2020

Selection of Motor

Presented By :
Deepesh Kumar. B
 Electric Motor
01
Selecting the right electric motor
While selecting the right electric motor to fit a particular vehicle, we need to consider so mant variables.
In order to find the most economical solution, you should look for a powertrain that will fit required vehicle
performances as close as possible.

Most Demanding requirements

1.Vehicle characteristics
2.Driving cycles
3.Vehicle configuration (electric, hybrid)
4.Maximal speed
5.Maximal torque
6.Maximal power
7.Battery Capacity
8.Battery Voltage
9.Gearbox or direct-drive
10.Cost
 Requirements

Vehicle characteristics
The properties of the vehicle such as size, weight, overload and aerodynamics are crucial vehicle characteristics that will
ultimately determine speed, torque and power requirements of the electric motor. These aspects will help understand the
effects of the operating conditions of the vehicle and are essential to the selection of the right powertrain

Driving cycles
How is the vehicle being used is also very important. What will be the usual driving cycles of the vehicle? Will it be driven in
an urban area with many stops? Will it be driven on long distances with only a few stops? All of this will help to determine
the vehicle configuration (series hybrid, parallel hybrid, all electric) and battery pack size and ultimately impact the choice of
the powertrain.

Vehicle configuration (electric, hybrid)

Is the vehicle hybrid or full electric? If hybrid, is it parallel hybrid or series hybrid? As a rule of thumb, if the vehicle routes are
not predictable or if it will be driven on long distances, usually the hybrid architecture is preferred.

The full electric configuration is well suited for in city driving where the distance is not too long between charging points, the
speed is low and the amount of stops is high.
Maximal Speed
What is the targeted maximum speed of the vehicle ?
How long does it have to be sustained, maybe it is used only for passing?
What are the gearbox ratios available (if using a gearbox) and the differential ratio?
What is the rolling radius of the wheel?

Maximal Torque
The maximum torque enables the vehicle to start in a given slope. You need to find the highest grade the vehicle will need to
ascend. Using that grade, it is possible to calculate the highest torque required by the electric motor considering the
differential and gearbox (if using a gearbox!). Maximal weight is also to be taken into consideration.

Maximal Power
Some grades need to be climbed at a minimum speed some others don’t. Sometimes the maximum power is found simply
at maximum speed (this is the case where the vehicle as a large frontal area or goes at very high speed).
The maximum power enables the vehicle to reach and maintain a constant speed under stringent slope and speed
conditions. To calculate the maximum power, you need to take in account the drag and friction coefficients of the vehicle in
addition to the forces needed for the climb.
Battery Capacity
The battery capacity is typically calculated depending on the usage of the vehicle. The simulator can output the consumption
of the vehicle in kWh/km. From that value, the capacity of the battery can be calculated by multiplying it with the desired
range.

Battery Voltage
The battery voltage is dependent on the size of the vehicle. As the battery voltage increases, the current output is lowered.
So in the cases where the vehicle continuous power is high like in bigger vehicles, you want to keep the size of the
conductors at a manageable level by increasing the battery voltage

Gearbox or direct-drive?
Will the powertrain architecture require a gearbox?
While improving system reliability and reducing overall maintenance costs, removing the transmission in an electric vehicle
also increases the powertrain’s efficiency considerably, allowing optimal use of the energy stored in the battery pack.

Cost
we need to review different electric motor technologies available on the market, their pros and cons and their relative usage
in electric vehicles.
 Tractive Effort
02
Vehicle Dynamics

An important component that is an integral part of all electric vehicles is the motor. The amount of torque that the driving
motor delivers is what plays a decisive role in determining the speed, acceleration and performance of an electric vehicle.

Tractive Effort

The Total Tractive Effort is the total force required to move the vehicle with the desired characteristics.The effective force,

necessary to propel the vehicle, at the wheels of vehicle is called the tractive effort.It is used for acceleration, hill climbing,

drawbar pull and to overcome wind resistance.

When the vehicle moves, it encounters a resistive force that tries to retard its motion.
The resistive
forces are
1. Rolling resistance
2. Aerodynamic drag
3. Uphill resistance
 Motor Torque Calculations For Electric Vehicle

Aerodynamic drag

A vehicle traveling at a particular speed in air encounters a force resisting its motion. This force is known as
aerodynamic drag. The main causes of aerodynamic drag are:

1. Shape drag
2. Skin effect

The aerodynamic drag is expressed as F a =1/2 * ρ*Af* C D *V 2

ρ= density of air [ Kg/ m3 ] =1.225kg/m3

Af= vehicle frontal area [m2 ]

V=vehicle speed [m /s ]

Cd = Drag Coefficient
The Drag coefficient, Cd is a dimensionless parameter that represents
all the drag effects that are active on the vehicle, i.e. both external and
internal.

AF= Frontal Area

Motor Torque Calculations For Electric Vehicle

Rolling resistance
Rolling Resistance is the opposing force that the vehicle has to overcome
due to the rolling motion between the wheels and the surface of motion of
the vehicle. The rolling resistance depends on the co-efficient of rolling
friction which varies depending upon the material of tyres and the
roughness of the surface of motion.

The Rolling resistance can be calculated as F r = Cr*m*g*cos(α)

RR= Rolling Resistance

M= Mass of Vehicle
cos(α) = Inclination angle
Crr =Co-efficient of Rolling Resistance
RR

The rolling resistance coefficient, fr, is a function of:

1. Tire material

2. Tire structure

3. Tire temperature

4. Tire inflation pressure

5. Tread geometry

6. Road roughness

7. Road material

8. Presence of absence of liquids on

the road
3. Uphill/ Grading resistance

When a vehicle goes up or down a slope, its weight produces a component of force that is always directed downwards.
This force component opposes the forward motion, i.e. the grade climbing. When the vehicle goes down the grade, this
force component aids the vehicle motion.

The grading resistance can be expressed as Fg= M*g*Sin(α)

M= Mass of the vehicle [kg]

g= Acceleration constant [m/s2]
α= Road angle [radians]
Acceleration resistance

When a vehicle goes up or down a slope, its weight produces a component of force that is always directed downwards.
This force component opposes the forward motion, i.e. the grade climbing. When the vehicle goes down the grade, this
force component aids the vehicle motion

The grading resistance can be expressed as Fa= m*a

m = Gvw/g

Fa= Acceleration Force

M= Mass of the vehicle [kg]
g= Acceleration due to gravity [9.81 m/s2]
a= required acceleration
TOTAL TRACTIVE EFFORT

The Total Tractive Effort is the total force required to move the vehicle with the desired characteristics and is the sum
of the forces calculated in above three sections

Fwheel(t) = Facc(t) + Fa(t) + Fr(t) + Fg(t)

TTE= Total Tractive Effort

RR= Rolling Resistance
GR= Gradient Resistance
FA= Acceleration Force
Motor Specifications: Controller Specifications: Charger Specification:

Design: Brushless DC Motor Rated voltage: 36VDC Voltage: 36v

Rated Operating Voltage: 36V
Amps: 2A
Rated power: 250W
Rated Power: 250W
Rated current: 7A
Rated Torque: 6 N.m
PAS System
Rated Speed: 400RPM
Compatible with 36V 250W BLDC
Rated Current: 7A Motor

Efficiency: 83%
Gear Ratio

A gear reducer is usually used for as a torque amplifier device. The most simple application is a gear reducer. This is a
machine, equipment that transforms an input speed and torque to an output speed and torque. By transformation we mean
amplification or reduction. The level of transformation is given by the gear ratio.
EV Range

Ebike Range depends on a lot more factors like

1) Direction of wind
2) Size of tyre and air inside tire
3) Riding position
4) How healthy your battery is
5) Weight of rider
6) Road condition
7) How many times you brake & accelerate
8) Going on a flyover or uphill
 Thankyou
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