ly>=0 * Onthogonal states» Zdiv>=o * Orthonopmal sjates’, =o jMb1e> 2a = LEl4714.06.2022, i # Operators: ont ar Cpenajem mn operatp 18 & mathematical rule. Liat when applied to a ket 1we> Arangforms it into another ket ip’>) of space and when acts on a Bra. Lot “trarzsforrm ik into another Bra i'l. a Ayer = OP? sfonbidden Leia = quant Hes syle) 2 ve) bo) A = FOr) # different types of Operators © Unity. operoctor id Tip = = [4 ® Giradient operator Gaete Vv YP) = ay T+ ah itag &@) Momentum operator B Wr) =~ iY ‘YOr) Sean _ Operator ve ve) = avn ee) een, 7 las ae aye aay © re Operatar \ - we) = ¥CP) Now stove x sfqiss pPlarby 4 Product of Operatenas 5... 5! —— 7 ola bevy ip A BR Pslegann ALY 0 (MA BBB A [et ond, \ ° rynenaennt stort the. system)char fact RAKRAK " (ee ABCOTYS =A BC (D1Y>) He - Aa (Cbl¥>) tt a =A (BEd) #3) ® CPlLAle> / complex number, which Can be peal or purely. imaginary . df (Als) on (QO 1A) IY > [4 Linean Operator : A (alnr + de |42%), = a Alw> + \ jan A> Hef La lat Lvl) AW aL [Ae ay Luna a Bh —p complex number.Expectation value of :an. Operaton ! KAY = Sel Ales: if Mee is noiamal'zed RIPE aie vtnen LZyreral. 4d |d><¥| . uv ; loehaves like aN operator | Umsicle, | 1b > PH '> 2 alos Uw orl ait ta" ESN Gea) cay (ed Vay is 1 \ ev? b.fia Henmitian| Adpoint +. Poa 4 | the harmitaert adjoint | ye eae eongugecte , al, of a: complex number ‘ar jg the || complex congu gece of Anis number , * asia he hermrian adjoint yor simply the adorn = | at gt. an operaton A. ig defined ee the relation , zu Aig> = ZerAle? |fropemties of Hermitian Conjugate. rule . to obtain tue Hermitan adzoint sf any expression » We must cyclially. reverse the. order of the factors and Ahree replacements ! | © Replace conmtants by their complex | umpaate , ated| © Replace "kel (Bras) by the corresponding — to : . Bras (kets) Ke Ly =Lul Ze = IY? CD Replace epernens byHoeir cackjoints : . (yeh : Copgiegnn, sgt ate aty aby at ve Gab Fe40) = fe Bad +B sy. fat at at » (ABE BA iv at at ata » (ABE S| y>)Tanignh € & A L(g = PRM |{ | i xne tm operator 15 said fo" be - LIAl ¢y 7 Lays KT (FF Lu al > = aph lo? cela? We if at operator the operator itsel (> wen Skew Ue r ats [aT -8 Go 8147 = = -2b1dly>”20, 06.2022 ¥#Gommutaten Algelona + ‘ A 8 wmmuilater, [A,8]-Ab-3A __@ A fev emmutaten, 5 AGF = Ab + OA —_—_— (GTO operatora ~ Consider; A fara Ha a commute. +two openatms A and B om ane tarmitan ation. ( [ha] =o o[ 6,6] / ae * Ko B= their product iS also hes Ly Hermitian. | a ayt xn | (8) = abCrue ane Distribu tivity 7 ° [4,6¢ |= ia s]e+ 6Ch - [hae] - afc]. + fhe] e | Linearity, A, badabsef_ [Aa] +[Ac]+ LA6I+ -— tenmitian conqugate fa] = [ata] # [A «J °Generalized Uncertainty Relation between wo Operators : , . Let us eonsiden two Heamrtan operators A and 6 AT. A ond ite 6 LAD = LPIA > Ie> nonmalized as Lb y= Cvl ery Let us into duee. two operators a. A Ne NE OAS AAD : ag ‘ &) _ ... difference is B= —@ algo ar operat . a a UA ee : (aA)*= A. KA? + LAP 8) 2 BF -obeay + i mews cpayty = el AY 2 = (A= a 5 Ab = (05S = fas - -—@ Rateysdo Mel a tbls A ability fo cence produce [ael¥> = | P> anothen stake |e [>= vals = (A-cAyl¥ > ? + IP = ably> = G- db) 14> pra tts Atay 2 AG) = ah at a _ A ( abl = 81 -GB >= 8-48) = a8 oA ole? at ort?iemerstl -ete\ Le 4, Ley ant i Lal BA dol = Ly ast ei yah 5 ww, QU] > = Lapperbpaey Ly laa aale> = Lv] aaa Y?, = £4] (a) |" 7 Similarly, [Zeies = Leer? aelp> = Lv} nat adly> = Lp| AA AB| Y> |The sehwanz “saga. for the “aed le? anal 14> . ‘fear pee = teed" ® aA BY 2 Kaa 0b>[.—@®Amti- Heamitian Heemiten cag i a Now, ‘nA 06 = si ad] + hak aah 0 the) J thas \y | DA =A- “A> ab= 8-<6> Expectation value of an arty. Henmihan 15 [Tmaginary,” and nto Hermitian is Real, A ae AA 30, aA AB > = Tm $B, 8] >+ Re 5 Gah /485 ) 5 |eshads] = Le, £75) 5 1) 2gaa,a8 a > || “= 7A 6)>] 4 Lf an, aby > | ua abs]® 2g} LAbI>|~ 2 aay” Lab” > op. J]~ ona = aa (ead 24 Grenobalies ch uneertainky. 9 redaction between two operates Tnoomparh ble. sbeebs Sh hol COD AT ‘nf(% 1A] = 1h i Gamatinig’) 2 Ax ae, 2 1. . 4 (A, 6 ]=0 Ak OB 24.40) cimultanerw>l measure AT” oma dT 1 41,06,2022| ° tt Thvense and Vritary Spepaionn: Tnverse of an operator i Ret ala Ak = & Az t+ unit epenk operator. ten, |. Kaverse YO} 2 A (A j Ae AAS A AA I> ae t/¥> = I¥> iL |w> eigen vector , t hos eigen value 4.Two operators A and 5 = AR AA wala Ths tha BA ® 5 aA aK axel om AT , AL. =AB j B # Unitary Operator : mad A linean opercctor & is said to be unitary , if the Ae condition is sotisfied . ge U a A » otg2uu =1 & edich Nar ore unite 4 M9 aefeThe 5 product of “He cr qpenactors is also Unitar U and V anaes a A A vy on = 3 but blue ft a me, (GAD =F |G y = A een nate ABCD ( Bé5.) GC a oe ) =f et = ihe Similarly, at Eigen Veetne an d_ Eigen Value: A\v 7 = ieee el Gs i! fe \ oS : lw -E|Y> ir eigen function snare ear ‘fly = -Oly> : nit ed 7 Lomccae 5 Cie Alv>= ales lu. ty No” Aialoont Spe. sae operatoralso, gi Iv> = at | v7 | Consider, a | Alp> = aly> -! Men [pre L [pr a Aale>= flyers Iver } a-l : Pa A alv? = aA |¥> hen, companing, we get, ‘ 4 Al ' aA le] lez =) A L Ae Theater: "Ge Henmitian opercdor, ql of its eigen \alues are ‘peal! and the eigen ches nogeained corresponding + different 2igen ’ ‘values are. onthononinal.To healta ie TE | L¢ml <— |dn> | Aa A ! na “tla dal Al n> = anal n> = dm = = dn <4ml Pn? Yr 0) bn =o] os a ae men orien Lomi ba? £0. orthamoreisl ak —anzo 2. fam =n @ IF mtn Ln] Pn? =2 ortngenst- an -& fo4 Theo rem: Th two eperatore A cand & i A has no cleg-enerate commute and eigen values , Ihnen each eigen vector at- nN wey | A is also an. eigen vector, of B.. *ampatibility / preted i ime ‘pe not simuttinity cai Tele, at ges (mB) Al¥ar= anl¥n> lasiun= Dai — (RS= 84) | = an (8) 4H) Iu, ABA) = anlBl¥n>) 4, (4a r= bnl n> [fwris alse due eigen funetion of eo if A and 6 commutesmy ‘ Ala? = an| Pn 7 Sine, WK? ib algo We eigen Linction of 3 , 6 \4n7.— bn \Wa? wow ' “Gel nite), = bran 0 ee yb = Onbon |W> BRI Yn> = an btn = an bath 7Whore > he. eigen values oF a Unitary operator, are complex number ynoduly equal +o one . the eigen vectors Unitary operator yet has no degenerate eigen values are *pechen tg. ontiegenal., a tole a - ae <4m| | Uh 7= an] on > | 7 Cain [Ube > = ahah Lil, > LF ml FE) Pr =< bal > Sdm| nz = am an Shm[ dry => (\- aman) L4ml do? 26 OW, men, s-lam*2o » m=z bh |sawegers Or men ad Atml dr? = 0. | Uefa, ‘onan marten (8 operator) + [pps Oly. at . Zyl =

Alynvve anal nra AN Pres <3 noo A At, ¢ + - Pat We EA cH le = a) <9 5 <3D . << 2g =OLY Alor. =4GtALP OTA LAE > 2 Lp Stor TOF > i i = Ser ale? © n £6") _ ORn OT (=>28.06.2022} — Matix Re presiés Niakon ee ae Br. Ley ‘Brasy and, Wes ae,

\ etate. vectors . cnpletene 5 orfaon et | ortiongn ma | discrete, a ; A Ne Say > 20n 1e t ; we Ifa nl ior led (IY? = ‘(Ze Cle? sss n al mahtx °* —— a aM an =! *prbzection SF tw "alten 9. lon> = emponnt sf Ip pa a heba > Lepmplex marweer no elder Ao. 2d lyr a = Ldol¥7tt ol ae (ver crlear.d Ply vod: LHR J ae fs = (Lhlad, Lhaiey Losier. alt7 = Che ar a3, : 1am) Bra- ket ae a i <¥ldb> = 2etlp>: = Le ldnrLoalh> n ae = Gal Ltnte > = a bn bi = Cat fat, ae) | m on 2 Oe = an by oeHe kata ‘ | (Erveash G n=l coe! Dee ed Albi

> PA Ann A Are Ala yee Au An Ary -,.. a Ay Ayr Any - 7 + ‘ MI 1 8 cous hy bs Mevbh Oy nen eos ! 1 t Ny, °o At L Ot 5 @oO | i Viatoiy bebresertahon Bf an Operajon: 07 : NT i nyt o ey 1 oy 5 J Prep N «yet haf 4 MW + t 0 ' reno = wi 1 m viv] i[Zaz] H Representakon in Confinucus Basis: 4. Position Representation Discrete basis x bmlGa >= Smn es SAP TRANS, ye Itn>} —> Basis Orthenonmalihy eondition : La lpr = 8@-¥) ee Ohaa o { arenckion W S(x) 1S pant oF Hilpber lt spate? Mactnematicalleg vot -scompleteness conclition : 7 on st ¥ a preyecre nw (scalar jereduet) > Comp ex MeYben ‘ : fr lp > wor) oP fw bp posibonak wave funcho. aw, * Lalu y= 5 Lblarcely> dr =" atte) ya) Po = (¢¥)Hermitian zelelyy wiki os [eauir > Dae 7] an piri o> dol 81d > s ip? 2p le> 45 aa) Por)™i cn jomentum Representahon: —== Piper BEE As “PIP? = 5(p'-P) ny f dp \erer les J ee LBB leo BAP th? Anbitrany het, i eae aed an 0 pitfrilp> 4 (8) oP Space wovefunehon. \epiv>Pal’p = : , . ip) HV) i . probebility 5 finding tie a > system witrin dp .Sg AH47 = FLOP >LEI IPP _ [Foro d®e Le] Pie >= Pp SUPE P) . wesshrirty . pod Connecting. posiion and momentum Representations: ule) acer lyr? ie 2 ee pesitin J ahe7dp oon Sa, Bis CRiisoy hel this i the, ransfoamah om io | WS functor , abidsfebning tre, function from. Momenrtion .. te poittn ._. space i 0d Blp> ¥(P) d> __@ Workyy : , ' j 'pir esnseeed) 2 Phe om merit , fo (2mn)”? at position space ph (Gy Cate iirleartuur “—" in postion a od al Lik Aes sper bie P14 rd%p =f ane Ser yap fondle boy Panett,| ely of roy ci pee ! | el Oly> = ind [ele col? % aldly=— ihe Cele > ZFlep = ze] -ihvO].08. 2022} * Basic Postul ates of Quarchum Mechanto, L, State of micpo phiysical system ples 2, Observable and operator rvunhurale Messmer =» fe 1] q andi quan ; Greror aD it ehowel sittin} . correspond” 4 la, Measuremels and Elger valued f- oP ' Al vih> = An len? an shal tle) 7 4. probabitihg SF obtaining one othe. none degenerate an e Zn 4 (71 P an) = mc n) = ble pki 246) le) 1 if able:by dime clependent se’: : : ih a|¥led> aA | = H[plo> oe Iv ‘superposition | prin ciple Wert) = ae +) + a2 H(t). laa ae a ay [wis i | where, ai = | | probability. sf tne expenpant om, Pe [z= ar lY 7|P Z tail ob A tmrPst dis frerenk obi pvab) Chare containing ] anol operates 5 Time evolution oF |e) > Is determinedERTS . an 1 << || ExpectaHon value: & Seb » Te vis Ronny normale tek ZA> i Avila 4 > 7 Ape > Zl h7= ra | Comiden Hrot- slate verforr 1S rama ect ; | terest. Coty 7A Ltn 2H? ma = > LY 4m dt to 24 nl #7 Eee = ] : : { = T, On PCH n Complete sek of commutah : || closenvablea 'Time evalu tion of due systems States “leer, let) > Ieee = 0, Coe) lb 7 | [ btmey= 3 Uptime evolution U te) 2 i| operatore . OF. propagaat err , Time dependent se . jy Clee = Fl ew ay ha. Ul t) ele9 7) 2h OY) lle? » atin ~ -- 0 (ue) > fee LEAL se O ert) H LS o A ao a doin bre) | v -iB (et te ; -E AG) ey Dbie) =he tea a acl A Ure) OT (ite) = Ue by U (trb)= 7 OF lde a GHEY] QO 1S wien operator , ine ime evolution sf expecinnyn value + ’ es 4 Yee > ae | > ‘ay? - -Lf ww? | oul oe “| “ b= 2 44h Fy vl H at nh | | Expectahern sralue BE A LAS = LWIALY > Selly aa Jor & i aA. 6 (3 EPA |p Dt al |28 iy > | a | + cua (2 I¥7) sd ee HAI? + Cri 2hy7— Léeiaalyy yy i Ioi ee AT <" | CAAT IY 7 (2h QAy= 1 tn, Al - = (ak at ob / ._ ee Se | mnatifiony : OF A's independence of— lame funituy A | BA LA ; 7 | oF play < [H,A]> | at 7 | i addition, if- A commutes wih A, [a hy Ale aga et oe oe LAY = eaten]