
(a) 4 marks
Ans : Drives are classified into five categories and with their example are as given for
below.
classificati
1) According to mode of operation
• Continuous duty drives on
• Short time duty drives
• Intermittent duty drives
2) According to Means of Control
• Manual
• Semi-automatic
• Automatic
3) According to Number of machines
• Individual drive
• Group drive
• Multi-motor drive
4) According Dynamics and Transients
• Uncontrolled transient period
• Controlled transient period
5) According to Methods of Speed of Control
• Reversible and non-reversible uncontrolled constant speed
• Reversible and non-reversible step speed control
• Variable position control
• Reversible and non-reversible smooth speed control

1(A)
Explain with diagram four quadrant operation of hoist.
(b)
Diagram:
 2 mark for 4
diag. & 2
marks for
operation

Operation:
* A hoist consists of a rope wound on a drum coupled to a motor shaft. One end of
a rope is tied to a cage which is used for transporting material. Other end of the
rope has a counter weight.
* Weight of the counter weight chosen higher than the weight of an empty case but
lower than a fully loaded cage.
* Load torque TL2 in quadrants I & IV represent speed torque characteristics of
the loaded hoist. This torque is the diff. of torques due to loaded hoist & counter
weight.
* Load torque TL2 in quadrants II & III is the speed-torque characteristics of an
empty hoist. This torque is due to the diff in torque of counter weight & empty
hoist. This is –ve because the counter weight is always higher than the empty cage.
* Quadrant I operation – hoist requires the movement of the cage upward, which
corresponds to the +ve motor speed which is in CCW (counter clockwise)
direction. It will be obtained if motor produce +ve torque in CCW direction equal
to TL. Since developed power is +ve, this is forward motoring operation.
 * Quadrant IV operation is obtained when a loaded cage is lowered. Since the
weight of the loaded cage is > the counter weight. In order to limit the speed of the
cage within a safe value, motor must produce a +ve torque T = TL2 in anti
clockwise direction. Both power & speed are –ve, drive is in reverse braking.
* Quadrant II is obtained when an empty cage is moved up since a counter
weight is heavier than a empty cage, it is able to pull it up. In order to limit the
speed to safety value, motor must produce braking torque = TL2 in clockwise
direction. Since speed is +ve, developed power is, -ve. It is forward breaking
operation.
* Quadrant III – empty cage is lowered since empty cage weight is < counter
weight motor produce a torque in clockwise direction. Since speed is –ve &
developed power is +ve, this is reverse motoring operation.
1(A) Draw circuit diagram of three – phase semi- converter drive. 4 marks 4
(c) for
diagram

Equivalent circuit of motor are La, Ra and E(back emf).

1(A) With neat circuit diagram explain operation of DC chopper using power
(d) MOSFET. 2 mark for 4
Operation : diag. & 2
The chopper controlled circuit produces a rectangular voltage wave form that marks for
drives the power MOSFET. The duty cycle is controlled by the time period of the operation
control circuit.
When the gate voltage is high the power MOSFET is driven into ohmic range.
Therefore the power MOSFET will function as a closed switch and the load is
driven.
When the gate voltage is reduced to zero, MOSFET turns off and the switch is
 open due to which the load is disconnected.

1(B) Attempt any one of the following. 1 mark 6

(a) Explain how chopper can be used for regenerative braking of the separately each for
excited d.c. motor.
any of the
1. The regenerative braking of DC motor is very useful for saving energy.
2. This method is used when the load on the motor overhauling characteristics 6 points
as in the lowering of the cage of a hoist or the downgrade motion of an
electric train.
3. Regeneration takes place when back emf Eb becomes greater then the
chopper supply voltage.
4. This happens when the overhauling load acts as a prime mover and so drives
the machine as a generator.
5. Consequently direction of armature current and hence armature torque is
reversed and speed falls until Eb becomes lesser than V.
6. During the slowing down of the motor power is return to the line.
7. This may be used to upgrade and their by relieving the power house.
 α Controlled circuit

CHOPPER
M

1(B)
Classify the choppers considering their quadrant operation, giving example of
(b)
each category.

CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPERS
Choppers are classified as follows
‐ Class A Chopper (Motoring operation of d.c. motor) 2 marks 6
‐ Class B Chopper (Chopper drive of subway train)
for
‐ Class C Chopper (Machine tools drive)
‐ Class D Chopper (Reversible regenerative dc drive) classificati
‐ Class E Chopper (Washing machine) on,2marks
for diag.,2
marks for
applicatio
n

Class A Class B

Class C Class D
 Class E
2 Attempt any four of the following.
a With neat diagram explain speed control of induction motor using stator 2 mark for 4
voltage control method. diag. & 2
Circuit Diagram marks for
operation

Explanation :
• Two SCRs are connected anti parallel.
• During the positive half cycle SCR1 is triggered.
• The direction of the current in the stator winding is from the top to bottom.
• In the negative half cycle SCR1 is turned off and SCR2 is triggered.
• The direction of the flow of current in the stator winding is reversed biased.
• By varying the firing angles of SCR1 and 2, the magnitude of a.c. voltage
across the stator winding of the motor can be controlled.
• This in turn will vary the motor speed.
2b With neat diagram, explain the operation of slip energy recovery system 2 mark for 4
method of speed control of induction motor.
diag. & 2
marks for
operation

• Diode D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 acts as a rectifier.

• L, C1 and C2 form a pie network filter.
• SCRs 1, 2,3,4,5 and 6 act as an inverter.
• The firing angle of the inverter can vary the amount of power extracted
from rotor circuit and thus the rotor speed is varied.
• The power output of inverter circuit is fed back to the a.c. supply mains and
this forms a regenerative control.
• The system is made closed loop by comparing actual speed and torque and
the desired speed and torque of motor with the help of tachogenerator.
•
2c Draw the circuit diagram of chopper control of induction motor drive employing 2 marks 4
motor resistance control technique. Explain how the speed is controlled. for diag.
& 2 marks
for
operation
 • Diode D1,D2,D3,D4,D5 and D6 acts as a rectifier.
• L,C1 and C2 form a pie network filter.
• The chopper is controlled at high frequency and thus connecting and
disconnecting the external Resistance are in the rotor circuit at regular intervals.
• Hence the Motor speed can be controlled.
• The system is made closed loop by comparing actual speed and torque and
the desired speed and torque of motor with the help of tachogenerator.

2d Explain closed loop operation of a drive. State why it is preferred over open 2 mark for 4
loop. diag. & 1
• Block diagram shows the closed loop control operation of an electric drive. marks for
• PWM circuit controls the speed of the motor. operation
• The speed is sensed and a control signal is fed back to control unit. & 1 marks

• The signal are compared at the power modulator and hence the speed of the for

motor is stabilized irrespective of the load. difference

Block Diagram of a simple electric drive:

 • Open-loop control that simply changes the speed and closed-loop control
that reduces the speed variation with load changes of the motor.
• Constant speed can be achieved and hence the stability of the drive can be
obtained.

2e Write basic equation and speed torque characteristics of separately excited 2 marks 4
motor. for
Basic Equation: equation
VT = Eb + IaRa & 2 marks
Where VT = total voltage applied. characteris
Eb = Back emf. tics
Ia = armature current.
Ra = armature resistance.
Speed torque characteristics of separately excited motor:

2(f) State the transfer function of armature controlled dc motor and explain its 2 marks 4
 stability with respect to characteristic equation. for
• The transfer function from the input armature current to the resulting motor transfer
torque is
function
& 2 marks
𝜃(𝑠) 𝐾𝑚 characteris
= 𝑠(𝑠𝑇𝑚+1)
𝐸𝑎(𝑠) tics

Where, equation
Tm = Motor torque
Ea = armature input voltage
θ = Output voltage
The characteristic equation :
𝑠(𝑠𝑇𝑚 + 1) =0
S = 0 or 𝑠𝑇𝑚 + 1 = 0
1
S = 0 & s = -𝑇𝑚

• As the poles are on the left hand side of the axis, hence the system is stable.
Q3 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) Draw the circuit diagram of three phase dual converter drive and explain its operation with the help of
waveforms
Ans: Circuit diagram 2 marks, waveform 1 mark and explantion 1 mark

Waveform:
 Explanation: It consists of two 3 phase full converters connected back to back converter1 and converter2 are
operated in such a way that the sum of the firing angles is 180 degree.
It has two modes of operation: circulating current mode & non circulating current mode

(b) Draw circuit diagram of single phase full converter drive and state the equation for its O/P voltage.
Ans: circuit diagram 3 marks and o/p voltage 1 mark

Output voltage , Vdc = Vm {1+ cosα }/π

(c) Explain the equation concept of stability w.r.t characteristic of motor.

Ans: concept of stability 2 marks, characteristic equation 2 marks
 Concept of stability: The steady state operation takes place when the motor torque equals the load torque. The
steady state operation for a given speed is realised by the adjustment of steady state motor speed –torque
characteristics such that motor and load torque are equal. In the figure when the motor parameters are
adjusted to provide torque speed curve 1, the drive runs at speed Wm1. Speed is changed to Wm2 when the
motor parameters are adjusted to provide speed torque curve 2.

(d) Explain how phase locked loop can be used controlling speed control of DC motor.
Ans: diagram 2 marks

Explanation 2 marks:
Two pulse trains i.e reference frequency fi and feedback frequency fo are compared in the phase detector which
produces pulse width modulated output. The pulse width depends on the difference between the two
frequencies. This output is filtered by a low pass filter to obtain a dc signal and applied as a control voltage to a
voltage controlled oscillator.
At steady state both the frequencies become equal and the loop is set to have locked

(e) State drive requirements for textile mills.

Ans:4 marks

Drive requirements for textile mills:

1. Ginning motors: The speed range should be of 250 to 1450 rpm.

2. Blowers: Three phase induction motors are used. The speed range should be of 1000 to 1500rpm.
3. Cording: For this, three phase induction motor with high starting torque is used.
4. Spinning: It should have smooth acceleration. It should be able to work at high ambient
temperature. It should be able to totally enclosed
Q4 (A) Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
(a) Draw the block diagram of microcontroller based stepper motor control.
Ans: diagram 4 marks

(b) Draw block diagram of microprocessor based DC motor speed control method.
Ans: diagram 4 marks

(c) State advantages of microprocessor and microcontroller for dc drive applications.

Ans: Advantages : any 4 points 4 marks
1. These are very compact control systems
2. The processing of speed and angular position is digital, hence it is more accurate.
 3. Less expensive than analog discrete drives
4. Very high quality of performance
5. Very high reliability
6. High precision
7. These drives are very flexible and adaptable for applications of all types.
8. High level of sophistication.
9. Four quadrant operation of drive is easily possible.
This type of control is free from the drifts and parameter variations taking place due to temperature changes

(d) State the advantages of phase locked loop controlled DC motor drive.
Ans: Advantages : 4 marks
1. PLL control improves the speed of response of drive.
2. Better speed regulation (0.002)
3. Inexpensive control
4. economical and simple

(B) Attempt any ONE of the following: 6

(a) Compare DC drives & AC drives with at least 6 points
Ans: any 6 points 6 marks marks
Sr DC drives AC drives
No
1 Used to control speed of DC motors Used to control speed of AC motors
2 Speed is controlled by change in Speed is controlled by changing the
armature voltage or field current voltage and frequency
3 Speed of DC series or separately excited Speed of induction or synchronous
motors can be controlled motors can be controlled
4 The maximum speed of operation is The maximum speed is much higher
limited due to the presence of brushes in that that of dc motors due to
dc motors. absence of brushes in ac motors
5 The power circuit used to control the Power circuit used for speed control
speed is an AC-DC converter using SCR is an inverter.
6 Used in machine tool industry, traction Used in machine tool industry,
applications etc textile, traction applications, etc
7 Frequent maintenance needed due to Less maintenance needed as the
presence of brushes brushes are absent.
8 Cannot be used for applications in Can be used in these industries as
petroleum or chemical industries as the brushes are absent.
sparking takes place at the brushes.

(b) Suggest suitable drives used for the following applications and justify your answer.
i) cement mills
ii) sugar mills
Ans: Cement mills 4 marks and sugar mills 4 marks

Drives used for cement mills are:

1. Raw mill drives and Cement mill drives: slip ring induction motors are used because they have high starting
torque and good overload capacity.
2. Kiln drives: DC motors controlled by Ward Leonard method Synchronous motors are used
 3. Crusher drives: slip ring induction motors are used because they have high starting torque and good overload
capacity.
4. Blower drives: slip ring induction motors are used with rotor resistance starter because they have high
breakdown torque.
5. Compressor drives: Squirrel cage induction motor is used because they have constant speed.

Drives used for sugar mills are:

1. Centrifuge: The motor used to drive the centrifuge is a variable speed motor like slip ring induction motor.
Regenerative braking is employed. Stator voltage control can be used.
2. A synchronous motor or converter fed induction motor can also be used for speed control purposes

Q5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 16

(a) Explain the equation concept of stability w.r.t characteristic of motor.

Ans: Concept of stability: 4 marks , characteristic equation: 2 marks ,equivalent ckt 2 marks

Concept of stability: The steady state operation takes place when the motor torque equals the load torque. The
steady state operation for a given speed is realised by the adjustment of steady state motor speed –torque
characteristics such that motor and load torque are equal. In the figure when the motor parameters are
adjusted to provide torque speed curve 1, the drive runs at speed Wm1. Speed is changed to Wm2 when the
motor parameters are adjusted to provide speed torque curve 2.
separately excited armature controlled DC motor :
In a armature-current controlled motor, the field current f i is held constant, and the armature current is controlled through
the armature voltage a V . In this case, the motor torque increases linearly with the armature current.
The characteristic equation of separately excited armature controlled DC motor is:

(b) With neat equivalent circuit, explain the load torque characteristics of separately excited dc motor.
Ans: Equivalent circuit: 2 marks, characteristics : 2 marks, working: 4 marks
Equivalent circuit:

Separately excited dc motor

Working:
When a separately excited motor is excited by a field current of if and an armature current of ia flows in the circuit,
the motor develops a back emf and a torque to balance the load torque at a particular speed. The i f is independent
of the ia .Each windings are supplied separately. Any change in the armature current has no effect on the field
current.

Characterisitics: Equation
or

(c) What are the advantages of converter fed Induction motor?

Ans: any 8 points 8 marks
1. Smooth speed control is possible
2. Soft start and acceleration at constant current torque are possible.
3. Less noise than motors operated from direct supply
4. No switching surges and special starting equipment not required even at higher ratings.
5. Less losses by using PWM inverter, harmonic content can be decreased and torque pulsations can be
avoided.
6. Single and mult-imotor operation is possible using VSI
7. Regeneration and quadrant operation is possible.
8. Simple method

Q6 Attempt any FOUR of the following: 16

(a) State limitations of induction motor.

Ans: 4 points 4 marks
1. The efficiency of induction motor varies with speed.
2. In induction motors, the flux and armature (stator) current cannot be controlled separaqtely, as there is only
stator winding and rotor is not accessible for the user.
3. The harmonics of the converter causes heating of the induction motor.
4. Torque pulsations will be observed

(b) Explain voltage, current and frequency control method for speed control and induction motor.
Ans: circuit diagram/ block diagram is optional 2 marks and explanation 2 marks
 Diagram for voltage,current and frequency control method

Explanation: 3 phase a PWM bridge inverter may be used. The circuit uses a transistorized inverter. They can be
replaced by MOSFET’s or IGBT’s.
The signals are shifted by 120 degrees which drive the base of the transistors Q1, Q3 & Q5 and the signals are
shifted by 180 degrees which drive the base of the transistors Q4, Q6 & Q2. The output voltage of the PWM
inverter is varied by varying the modulation index.
The output frequency of the PWM inverter is varied by varying the frequency of modulating signal.

(c) Describe the role of drives in paper mill

Ans: Drives used in paper mills: any 4 points 4 marks

1. Grinding
2 Wire couch section
3. Pressing
4. Dryer
5. Calendar
6. Reel section
7. For these sections, DC motor or AC motor is used. DC motors having Ward Leonard speed control provide
smooth variable speed. These motors are capable of inching so that it is possible to clean the web. The
starting and acceleration of the sections must be smooth as well as quick

(d) State the requirements of motors used for cranes & hoists.

. Ans: any 4 points 4 marks

Requirements of drives used in cranes and hoists:

1. The motion of the crane hook is in all directions.

2. The acceleration and retardation must be uniform.
3. Very low speed is required for accurate positioning
4. Mechanical braking must be available.
5. The drive must have high speeds in directions.
6. Braking of the motor during overhauling must be possible.
7. Able to work in dusty environment and should handle high ambient temperature.

(e) State advantages of microprocessor and microcontroller for dc drive applications

Ans: Advantages : any 4 points 4 marks

1 These are very compact control systems

2 The processing of speed and angular position is digital, hence it is more accurate.

3 Less expensive than analog discrete drives

4 Very high quality of performance

5 Very high reliability

6 High precision

7 These drives are very flexible and adaptable for applications of all types.

8 High level of sophistication.

9 Four quadrant operation of drive is easily possible.

10. This type of control is free from the drifts and parameter variations taking place due to temperature
changes.