|____ ¢lass-02 | 16.06.1202 — ee Solid state physics G we talk about erystal here 7 Boole. \ ett || + emt Lathee jks 7 * Lattice : aneene Tey asis us a J . ~ Lattice + basic = crystal Le periodic.“ Arrays of atoms ri o oO Li ‘i Na * Lottice ype Move ce) cu sangle : 9 2 . 5} le : / C=Ate ranslation ~ Re: 3 —- a ae pi = P+ UOFVE+ We U,V, W = integerRee > translation vectors giong mW & ayes. Cr) Pe - Wee ubere, Pa ugt+vb+we - e minimum volume of acell Le primHive, lotiee cell. rw nae weigner seitz cell «volume of a parallelop|'peoct , 1 LA 7m oO ree a * Fundamental types of laiice . 72D 3DZymmotry operations 4-fold 7 “fold - afold = 4- fold ~ S-fold x 6-fold — O wi KE a34.05.2022 Cnling} i 1 7. primitive. _ 4 2 . oy cell. . efinth on ar : Two dimensional lattice types = ‘fi sts) os b Lodtice. type “depends on > |© General type —* Beli, lothee 7 ® Special type (is invariant under rotahon! of TF and \ on) Mvaniant fs of 1 , om aur ao under -the robehor under mirron reflection. ® oblique lattice v4 ® Special lathee —*- 4 Bravais Fr aistine' fethee \ ca ee in two dimonsits * square lattice ' Rectangular latiee * Hexagonal. + ° wahipell * centralprimriive: rranslalian vectors. [29.06.2022 ( Online) wo dimensional latth'ce types A A a@ = Az% +4y y b = bar +by 5 Tf the mimitve vector are, mirrored - seep n A OG: Gee a7 A b = ban-byy mipron ae invariant 20, A eax) eH 2? . , al=% 5 W=bThree dimensional Lattice pes. + General ~ 4 » special —!3 Jn 3p- we have 14 different lattice types, [aeons Pubic CG) ee) + tehagonal (p, Fr) ls ovethorombic. (?,.¢,I,F) «= monoalinic - triclinic » trigonal + Hexagonal * simple (Primitive) . body centereol + face centered . + base centeredpaoe 207 PTndex system for oryjstal planes : (4.6 -6) 1 (02,0) . Corel) aoa flane and onientech'on afr Fou ge ay “ae system, we index system. Ba,20,2@ -s Miller index : wv Miller indices ee nce 3/2 'R (ake. reciprocal) Y 6 5 6 Cmulttipl bq an integera B'2D'D 3 eae) (2 34) —? Milter indices 1~ the faces of dhe “ube ' ¢ ve) ,(© fo Je ory (oe) ,(@ 1»), 7) 4 10 0% + free ww gary [n £, | Fe eer @w gar 6. 7 “U 00) : i (19)| a4 t “Per Gog G t9G N68 ¥) nt ED Coa) Gay GA a Li Nal struclure kolo hos Whe gig h ae : Lit + 408A nn kel + G.a9f a . \ the edge : fie AA = lo cm, 1 3 Agor +» 5.47 A" Mg 0 —r4.20A Mn0 + 4430 kn —P6-59A-cesium chlonide structure one molucle a) pay primitive cell wrth atoms ms % (0,0, lo} and. ; body centered posicthion g = Q 7 of the simpl-e_ Body centered. toa udbie. leeth'ee. . Coordination numben : foo yh C261 + & : oe : ae 4 wk > | 4 1 08 Csek / OH lattice UZn 2°94 A oidleehve tt para mere AI Ni —» 2 ° or & ladtice PREF A ! constant,a—- G-Cl distance or , Na-cl. distance [06.06.2022 4b Hexagonal close~ packed structure (hep) . oe k + +B ee Guibie -clese)pack, — Agcane Hexagonal close-packed | — ABABAB © peato for hcP 15 1633, a C= 1644Qq tabeycrystal co a inh B-5 ta, Ely va bith coordination He 63% w= 12. Be Sel Mg 162? TT 196 4k Diamond Structure ; brimikve. basics of two, Ioerheal atoms. ,ott at 0,0 0 1444 carbon, a 22-54 7° Silioon, a= 54a Gemmanivm 9 e.4e f #Tetrahedral_bond (covlent) ing factorgne blend structure ; cubie_zine sulficle stoucture | (2ns) Cousins dftracien amd the eeciproeal Lathee : Tneident- beam — photon = neutron. —> elettroy x diffraction -- fer Photon s aperture size > G000K vefract'on *gperture size comparable with lattice parameter —p diffraction,— Energy of an x-ray phot ie related vy , Cie he a aot an seopper PAX 12:4 mnagnesiion € 4 Co) ap eneras nange » Jo keV +50 kev PhotonTrrens : high energy photern . —e imidiate shap—pe sharp peak , Te om outer shell uo & sinrensit)13.06.2022] Ditraction a reays =e | angel: an Copper . (Cask | Good target . ee excellent heat conducton ep high melting point C+ Nuclei co not scatter x-ray ® > y-ray can see the electrons QQ Neutron diffraction : The energy %% st a neutron i5 related to its de Broglie wavelength. A by, L . a h > r- h IMA 2Mneé ehh pe bh | Ee oe! A-As Ore € -» neutron energy. in ev | Areca | Because of their. magneke moment, neuteons | can interact with the magnetic electrons of- | a solid « | Neutren method are valuable jn steuctural i studies of magnetic onystals | Electron diffraction, | The energy sé an electron is related fe cia thoes ib 2mear a4 Az SE Aw~ A Ee WwW electrons interacts etrongly with matter because dhey are charged, ty can penstate infothe erystal. eu Braggis Low : 7 A A 2dsinB- nA Bragg's Lowe Braga diffrachion can our only for wavelength ' & Cis 4 Experimental Diffraction Methods : @ * Laue Method :@laue Wetnod Te hag yee oe e [ a | 7 - | etm aoe a | ~ | pin-hote > | collimet Sample Arolcler ° ° a O2A~ 2A Dimension sf 4re eingie crystal ~ A mm hen! E- } sample holder©) Rotating Crystal “ynetiod : ia enysta! coneentnie Gatr Lived postion (Iw notate PAT | © Powder, Metred pollyery saline material monod-romahe © Xray beam14.06. 202 # Derivahion of scattered wave ampltude + or scattered wave amplitude. A crystal is invabiany under any translation of the form F_ yaa vb+we, where usvew ane integens and a, b,e aré the’ crystal axes , Any. ‘physical property of the crystal isi invanient under 7 . the electron number density n(#) 15 ~penrodic funeren of with peniods a bre ih dhe ‘direction of tne nvee erystal axes, ee consider a” funetion nx) with | period 'a* in one dimension» we rwrite We) jn 4 nN Foupien senies a3, % 5 ne = ne + & [ooo Eee) 49 90079] P>o —O here f ' * ! where, pr s ape. pozitve, integers end|“. 20e a Cp, Spi! “ores real “Constants , called the’ Pounién ‘coofficients: oe expansion, the. factor ar says tha nad has tye “Renieck ‘a', cueh Anat, _ net 2. Cp cp Ce? Sp ey . e eee no mtd 5 Fn + Sp sin@2822)] = A(x). —©® fo-a paint. inthe reciproeal lattice or Founieh spate of tre! epystal ai ois at ma)Fyuation @) can be written as, haya i. i2MPx/q where, the sum is over all integers Py; positive, negative and zero. the coefficients p— complex numbers Nx) 16 a eal function , therefore , : : np = Mp —@ let, b= AUPE Athen a. Np (coop + isinp )+ Dp (cos ~ ising) = (p+ np) cosh + i Cr) sing —© = 2Ra{Me sce + 2 mires sinh —® iG-p nde) = Ne & +o 4 = ig invaniant under all lattice translation T. in| three dimensions that leaves “Fhe engstal | nvaniant . (the amplitude of the elastic x-ray scatten ing. from a crystal Steucture. 15 determined by tue magnitude af tne founien evettrctents Ng, oF the eleectoon concentration , | | 4 Reciprocal lathce vectors pris vectors of the reciproeal lathce ane : ‘ bxXe : ENG A= 2 ———- 5 G=2n ——— i} a. bre @.UXt 7 ; yb 1 | ¢ = mw ; a, YxC —a crystal lathce |, tuen z, Bit are primitive. vectons ofthe. reciprocal lattice . one )o,e ane primihve vectors of dure || Each vector of equation @ is ‘orthogonal: te two of the axis veetsrs of the cnystal lattice , | therefore : | Ras: Ba 20 @.a 20 *.b =0 ; 6. war } C bizo | aoe = “ — [eee Go Cre ely —_@ | fmy, & apbitrary get of primitive vectors of a given crystal lottce leads to 46,2 || tye sare set of reciprocal lattice points. | G- hatbtotsc |-© 1) “where, hy Al. integers | finy-veetor 6 & ft dhe this form js called a | reciprocal lattice veetor . tal stoucture has two lattices associated |Every. crys with ib ,the enystal lattice and te reeiprocal lathce -| # diffraction, patean, of a enystal. if 4. MAP oF ne reciprocal lattice of dhe crystal. Ts ua tv btwe aT en(p+t)= ya ng ° i dap G oxo (‘@-7) 3I ul S54 A exp E Goi ee4s €). Weave +2) = exp Pre Chute t tu J] | - ta. 4 n@rP = 2% on Y= a) | Therefore , it proves tect “tee “tourire analysis of function peniodic. in tne | crystal latice, can contain componente Ng, exe Ge ") at | the reaper lattice veeton &20.06. 701| FF Laue Dervation or ‘amplitucle Scattered wave. frequency st tue incident wave =W Frequency ne scattered wave . w The magnitude of the wave veel sb a wave In vaecum if wWe= ek #ow’2 wy ten’ & = & io the wave vecton of tue where, Kh Scattered wave Y= Ym sinkkx — wt oe (ex - wt) She direction of a diffracted wave | ZS in tearm ot the incident wave ke and sf the primitive vectors a, Ba f the I crystal lattice. “the component sf the electnie field sf the incident | wave in free space can be written in the “formthis. wave impringes on @ scathering centre, at position p and tue -pestben response ot due scathening centre is +e create a scattering wave . The amplitnde of the scattered wave iS proportional to -tne amplitude ah the incident wave ab P The scattered wave is then, jkn B = CEG) e_ Lr where. 7 is a actor consenves the flow sh Scattered energy.mg oe electromagnetic. wave equation Saeed iN vaccum js ~ Jet aes VE= par The nadial wave equation , (ay ad 4 a = Gia PR 3P.7 Ot Ee El) =o Dera gh pry 2PR 005 (PR) D pra oye pe . , > ip = R (- 7 PR) FT ~~ Yo, % = Rr Ge pe ef te coo (PR) | re afeknG de “i peR=l os (F, cy) Meglecting higher terms iusing this expansion in equahon @ we have | BP) = Cte a is PF Lee? | p i [kfa-von& @)} ut)] 2 ace, 2thh P = cE. ao! Led = Ree 8). 0e] P Ne mm now the tenm, (Phase feck, SEA ase) ji GP tee) jee RF EP RY 212. “@ 3 Out, Kak = kp ors (F. D. k’ Poos(F. &’) Tue clirection =k'P Ki is same as + Pe «thet te ezne (oP the sentttered wave) “he phase facton ican be wnitten as, 2ikae kp) eit® o ip - &P) = ikR S iE-R)F gkko ne. P where, gk is defined as the change of he wave veeton on scattering and) Ke= Kw -# ie = pt ak 1 Now, from equation @ , the seottered wave from a center Pp is, ‘map Ese ©) = CE.e - for By 4) se [ea J the “aston exp Ci Fup 44) oven all lathice te“|| points will be. We’ a e Ci? Ak) a= x exe CIP If -he seattening, from a volume element dV of she onystal is proportional to tne local electron concentration n(F? _ then he scattening’s amelitude is. propontoal 4p the integral, {av n(P) gif ak)21- 06.22, at Scatter sping. from Lattice, ot point atoms . as tet us considen a Finite crystal mM the im of a parollelopiped . there are identical point Seattening centres ak eveny. lottice pots, = ma+nbo+pe mnp where, m,nip are integens. which wun From ote M-L The erystal has then mM? primitive cells, therefore , seocttening amplitude is then, ae) eP [i(masne+ec), ak | mnp The sum oven tne lattice points is maximum when, (ma+ nb +s), Ak air x (integer) . fon all aitce points p mnp u Piak mnp M ©because , ih When, Ak satisfies equation ©) a seattening. amplitude fon all lottice Pe! gives , : Amax t shen the otal tt Diffraction condition : Ak = K-K sabefies tne diffracton emditin — Png Aw = 210 x (rteger) if the following equeachonn are satisfied . * [oak = 2h ; B.keoank ; taka anal | | / —® These. equachony | are lenown as tne | Lawe equichien tro If ak satisfies eqn@ the diffraction then the seattening. Maxima. amelitucde, | ae 5 exp Ei(ma +nbt pe). ak | es Ssa= > exe [eai (mht nk+ ea] —& tae where, mh+nk+epe assumes only integ valuen because ik, +, mn, p ae Hey abl are integen». Fer q enygtal in Me fomm oF o parallelopiped of edges Mar Mb, Mc the scattenin4— caumplitucde yver, oe i etme solution of the Laue equation if then, a, KN £6) Ce tis real dn & we unit vectors along the > 6 ul ~ gq a> whene, a,b, crystal axes and h, kk are inlegens .| =F Reciprocal [adhice + = I@. Ob. 202% L A 4t_* +4, se A4kqK= 20 b © we ed +h b L@4+L0° —O = — be= het | where, R, B, © are to be delenmined | The laue equations are, ; w. AR = oth | v. aw = ark @. ak = ane ratios Fan@ is a soluhon_ sf equation © if tne following velatos are satisfied | 5 \ 2m- a Aw Bia=zo C. a'z0 Robso (Revuer | Oso Rc =o Rezo Ce 20 Ws bxe @ R is perpencicular te the plane st bxe BR » » ” ORR @ ” ” » ” aK vEvery. onysial stoucture has two importadt lattices associated with ‘tt The crystal tacthice and -the yoolprocal lattice . The crystal lattice iS lattice, in real on ordinary, space. but duc reciprocal bectice is a latlice. in| the associated fourier I pve yy space . The \cthice, poivets Pranp sf que crystal tathice ore given by, ° P. - matnb +po where mnP are inckeger> «; Sim owey the reciprocal tathce points are y|\HE veciprocal lathe veelor>. Bing Goin founier space. can be written as, Ge wR4eo4ie whee, h,k,t are integers. ‘ . a a (uPsamig z) : (mart nb’ + pe) elem (ht fent-Jp) = 2n(integer) "eae C15 Fae’) 2a” ye# Ewald Consteuchon: ae Sa a “we condiHens fr a sefracteel dtffructed beam Otrequency @ : ( | waveverton . leg. Ez —» wave vectsp Sf tue incident beam, wo — frequency. xt tue’ v ” he’! —» wave& wave vector of due difracted. beam w! — frequen} of duc diffracted beam. asstumphiony : i j @ We scattering, js elastic + energy 1S - comenved: hiw'= ho \ Again, sy ak! Vand iW =p cie ® the scattering condition on. +he, wavevechrr is, ok=@1s, Ra eine | > P= vs 2 (BT =) BEG IG)™ Duc KF oe. & et po I. (ea * Bpidlouin tone A Brillouin Zone is clefined as & wignen seit? Cell nthe reciprocal lathes. Weignen seitz is a ppinitive’ cell defined by drawing. Nines +; comnectiiia given lathice point +e all neanby ethice poirck, : The smallest volume Lidlbsed in this ¥5 qna Wigner. Seif cell:the diffracctim condition is, 2k + Gee. Ke /K6 POE OF, EQ AOE weet lacthice- - afirst Brillouin tone OS the first Brillouin gone is the smalleest volume entirely closed by we plane? tab (Ore tne perpendieulan viseectors of the eciprocal lattice veetns draun from the origin . gritlovi® ‘Lop fires 4one- A> peniodicityee. [04.07.22] 3 iedprecal lattice fo SC Csimple tavic) lattice + Poimitive ranalabon vectra of a simple cubic. Dlathee may be written as, i @iax . ro By | 7 . | P= ad volume. of tne cell is | w= az _ a, Gxt), | - 7 \ ‘ i ve (rs yO Sq PROP 5 | a | | \| The. primitive translation vecton~» ab te \ veciprocal lattice are , | - ; , ed pik 4 | a: bb xe a o¥h _ an * A - on bXo 2 at Z = uty a-(oxt) a 25 te 4 295- = 270 eX = am yu : Gee) & An G a A ae xb 2 3 G-@xrb) | nus tus reciprocal latboe is itselF a simple ‘oubic. lakbice of lattice wrotant a“The boundantes of ne Cast, bviltouin Emerare tne plane nopmal; te tie. | six” pal LA. || om vectors “i + bas 4h Mrs | is | Ah Get De t¢no¢ be i fish Bumtgeee beety biG GE | This cube ig the frst Brsllouin zone 6 the $C crystal lathe,ciprocal latice 4 Primitive tranelation vectors a bee lattice is Siven by. t= ba (4542) | Bb aba +2) poe Ske ave | _ “ | bee 27 (+3) | = oF —__ oe | a &.Gxe a | eC aeKa oir Sag = oT CX LER | @- bxXT I = se So See (R+ 9) a- bXe a |The volume &t- tue cell vs redprocal Ppace. | 5? ee 7. | A. Bx = 2 @2)jae a latiee TS Ie “fea! facthea he oc isthe fee lathice is tty feciprocal SF the -bec lathce. yon + he first Brillouin gone for the bee lattice fo bounced by the. planes normal qo" ya vec ,.. “ad yut oivioy iT OT (4 O+F)- ee (Hota). Ae at ur G28); es FEAL)18,079.9022 # STouctuse facton of dhe Ba is: Ak = anh BAP = on Cake = ant |—O Equation @ determines all tue veflectons Ake possible fur a given crystal . | the possible veflections are cles enibecl by the recitprocal Lottie. points , Av = @ (hel) = UR EBHAG _@ Let the position ot jt ahomr within the unit cell So specified by , Biz BRAD C EAC | 6) | yelative to the lattice point Pane =matnbht+ po | which ig the mnigin ot 9 _®For the onignn I, Be Then velochive to this lottice point tue position. Bf the ptr atom in tie cell mnp is . Fe 4 Prone, 2 he electrons are. not- concentrate cl at te nucleus sf cach atom bret spreack out inthe viernity | yee distet butter. in rhe crystal may be clescribed as +e euperpositnom st electoo concentra hen. Hunch'on. Cy assoeratedt with each atm, “ty OB Frag) ‘defines the electron, concemroch'on. at tie positon, ? mear tue actor. : oF the: yuvp cell ~ The. tote electron concentration n(P) ine Crystal may be whiten as, MP IT FE) FL ee(tye oe a _ he total scattering amplitude jn +e orystal for tne scather tng veetom -iP Ame uso f av nie) 2 D ae ee and®, -1P- Biz, = 2 y J dv 0; (7-3; ~Fring) 2 map I=! ‘ —@) |New the term. 2 fave; (F B- » Fi) Sark aves gy a Gotha) ak Jy exp E G ae a) Where , = Jove @) PORTE -~S— eel as atemic term tector ot sting amphi hide. ié then, Say = bie 4 eect Bthonp) 4] koa Pak, Dp ply — Gy, = MS, —) i where, MP 5 7! Crop. A), mmp tnd, | Sqe SF oxi 3) Litterence beth ie called the stovcture fick. — feetonwe. fron i Hasfon ond te ot tue basis. Stueture. feet —: ——— oo | Now, T 2, & = (2; a+yy bt 2y TWN ree san (ajnt ‘aj At Ba 4) I Fyn (B becomes, eat 3. Shes) =O Sj ep [a iamlash+ yk te] ai ' J . i. = | aSCheA) - one atom Fe 24. @, 5 Gi) L ce (Fa, he (EF ) my = YB = B= x “hohe | er 2 Fy exp [= abe Cpontiayeh yO] THe lacationr of jdenteal atoms st bee shouchire are at 00 i. fer o and | a Ni Ag r: : 4 a ein (htt 7 far ek -_ the. value of a) a ‘ere Wwertewer! it exponential ah! +N Galaue Coogo ~in(atdetd) @ fut kth = avin real :BE Sie uchire Teton ob the: foe! Lattice. “Te locectens: of tre tdeinh cal ators “of +the a beckt oe are 080, 044, ol v7 1 ob "i Be iL 1 as ae fot st bJ)- 7 tf iexp[eitr. (nig) pderbnGea)) + , exp (> aGna)] F TA all ineliices ore. even integer’, S=4F tf all indices are odd baeeer ee 3 - =O 4F nf ene sf the indices? is even two ane edd i, ba gris A! HE the eh Talihdieds eo vedd - tive ane, wer, 5-0,Tn the. tee Stomactian stn nature. ettur for jwhich dpe indices are. pactl) | even and pathy. odd. . L® Atsrnie. Seattening- factor on form. factor : sae fi cue [etm Qh 2h 4 259) J The. scattering radiation fsrem a single atom , aw —in-G fa =f vcr) ® __ @. with G , then say, W makes ian angle & |S xs | WG = rG we. | ginilution 15 sphenically Ef the election di ne onigin then, bY mmetric about 4 fez anf die pr d (tsa) etre! Gyr BES ;GP -iGtr pein, = an fide n® ce), e. =e ee ign worm no reflection anWhere. we krwsay have WMrhea rate Over Ales «) between -41 gral A. therefore the atomic scattering fret is given by , ; tye 4n | dp peda sae Oo ‘ 3) Gre ep the total electron density ave concen- trated at dhe onigin dyer where, feo Hine, in @ fim SM SPL 4 and fer all G, poo - oP 2. FG = an [ dranra(*) |) ot Gs The number ct echomnic : electro - fe fey ig the ratio ef tne radiation. amplitude, scattered by the elect acted Cectron distvibution: jn one atom to that gcattened by one. electrm localized at a point -#) (25,07. 2022 5,07. 202 “Wi jar (we rol 08 we av (Temperature clependente of tne, reflection lines. ° oo exp [ri (mac+nb +Pz).0ie] “ eo —e temp cK) intensity, ' mnp bet the position st tue atom, Pp imttiolly, at Stuctnechon it is Hee ey = ey Ft ult)}—e© a ton aver oye ecattere cl areplitde in tue direchm shia oliffrach'’on; pro en O- can We writter. 431Uc ee iaG)> | a.ay-e =0 because uis (@ vanclom- enn ah ~" Wobhor Uneorrelated with due dive ction ae Gn GG) 7” —& tne factor < anrises by qeorrtric owerragin gy. in. tree dir errion, , Me exponent! factorrine 29. @ reduces he vile Hy : the seottered intensity ; > Which 4 square sf the ampliduce, is ee £* a ad [-3 u"7 a2] °mere 7, is the scattered intensity, 7 i from fue rigiol lottice - || The exponential fret is known %% foe | Debye—wa Ler Aretor. Lury 4s tue mean-square dig placer of an atom. 7 The neemal ao potential energy ~U> of a classical bar monic osillator in tree | dimennion isy 2 leg T | “LUD. Ee oe? ek po Lu? = Zeer __@® Ke = force commtant- = Mwh frm@> a aXgt a 2s Mw —® whe;tun scattered intensity. 1 The) = D\exp ond «| moe” | —® This dassical vesutl 1% & grok approximation ot Wigte ten_perature , for gquavdum oseidMecter , | Lu 7 does nek vanish, wer a THO, sutton Banuse. of Zero point anot'on , At absolute zero, the motion can bre Aeyent becl in terms se the Zero poing- muy. > Hip Ca i phen <4 © iprysyy: bem 2u*> = ae 4 pobemhal+lLimetc = 2 Ge t MEOH Stan osulll ators potontiat eneryy