2020

EV CHARGING TECHNOLOGIES
A B r o a d v i e w o n C h a r g i n g Te c h n o l o g i e s
 CHARGING TECHNOLOGY

Charging Technologies 01

Levels, Modes, Types 02

Standards and Guidelines 03

01
Chargers
01 Electric Vehicle Charging Station
An Electric vehicle charging station is equipment that connects an electric vehicle (EV) to a source of
electricity to recharge electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Some charging stations have advanced features
such as smart metering, cellular capability and network connectivity, while others are more basic.
v Residential charging stations
v Charging while parked
v Fast charging at public charging stations
v Battery swapping Station

Smart Charging Station

Smart charging refers to a charging system where electric vehicles, charging stations and charging operators
share data connections. Through smart charging, the charging stations may monitor, manage, and restrict the
use of charging devices to optimize energy consumption. Comparing with uncontrolled charging, smart charging
will flatten the electricity usage peak by shifting the peak due to vehicle charging away from the peak due to
other consumption.
01 CLASSIFYING CHARGING TECHNOLOGIES

Ø Charging technologies currently deployed in different parts of the world greatly vary with functional attributes
and applications.

Ø There are no specific global standards of these charging technologies, which makes it a challenging task to
evaluate and distinguish them under appropriate categories or sub-categories.

Ø It is therefore deemed critical to develop a suitable framework for classifying the charging technologies based on
the key attributes.
01 Factors that affect charging speed
There are 5 main factors that affect the time it takes to charge an electric vehicle.
Ø Size of battery: The bigger your vehicle’s battery capacity (measured in kWh), the longer it will take to charge.
Ø State of battery (empty vs. full): If you are charging from empty, it will take longer to charge than if you are topping
up from 50%.
Ø Max charging rate of vehicle: You can only charge a vehicle’s battery at the maximum charge rate the vehicle can
accept. For example; if your vehicle’s max charge rate is 7kW, you won’t charge any faster by using a 22kW
chargepoint.
Ø Max charging rate of chargepoint: The time it takes to charge will also be limited by the max charging rate of the
chargepoint you are using. For example; even if your vehicle can charge at 11kW, it will only charge at 7kW on a
7kW chargepoint.
Ø Environmental factors: A colder ambient temperature can make it take slightly longer to charge, particularly when
using a rapid charger. Colder temperatures also mean vehicles are less efficient, so less miles are added per time
charging.
01 Fast Charging Process
01 Charging Technologies

Charging technologies deployed all over the world can be categorised based on the following four major aspects:

Ø Technology used in electricity transfer

Ø Power output of the charger

Ø Communication and protection protocols

Ø Connection between EV and EVSE's

 01 Technologies

AC Level 1 Upto 2.4 kW

AC Charging

Conductive AC Level 2 Upto 7.6 kW

Charging Technology
Categories Inductive AC Level 3 Upto 80 kW

DC Charging
Battery Swapping DC Plug-in Upto 150 kW

DC Pantograph Upto 650 kW

01 Conductive Charging

Conductive charging requires a physical

connection between the electronic
device's battery and the power supply
01 Challenges of Conductive Charging

Ø Mobility Issues

Ø Space Constraints

Ø Weather Constraint

Ø Impact on city space

Ø Large Charging Duration

Ø High starting Ev Cost

Ø Electrical Safety

Ø Less Fast Chargers

 01 Inductive Charging

The Inductive charging category includes all charging technologies

which achieve wireless transfer of electricity, either by static or
Dynamic induction.
The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) developed the proprietary magnetic resonance technology
used for charging e-bus batteries.

WIRELESS CHARGING IN GUMI

01 Inductive Technology

Challenges of Wireless Transfer tech

Ø Large Charging Duration

Ø High Starting cost

Ø Weather Conditions

Ø Space Constraints

Ø Coil Alignment

Ø Very Low Efficiency

Ø Slow Charging
01 Battery Swapping

Battery swapping based charging entails cases where depleted vehicle batteries are swapped with fully charged batteries.
The System consists of the battery charging system and the battery swapping mechanism. The time required for swapping
may range between 2.5 minutes to 10 minutes.

Battery swapping also helps in addressing the

problem of high upfront cost of EVs. By using
swapping technology, the battery can be
separated from the vehicle and the owner is
not required to own it. Instead, it can be
owned by energy operators.

www.retronev.in
01 Battery Swapping

Advantages Disadvantages

Ø Low Ev Cost, Battery On lease Ø Relaibility of Rented Battery Packs

Ø Standardised Ev Lithium Ion Battery Pack,

Ø Better charging utilization during off peak
Battery Ownership
hours
Ø Feasability, Battery Degradation,
Ø Swapping time less than filling fuel. Ø Infrastructure
01 What Influences the Charge Speed

1. Battery Pack Capacity

2. SOC

3. Battery Temperature

4. Battery Chemistry
All you need to understand

➤ Charging "Levels" are used to categorize the rated power, voltage and current of the charging system. There are 3

different EV charging levels, defined by SAE J1772.

➤ Charging "Modes" are used to categorize the mode of power delivery, protection, installation and

communication/control of charging system. There are 4 different EV charging modes, defined by the international

standard IEC 61851-1.

➤ Charger "Types” are used to categorize the different socket-outlets used to deliver power in the charging system.

There are many, but majorly 3 different connector types defined by the international IEC 62196-2.
01 Conductive Technology
AC CHARGING

An EV can be charged by conductive AC charging technology provided the former has an on-board charger
which can convert supplied AC to DC power for charging the vehicle battery.
01 Basic AC Charging Configuraiton
01 Basic DC Charging Configuraiton
Charging Levels
01 Conductive Technology
AC CHARGING
Charging Modes
Depending on the charging time and power level of the battery, EV charging is classified into four types namely
mode1, mode 2, mode 3 and mode 4 charging
Charging Types
Charging Types

J1772

Chademo Chademo
Charging Types
AC vs DC

AC Charger DC Charger

Initial cost is less. Initial cost is high.

Charging time more. Charging time less.
Battery life is not Battery life is reduce.
reduce.
This is mostly used in This is mostly use to
less distance like city long distance travel
to city travel. like highway.

Charging price less. More charging price.

The following conditions must be respected when charging a battery the ultra-fast way

Ø The battery must be designed to accept an ultra-fast charge and must be in good condition. Li-ion can be designed
for a fast charge of 10-minutes or so but the specific energy of such a cell will be low.
Ø Ultra-fast charging only applies during the first charge phase. The charge current should be lowered after the
battery reaches 70 percent state-of-charge (SoC).
Ø All cells in the pack must be balanced and have ultra-low resistance. Aging cells often diverge in capacity and
resistance, causing mismatch and undue stress on weaker cells.
Ø Ultra-fast charging can only be done under moderate temperatures, as low temperature slows the chemical
reaction. Unused energy turns into gassing, metal-plating and heat.
01 Types of Battery Charger

Unidirectional battery charger

A typical battery charger performs rectifying and power-conditioning operations of the power extracted
from grid. The input power of the charger is passed through a set of power converters, which include AC
to DC(rectifier), DC to AC(inverter), or DC-to-DC converters (chopper) according to the requirement.
01 Types of Battery Charger
Bidirectional battery charger
01 Vehicle to Grid
 Parameters DC Plug-In DC Pantograph Inductive charging Battery swapping

Input voltage from grid (V)

415 or above b 415 or above b 415 or above b 415 or above b, c

Output range of chargers

Data not publicly available c
available in market (kW) 50 - 150 g 150 - 650 g 50 - 250 g

Output power considered for analysis

No typical value assumed c
(kW) h 70 k 300 l 200 m

Charging/ Swapping time n

1.7 - 2 hours o ~ 25 minutes o Not reported 2.5 - 10 minutes p
Electricity connection
HT HT HT HT c
required q (HT/ LT)
Distribution Transformer, HT / LT Distribution Transformer, HT Distribution Transformer, HT / LT
Distribution Transformer, HT
switchgear, liquid cooled cables, /LT switchgear, liquid cooled cables, switchgear, road embedded cables,
/LT switchgear, cables, protection
Ancillary infrastructure required r protection relay and SCADA protection relays and SCADA protection relay and SCADA
relays and SCADA

Auxiliary energy consumption

Low Medium High High

Area requirement per EVSE No typical value assumed c

2 2 2
(m2)
Capital cost of charging 32,00,000 – 2,25,00,000 or 3,20,00,000 or
16,00,000 – 22,00,000
technology s (H) 1,12,50,000 above above

Cost of ancillary 6,00,000 –

2,50,000 – 4,00,000 3,80,000 – 7,20,000 2,50,000 – 4,00,000
infrastructure s (H) 12,50,000
Cost of electricity for As per HT connection norms As per HT connection norms As per HT connection norms As per HT connection norms
charging
10% of installation cost for periodic maintenance t ; 2% of installation cost for regular maintenance t
Maintenance cost (%)
Difficult; must be drawn only from an
Moderately difficult; possible to draw Moderately difficult; possible to draw Moderately difficult; possible to draw
Ease of drawing electricity 11/33 kV substation which is not as
electricity through a DT connected to a HT electricity through a DT connected to electricity through a DT connected to
from the distribution network accessible as a HT line
line a HT line a HT line

Established precedence for charging

buses Yes Yes Limited u Limited u
 02
Charging Station
Indian Guidelines and Standards
01 Charging Station

Approved types of chargers according BIS standards.

01 Charging Station

Approved types of chargers according BIS standards.

01
01 1

1
01 Revenue Model
01 Public Charging Architecture
01 Hyderbad

The project, proposed under the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric
Vehicles (FAME) -II programme of the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises,
is aimed at enabling faster adoption of electric vehicles by ensuring safe, reliable and
accessible charging infrastructure.
01 Fortum Dc Charger 10kw/15kw
Sanjay Aggarwal, managing
director, Fortum India Pvt Ltd poi
pointed out that the company is
planning to set up 150-200EV
charging stations in the country
this fiscal. Currently it has set up
four units, of which two are in
New Delhi and two in Hyderbad in
partnership with IOC.
Charging Stations in Telangana
Thankyou
[email protected]