Solving Linear Systems Suppose A is a nonsingular n x n matri: ‘Then typing x» A\b numerically computes the wnii Type help mldivide for more information. ‘Ifeither A or b is symbolic rather than numeric, the solution to a"x = b symbolically. To calculate a s; both inputs are numeric, type x = sym(A)\b. CLASs -1 Calculating Eigenvalues end Eigenvectors The eigenvalues of a s eig(a) calculates both the eig mand (0, RJ The eigenvalues are the diagonal elements of the columns of U are the eigenvectors. Here is an example illus! eig: b> A= [3 -2 0; 2 -2 07 O11; >> eig (A) ans = 1 -1 2 >> (U, RI = U= ° 0 1.0000 or et gla) ~0.4082 -0.9165 0.4082 Neo 0.9165 -C.4082 -C.4082 x and b is a column vector of length 2. que solution ton*x = then x = A\b computes ymbolic solution when \quare matrix A are calculated with eig (A). The com- envalues and eigenvectors. diagonal matrix R, and the trating the use of 2 on Slernvector in the first column of U corresponds to the eigenvalue as ae ee of R, and so on. These are numerical values for the pairs. To get symbolically calculated eigenpairs, type [U, R] eig(sym(a)).Doing Calculus with MATLAB i sic caleulus FE Dmss has commands for most of the computations ot te ocean Toolbox. This toolbox includes part of a sep: nits Symbolic Math Dp r oried Maple, which processes the symbolic calculations. Differentiation You can use di ££ to differentiate symbolic exp? mate the derivative of a function given numeric: ressions, and also to approxi- ally (say by an M-file): >> syms x; diff (x3) ans ~ 3*x*2 Here MATLAB has figured out that the variable is x. (See Defauli Variabies at the end of the chapter.) Alternatively. >> £ = inline(’x73’, 'x’); diff(£(x)) ans = 3x2 The syntax for second derivatives is diff (£(x), 2), and for nth derivatives, diff (fix), n). The command difé can also compute partial derivatives of expressions involving several variables, as in aiff (x“2*y, y), but todo multiple partials with respect to mixed variables you must use diz£ repeat- Pedly, as in diff (diff (sin(x*y/z), x), y)- (Remember to declare y and -z-symbolic.) ~~ Peat There is une instance where differentiation must be represented by the Jetter_D, namely when you necd to specify a differential equation as input to a command. For example, to use the symbolic ODE sclver on the differential equation xy’ +1 = y, you enter dgolve(’x*Dy + 1 = y's ‘x‘)62 Chapter 4: Beyond the Basics Integration > MATLAB can compute definite and indefinite integrals. Here is an indefinite, integral: p> int (7x72", 184) ans ~ 1/3*x*3 As with diff, you can declare x to be symbolic and dispense with the chur- acter string quotes. Note that MATLAB does not include a constant of inte- gration; the output is a single antiderivative of the integrand. Now here is a definite integral: >> syms x; int(asin(x), 0, 4) ana = 1/2*pi-2 You are undoubtedly aware that not every function that appears in caleu- Jus can be symbolically integrated, and so numerical integration is sometimes necessary. MATLAB has three commands for numerical integration of a func- tion f(2): quad, quad8, and quadl (the, latter is new in MATLAB 6). We recommend quadl, with quad8 as a second choice. Here’s an example: >> syms x; int(exp(-x74). 0, 1) Warning: Explicit integral could not be found. > In /data/mat labr12/toolbex/symbolic/@sym/int .m at line 58 ans = int (exp (+x*4),x = 0 .- 1) >> quadl (vectorize(exp(-x°4)), 0, 4) ans = 0.6448 quad quad8 quadl Inf -Inf int very largeDoing Calculus with MATLAB another option. If you type doub2e (int ( )), th gration routine wi Maple’s I evaluate the integral — even over an numer fe range. MATLAB can algo do multiple integrals. The following command compuces MATLAB can 2 the double ii tegral fel “oe? + dy dx: lo Jo >> syms x Y? int (int (x*2 + yh. y, 0, sin(x)), 0, pi) ane = pi*2-32/3 Note that MATLAB presumes that the variable of integration in int is x unless you prescribe otherwise. Note also that the order of integration is as in caloulvs, from the “inside out”. Finally, we observe that there is 2 numerical doubie integral command dbiguad, whose properties and use you to discover from the online help. wl allow Limits You can use limit to compute right- and left-handed limits and limits at infinity. For example, here is lim sin(x)/x: = >> syms x; limit(sin(x)/x, x, 0) ans = 1 To compute one-sided limits, use the ‘right’ and ‘left’ options. For exam- ple, >> limit (abs{x)/x, x, 0, ‘left’) ans = i “1 Limits at infinity can be computed using the symbol Int: b> Limit (x74 4 x72 = 3)/(34x74 - Log(x)), x, Taf) ans = 1/364 Chapter 4: Beyond the Basics Sums and Products Finite Numerical sums and Products ce; capabilities of MATLAB an n and prod. For example. >> X= a7; >> pum (x) ana = 28 >> prod (x) ana = 5040 ‘You can do finite and infinite symbolic sums using the command symoun, To illustrate, here is the telescoping sum EG-th): >> syms k a; symsum(1/k - 1/{k +1), 1, 2} ans = -2/(n=1) +1 * And here is the well-known iafinite sum . en 1 De >> symsum(1/n*2, 1, Inf) ans = 1/6*Di~z : / f the infinite gt ic series: Another familiar example is the sum of the infinite geometric other f , >> gyms a ke symsum{a"k, 0, Inf) ans = -1/(a-+) i i jal < 1 Note, however, that the answer is only valid for |alEXERCISE CLASS-7 I m of linear equations 2 (array +Sz=2 x-dy+7z2=8 (xtytz 1 foe ayaae 1 | sea y 22 =6 fevers 8, x-6y +z 7x — By + 262 = 31 at y+2e=9 tytn ax+3y +259 (xty tz frvarea vo, frceay't 3 6, fend et xtay+4z=22 (ax+y+2z=8 lxty42 x4 2y 432 2x + 3yt4z 7x + 13y +9 2. Solve following integral (Ecos (x) abe, fF e% de, ft POU? + y? 2 L aoe SG IE xydxdy, fiesta Sxe* “dx, Jf (Bx? + 2)/(3 + 2x + 5) dx 3. kind 3" order derivative of following functions x4 5x3 + 2x + 3, sin(3x). sin(3x? + 2),e°* + sin(2x), e3*?, xe* e* sin(2x) ,sin(xy?) with respect to y, e7*%? with respect Coz 4. Find value of following by using Matlab dy, f xsin(x*)dx, frxe*dx, wes xt4x?-3 S 1 Mn+ ide i 2e-*, li , sin(=) lima, lity eo ES, + liMpaeg X77*, UM SiN) limy0~ en) ibe + “cos(x))/ Gt i" 1) 3. Attempt all problems 'A. find rank, determinant value, eigen value and eigen vector of following 9 0} matrices > yl 2 3 10 2 ot 2 am [ 3 ‘} 1 z)[3 3 1 o,f 1 a) oa} 10-1 Re e 4) 13 -1 1jlo 1 0 1 0-2 yfl -1 -1))3 -1 * [ 2 i}. ° 0 U3 3 i =i oe 3 * ZnS: -1 12 22u 0 - o 0 5 B. Find Taylor Polynomial (af indicated order nat the point c of following = functions fl) =e n= 7,c = 0; f(x) =sin(z). n= 7.¢ f(x) = sin(x),n 6c = 0,f{x) = =tan(x) n=7,c=0 ressions -C. Using simplify or simple to snl the following exp! ,cos?(x) — sin’(x), 1/1 + a . Compute up to 30 digits by using Matlab; cosh(0.1), sin(i) V7,V2.¢,e", log3, tog 7.