.

1. Relays:

In this circuit we used a 5V relay code SRD-05VDC-SL-C, it is commonly used

Voltage of 5V across the coil of relay, so nominal current required to activate the
relay coil is 71.4 (mA).

2. Diode:

Here we placed diode in parallel with a relay coil to protect the circuit from
voltage spikes and reverse current which cause by inductance when the relay is
turned off. The diode is connected in a way that allows current to flow through it
in the reverse direction, opposite to the normal current flow when the coil is
energized. This configuration ensures that any reverse current generated by
inductance is safely redirected through the diode, protecting the circuit from
potential damage..

Choosing diode: The diode should have a maximum current is greater than the
nominal current (71.4mA) of the relay coil to ensures that the diode can handle the
current flowing through the relay coil without being damaged. Choose a diode with
a reverse voltage are higher than the supply voltage (5V), a diode with a reverse
voltage rating of 20V or higher should be suitable.

Based on these considerations, diode 1N4007 are used for protecting relays

3. Transistor:

The control signal source cannot directly handle the current or voltage
requirements of the relay, so we need a transistor to amplifies and controls the
current flowing through the relay coil.

We look for a transistor with Ic is greater than nominal current of relay(71.4mA),

The transistor help to limit the current flowing into the base, additionally, we
can ensure that the transistor operates in its saturation region by appropriately
selecting the value of the base resistor.

We have

We need:

Here the With

5. Resistor R3:

When there is no control signal or when the input to the transistor's base is left
unconnected, the base voltage can float or become indeterminate.. By connecting a
pull-down resistor from the base of the transistor to a reference voltage (usually
ground), we provide a well-defined path for current to flow when there is no active
control signal. The resistor ensures that the base voltage is held at a known low
level, typically close to 0V. This prevents the base-emitter junction from
conducting significant current and keeps the transistor in the off state.

In this circuit we choose R3 with large value to ensure that the input signal is
reliably pulled down to a logic low level when no active signal is present. We
choose R3= 15K

6. RC delay circuit:

The resistor determines the charging and discharging time of the capacitor, while
the capacitor stores the charge. The values of R and C will determine the delay
time of the circuit. RC delay circuit will create a time delay for circuit with time
delay is determined by:

τ= C × R = 1000

7. Resistor R2 and LDR:

Resistor R2 combined with LDR connected to pin 2 and rheostat

connected to pin 3 of IC LM358 acts as 2 voltage dividers to control the input

on, the relay triggered, the light is off. When V3<V2, output voltage of LM358
when logic is low, transistor is off, relaynot triggered, light is on.

Here is the datasheet of LDR:

When light detected, the resistance of LDR is 10K and when dark, the resistance
is 0.5M

• Choose resistor R1 with the same value as the resistance of LDR when light
shines on, then the value of V3 when light and dark will be:

• Bright = 5V

• Dark