UNIT 1

2 MARKS

1) Draw the block diagram of an electric drive (AU/NOV-2015), (AU/NOV-2013)

SOURCE AC POWER MOTOR LOAD

(OR) DC MODULATOR

INPUT CONTROL SENSING UNIT

UNIT

2) Mention the factors affecting the selection of electrical drives (AU/NOV-2015) (AU/APR-2011)

1. Shaft power & speed 11. Speed range

2. Power range 12. Efficiency
3. Starting torque 13.Influence on the supply network
4. Maintenance 14. Special competence
5. Total purchase cost 15. Cost of energy losses
6. Influence on power supply 16. Environment
7. Availability 17. Accessibility
8. Nature of electric supply 18. Nature of load
9. Types of drive 19. Electrical Characteristics
10. Service cost 20. Service capacity & rating
3) What is an individual electric drive? Give some examples. (AU/APR-2015)

In this drive, each individual machine is driven by a separate motor. This motor also imparts motion
to various other parts of the machine. Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe machines etc.,

4) How heating occurs in motor drives? (AU/APR-2015)

The heating of motor due to losses occurring inside the motor while converting the electrical power into
mechanical power and these losses occur in steel core, motor winding and bearing friction.

5) Distinguish between Group drive and Individual drive (AU/NOV-2014)

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 GROUP DRIVE INDIVIDUAL DRIVE
1) This drive consists of single motor , which In this drive, each individual machine is driven
Drives one or more line shafts supported on By a separate motor. This motor also imparts
Bearings. motion to various other parts of the machine
2)The line shaft may be fitted with either pulleys & Single spindle drilling machine, Lathe machines etc.,
Belts or gears , by means of which a group of
Machines or mechanisms may be operated.

6) Define continuous, short time and intermittent duty? (AU/NOV-2014)

Continuous Duty This duty denotes that, the motor is running long enough AND the electric motor
temperature reaches the steady state value. These motors are used in paper mill drives, compressors,
conveyors etc.

Short Time Duty In these motors, the time of operation is very low and the heating time is much lower
than the cooling time. So, the motor cooks off to ambient temperature before operating again. These
motors are used in crane drives, drives for house hold appliances, valve drives etc.

Intermittent Periodic Duty Here the motor operates for some time and then there is rest period. In both
cases, the time is insufficient to raise the temperature to steady state value or cool it off to ambient
temperature. This is seen at press and drilling machine drives

7) What are the basic elements of electric drives? (AU/APR-2014)

Source, power modulator, motor, load, input, control unit, sensing unit.

8) Give the examples where continuous duty at constant load is required? (AU/NOV-2013)

Centrifugal pumps, fans, conveyors & compressors

9) What are types of electrical drives? (AU/APR-2013)

Group electric drives (shaft drive)

Individual drives

Multi motor electric drives

10) Define cooling time constant of an electrical machine. (AU/NOV-2012) (AU/APR-2012)

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 The time required to cool the machine parts to 36.6% of its final temperature fall is called as cooling
time constant.

11) Name the four commonly used methods for the determination of power rating of motors?
(AU/NOV-2012)

 Method of Average losses

 Method of equivalent power
 Method of equivalent current
 Method of equivalent Torque

12) Define the thermal overload factor for a motor working on short duty (AU/APR-2012)
(AU/NOV- 2011)
The continuous electric loading (i.e. the current) cannot be exceeded without damaging the
insulation, but if the motor has been running with reduced current for some time, it is permissible for
the current (and hence the torque) to be much greater than normal for a short period of time. The
principal factors which influence the magnitude and duration of the permissible overload are the
thermal time-constant (which governs the rate of rise of temperature) and the previous pattern of
operation.
13) Explain heating and cooling curves? (AU/APR-2011)

The time required to heat the machine parts to63.3 % of its final temperature rise is called as heating
time constant. The time required to cool the machine parts to 36.6% of its final temperature fall is
called as cooling time constant.

14) What are the factors to be considered for the selection of electrical drives? (AU/APR-2014)
(AU/APR-2013) (AU/NOV-2011)

Any motor select as a electric drive for particular application it should depend on the following
factors
a. steady state operation b. Transient operation
c. Related with source d. Need of cost e. Life period
f Reliability g. Location and environment

16 MARKS

1) Explain the Various classes of motor duty with necessary diagrams and examples (AU/NOV-2015)
(AU/APR-2014) (AU/APR-2012)(AU/APR-2013)(AU/NOV-2013)

1. CLASSES OF MOTOR DUTY

Various load time variations encountered into eight classes as

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 1) continuous duty
2) short time duty
3) intermittent periodic duty
4) intermittent periodic duty with starting
5) intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking
6) continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading
7) continuous duty with starting & braking
8) Continuous duty with periodic speed changes.

Where,
TL – Load torque in N-M,
Ө-Temperature in Deg.centigrade,
t- Time in seconds.
1) Continuous duty:
 This type drive is operated continuously for a duration which is long enough to reach its steady
state value of temperature.
 This duty is characterized by constant motor torque and constant motor loss operation. Depicted
in fig.1 (a) & (b).
 This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC
shunt motors.
Examples:

Paper mill drives, Compressors, Conveyors, Centrifugal pumps and Fans.

2) Short time duty:

 In this type drive operation, Time of operation is less than heating time constant and motor is
allowed to cool off to room temperature before it is operated again.
 Here the motor can be overloaded until the motor temperature reaches its permissible limit.
Depicted in fig.2 (a) & (b).
 This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC shunt
motors, DC series motors, universal motors.
Examples:

Crane drives, Drives for house hold appliances, Turning bridges, Sluice gate drives, Valve drives and
Machine tool drives.

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

3) Intermittent periodic duty:

 In this type drive operation, It consists of a different periods of duty cycles

 A period of rest and a period of running, a period of starting, a period of braking.
 Both a running period is not enough to reach its steady state temperature and a rest period is
not enough to cool off the machine to ambient temperature.
 In this type drive operation, heating due to starting and braking is negligible.
 Depicted in fig.3 (a) & (b).

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  This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC
shunt motors, universal motors.
Examples:

Pressing, Cutting, Drilling machine drives.

4) Intermittent periodic duty with starting:

 This is intermittent periodic duty where heating
 Due to starting losses can’t be ignored.
 It consists of a starting period; a running period, a braking period & a rest period are being too
short to reach their steady state value.
 In this type of drive operation, heating due to braking is negligible.
 Depicted in fig.4 (a) & (b).
 This type of duty can be accomplished by three phase induction motors and DC series motors,
DC compound motors, universal motors.
Examples:

Metal cutting, drilling tool drives, Drives for forklift trucks, Mine hoist etc.

5) Intermittent periodic duty with starting & braking:

 This is an intermittent periodic duty where heating during starting & braking can’t be ignored.
 It consists of a starting period, a running period; a braking period & a rest period are being too
short to reach their steady state temperature value.
 This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC
shunt motors, DC series motors, DC compound motors, universal motors.
Examples:
Billet mill drive, Billet mill drive, Ingot buggy drive, Screw down mechanism of blooming mill,
several machine tool drives, Drives for electric suburban trains

6) Continuous duty with intermittent periodic loading:

 This type of drive operation consists a period of running at constant load and a period of running
at no load with normal voltage to the excitation winding in separately excited machines.
 Again the load and no load periods are not enough to reach their respective temperature limits.
 This duty is distinguished from intermittent periodic duty by running at no load instead of rest
period.

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  This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC
compound motors, universal motors.
Examples:

Pressing, Cutting, Shearing and Drilling machine drives.

7) Continuous duty with starting & braking:

 It consists a period of starting, a period of running & a period of electrical braking.
 Here period of rest is negligible.
 This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors.
Examples:

The main drive of a blooming mill.

8) Continuous duty with periodic speed changes:

 It consists a period of running in a load with a particular speed and a period of running at
different load with different speed which are not enough to reach their respective steady state
temperatures.
 Further here is no period of rest.
 This type of duty can be accomplished by single phase/ three phase induction motors and DC
series motor in traction.
Examples:

All variable speed drives.

2) Define an Electric drive and describe the classification of electric drives(8) (AU/NOV-2015)
(AU/APR-2015)

Drive:

A combination of prime mover, transmission equipment and mechanical Working load is called
a drive
Electric drive:

An Electric Drive can be defined as an electromechanical device for converting electrical

energy to mechanical energy to impart motion to different machines and mechanisms for various kinds
of process control.
1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTRICAL DRIVES
The basic block diagram for electrical drives used for the motion control is shown in the

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 Following figure1.1

SOURCE AC POWER MOTOR LOAD

(OR) DC MODULATOR

INPUT CONTROL SENSING UNIT

 UNIT
Fig 1.1 Block Diagram for Electrical Drives

The aggregate of the electric motor, the energy transmitting shaft and the control equipment by which the
motor characteristics are adjusted and their operating conditions with respect to mechanical load varied
to suit practical requirements is called as electric drive.

Drive system=Drive + load

BASIC COMPONENT (or) ELEMENTS OF ELETCRIC DRIVES

Block diagram of electric drive:

 Load: usually a machinery to accomplish a given task. Eg-fans, pumps, washing

machine etc.
 Power modulator: modulators (adjust or converter) power flow from the source to the
motion
 Motor: actual energy converting machine (electrical to mechanical)
 Source: energy requirement for the operation the system.
 Control: adjust motor and load characteristics for the optimal mode.

Power modulators:

Power modulators regulate the power flow from source to the motor to enable the motor to develop the
torque speed characteristics required by the load.

The common function of the power modulator is,

 They contain and control the source and motor currents with in permissible limits during the
transient operations such as starting, braking, speed reversal etc.
 They converts the input electrical energy into the form as required by the motors.

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

  Adjusts the mode of operation of the motor that is motoring, braking are regenerative.

Power modulators may be classified as,

 Converters they provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to

control speed, torque output power of the motor. The various type of converters are,
 AC to DC rectifiers
 DC to DC choppers
 AC to AC choppers
 AC to AC –AC voltage controllers (voltage level is controlled)
 Cyclo converter (Frequency is controlled)
 DC to AC inverters Converters They provide adjustable voltage/current/frequency to control
speed, torque output power of the motor. The various type of converters are,
 AC to DC rectifiers
 DC to DC choppers
 AC to AC choppers
 AC to AC –AC voltage controllers (voltage level is controlled)
 Cyclo converter (Frequency is controlled)
 DC to AC inverters
Switching circuits:
Switching circuits are needed to achieve any one of the following.
 Changing motor connection to change its quadrant of operation.
 Changing motor circuits parameters in discrete steps for automatic starting and braking control.
 For operating motors and drives according to a predetermine sequence
 To provide inter locking their by preventing maloperation
 Disconnect under up normal condition
 Eg: electromagnetic contactors, PLC in sequencing and inter locking operation, solid state relays etc.
Variable impedance
 Variable resisters are commonly used for AC and DC drives and also needed for dynamic
braking of drives
 Semiconductors switch in parallel with a fixed resistance is used where step less variation is
needed. Inductors employed to limit starting current of ac motors.

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC DRIVES WITH FACTOR:
The choice of the electric drives there are three classification namely

 Group drive

 Individual drive

 Multimotor drive

1.3.1 Group drive

One motor is used as a drive for two or more than machines. The motor is connected to a long shaft. All the
other machines are connected to this shaft through belt and pulleys.

Advantages:
 Group drive is most economical because, the rating of the motor used may be comparatively
 Less than the aggregate of the individual motors required to drive each equipment, because all
of they may not be working simultaneously.
 Group drive reduces the initial cost of installing a particular industry.
 Cost is less because of investment in one motor which is lesser in HP rating.
Disadvantages:
 The use of this kind of drive is restricted due to the following reasons:
 It is not possible to install any machine as per our wish. so, flexibility of lay out is lost.
 The possibility of installation of additional machines in an existing industry is limited.
 In case of any fault to the main driving motor, all the other motors will be stopped
immediately.
 So, all systems will remain idle and is not advisable for any industry.
 Level of noise produced at the site is high.
 Because of the restrictions in placing other motors, this kind of drive will result in untidy
 Appearance, and it is also less safe to operate.
 Since all the motors has to be connected through belts and pulleys, large amount of energy is
 Wasted in transmitting mechanisms. Therefore, power loss is high.

Individual drive:

In this drive, there will be a separate driving motor for each process equipment. One motor is used for
transmitting motion to various parts or mechanisms belonging to signal equipment. Ex: Lathe One motor

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

used in lathe which rotates the spindle, moves feed with the help of gears and imparts motion to the
lubricating and cooling pumps).

Advantages:
 Machines can be located at convenient places.
 Continuity in the production of the processing industry is ensured to a high level of reliability.
 If there is a fault in one motor, the effect on the production or output of the industry will
Not be appreciable.
Disadvantages:
 Initial cost is very high.

Multi motor drive:

In this type of drive, separate motors are provided for actuating different parts of the driven mechanism. Ex:
cranes, drives used in paper mills, rolling mills etc., in cranes, separate motors are used for hoisting, long
travel motion and cross travel motion.

3) Explain the selection of motor power rating for different loading conditions.(AU/NOV-2015)
(AU/APR-2014) (AU/APR-2013) (AU/NOV-2011) ) (AU/APR-2011)

SELECTION OF POWER RATING OF MOTORS

From the point of view of motor rating for various duty cycles can be broadly classified as:
 Continuous duty and constant load
 Continuous duty and variable load
 Short time rating

1) Continuous duty and constant load

If the motor has load torque of T N-m and it is running at w radians/seconds, if efficiency in
h , then power rating of the motor is
𝜏𝜔
𝑝= 𝑘𝑤
1000

1000
Power rating is calculated and then a motor with next higher power rating from commercially

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

Available rating is selected.
Obviously, motor speed should also match load’s speed requirement .It is also necessary to
Check whether the motor can fulfil starting torque requirement also.

2) Continuous duty and variable load

 The operating temperature of a motor should never exceed the maximum permissible
temperature, because it will result in deterioration and breakdown of insulation and will shorten
the service life of motors.
 It is general practice to base the motor power ratings on a standard value of temperature, say
35 c.
 Accordingly, the power given on the name plate of a motor corresponds to the power which the
motor is capable of delivering without overheating at an ambient temperature of 35 c. the duty
cycle is closely related to temperature and is generally taken to include the environmental
factors also.
 The rating of a machine can be determined from heating considerations.
 However the motor so selected should be checked for its overload capacity and starting torque.
 This is because, the motor selected purely on the basis of heating may not be able to meet the
mechanical requirements of the basis of heating may not be able to meet the mechanical
requirements of the load to be driven by it.
 The majority of electric machines used in drives operate continuously at a constant or only
slightly variable load.
 The selection of the motor capacity for these applications is fairly simple in case the
approximate constant power input is known
 In many applications, the power input required for a motor is not known before hand and
therefore certain difficulties arise in such cases.
 For the determination of ratings of machines whose load characteristics have not been
thoroughly studied, it becomes necessary to determine the load diagram i.e., diagram shown
the variation of power output versus time.
 The temperature of the motor changes continuously when the load is variable. On account of
this, it becomes difficult to select the motor rating as per heating.
 The analytical study of heating becomes highly complicated if the load diagram is irregular in
shape or when it has a large number of steps.

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  Therefore it becomes extremely difficult to select the motor capacity through analysis of the
load diagram due to select the motor capacity through analysis of the load diagram due to lack
of accuracy of this method.
 On the other hand it is not correct to select the motor according to the lowest or highest load
because the motor would be overloaded in the first case and under loaded in the second case.
Therefore it becomes necessary to adopt suitable methods for the determination of motor
ratings.

Methods used
The four commonly used methods are:

Methods of average losses

Equivalent current method

Equivalent torque method

Equivalent power method

4((ii) Explain heating and cooling curves of an electric drive (8) (AU/NOV-2014) (AU/APR-2015)
(AU/APR-2011) (AU/NOV-2012) (AU/APR-2011)(AU/NOV-2013)

HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

A machine can be considered as a homogeneous body developing heat internally at uniform

rate and dissipating heat proportionately to its temperature rise,

RELATION SHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE RISE AND TIME

Let,

P =heat developed, joules/sec or watts G

G =weight of active parts of machine, kg

h =specific heat per kg per deg cell

S = cooling surface, m2

λ= specific heat dissipation (or) emissivity, J per sec per m2 of Surface per deg cell difference
between surface and ambient cooling medium

θ= temperature rise, deg cell

θ m=final steady temperature rise, deg cell

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t =time, sec

ͳ=heating time constant, seconds

ͳ ‘=cooling time constant, seconds

Assume that a machine attains a temperature rise after the lapse of time t seconds.In an element of
time “dt” a small temperature rise “d” takes place.

Then,
Heat developed = p.dt
Heat developed = Gh.dθ
Heat dissipated = Sθλ. Dt
Therefore, total heat developed=heat stored + heat dissipated

Ghd + S. dt= p.dt

𝑑𝜃 𝜃𝑠𝜆 𝑝
+ =
𝑑𝑡 𝐺ℎ 𝐺ℎ
This is a differential equation and solution of this equation is,

𝑠
𝑝 −( 𝜆)𝑡
θ= + 𝑘𝑒 𝐺ℎ
𝑠𝜆
Where k is a constant of integration determined by initial conditions. Let the initial temperature
rise to be zero at t=0.
𝑝
Then, 0 = +𝑘
𝑠𝜆
𝑝
𝑘=−
𝑠𝜆
𝑠𝜆
hence, −( )𝑡
𝜃 = 𝑝/𝑠𝜆(1 − 𝑒 𝐺ℎ -----------(1)
𝑝
When t=∞ , 𝜃= = 𝜃𝑚 , the final steady temperature rise.
𝑠𝜆
𝑝 𝐺ℎ
Represent = 𝜃𝑚 and = 𝜁 -----------(2)
𝑠𝜆 𝑠𝜆
Equation 1 can be written as

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑚(1 − 𝑒 −1) -----------(3)

Where is called as heating time constant and it has the dimensions of time.
Heating time constant:

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 Heating time constant is defined as the time taken by the machine to attain 0.623 of its final steady
temperature rise. When t= ζ,

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑚(1 − 𝑒 −1)
𝜃 = 0.632𝜃𝑚
 The heating time constant of the machine is the index of time taken by the machine to attain
its final steady temperature rise.
 We know that τ=Gh/sλ, therefore , the time constant is inversely proportional to has a larger
value for ventilated machines and thus the value of their heating time constant is small.
 The value of heating time constant is larger for poorly ventilated machines with large or
totally enclosed machines, the heating time constant may reach several hours or even days.
When a hot body is cooling due to reduction of the losses developed in it, the temperature
time curve is again an exponential function

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 + (𝜃𝑖 − 𝜃𝑓)𝑒 −𝑡/𝜏 --------------(4)

Where , 𝜃𝑓 = final temperature drop (the temperature at which whatever heat is generated is
dissipated)
𝑝
𝑠𝜆′
Where λ is rate of heat dissipation while cooling
θi=the temperature rise above ambient in the body at time t=0
τ’= cooling time constant == 𝐺ℎ/𝑠𝜆′
If motor where disconnected from supply during cooling, there would be no losses taking place and
hence, final temperature reached will be the ambient temperature. There fore, θ f =0 and hence
equation (4) becomes

𝜃 = 𝜃𝑖𝑒 1/𝜏′
Cooling time constant
At t=τ ,θ = 0.368θi
Cooling time constant is, therefore , defined as the time required cooling the machine down to 0.368
times the initial temperature rise above ambient temperature.

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 Heating and cooling time curves

5) What are the factors that influence the choice of electrical drives? (AU/APR-2015) (AU/NOV-
2014)(8m) (AU/APR-2012) (8M)

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

(i) Nature of electric supply

 Whether AC or DC supply is to be used for supply
(ii) Nature of the drive
 Whether the particular motor is going to drive individual machine or a group of machines
(iii)Capital and running cost
(iv) Maintenance requirement
(v) Space ad weight restrictions
(vi) Environment and location
(vii) Nature of load
 Whether the load requires light or heavy starting torque
 Whether load torque increases with speed remain constant
 Whether the load has heavy inertia which may require longer straight time
(viii) Electrical characteristics of motor
 Starting characteristics,
 running characteristics,
 speed control and
 Braking characteristics

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 (ix) Size, rating and duty cycle of motors
 Whether the motor is going to the operator for a short time or whether it has to run
continuously intermittently or on a variable load cycle
(x) Mechanical considerations
 Type of enclosures, type of bearings, transmission of drive and Noise level.
 Due to practical difficulties, it may not possible to satisfy all the above considerations.
 In such circumstances, it is the experience and knowledge background which plays a vital
role in the selection of the suitable drive.
The following points must be given utmost important for the selection of motor. The factors are:
 Nature of the mechanical load driven
 Matching of the speed torque characteristics of the motor with that of the load

Starting conditions of the load. 
6) An electric motor subjected to a load torque variation as given below:

240Nm for 20 Min

140 Nm for 10 Min

300 Nm for 10 Min

200 Nm for 20 Min

If speed of motor is 720 rpm find the power rating of motor. (8m) (AU/NOV-2014)

Duty cycle(T) = t1+t2+t3+t4

=20+10+10+20

=60 min

Rating of motor (torque)= (T12*t1+ T22*t2+ T32*t3+ T42*t4)1/2/T

=(2402*20+1402*10+3002*10+2002*20)1/2/60

=(3048000)1/2/60

= (50800)1/2

=225.38 N-M

Rating of motor watts=2ΠNT/60

=2*Π*720*225.38/60

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 =16995.4 watts

Rating of motor in kw =16995.4/1000

=16.995 kw

Power rating =17 kw

7) (i) A constant speed drive operating at a speed of 500 rpm has a cyclic loading as given below:

200 Nm for 10 Minutes

300 Nm for 20 Minutes

150 Nm for 20 Minutes No load for 10 Minutes

Estimate power rating of the motor. (10) (AU/NOV-2013)

Duty cycle(T) = t1+t2+t3+t4

=10+20+20+10

=60 min

Rating of motor (torque)= (T12*t1+ T22*t2+ T32*t3+ T42*t4)1/2/T

=(2002*10+3002*20+1502*20+02*10)1/2/60

=(400000+1800000+450000)1/2/60

= (2650000)1/2

= 210.158 N-M

Rating of motor (watts)= 2ΠNT/60

=2*Π*500*210.15/60

= 660232.93/60

= 11002.882

Rating of motor kw = 11002.882/60

Power rating = 11 kw

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8) (i) Explain what is meant by a group drive. What are its advantages and disadvantages? (AU/NOV-
2012)

Group drive:
 One motor is used as a drive for two or more than machines. The motor is connected to a long
shaft. All the other machines are connected to this shaft through belt and pulleys.
Advantages:
 Group drive is most economical because, the rating of the motor used may be comparatively less
than the aggregate of the individual motors required to drive each equipment, because all of they
may not be working simultaneously.
 Group drive reduces the initial cost of installing a particular industry.
 Cost is less because of investment in one motor which is lesser in HP rating.

Disadvantages:
The use of this kind of drive is restricted due to the following reasons:

 It is not possible to install any machine as per our wish. so, flexibility of lay out is lost.

 The possibility of installation of additional machines in an existing industry is limited.

 In case of any fault to the main driving motor, all the other motors will be stopped immediately.

 So, all systems will remain idle and is not advisable for any industry.

 Level of noise produced at the site is high.

 Because of the restrictions in placing other motors, this kind of drive will result in untidy

Appearance, and it is also less safe to operate.

 Since all the motors has to be connected through belts and pulleys, large amount of energy is

 Wasted in transmitting mechanisms. Therefore, power loss is high.

9) The enclosure of a 10 KW motor is equivalent to a cylinder of 70 cm diameter and 100 cm length.

The motor weighs 500 kg assuming that the specific heat is 700 J/Kg/°C and that the peripheral
surface of the enclosure of the motor alone is capable of heat dissipation of 12.5 W/M2/°C. Calculate
the heating time constant of the motor and its final temperature rise. Assume the efficiency of the
motor as 90 percent.

(AU/NOV-2012)

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 Pout= 10 kw = 10000 w

d= 70 cm =0.7 m

L = 100 cm = 1m

G= 500 Kg

S= 700 J/Kg/°c

λ = 12.5 w/Sq-m/°c

ᶯ= 90%

% efficiency= pout/pin*100

Similarly losses = Input power- output power

= pout/ efficiency- output power

= 10000/0.9- 10000

Losses , watts= 1111 watts

Area , A= surface area of the cylinder =Π .d.L

=Π *0.7*1 = 2.1991 Sq-m.

Heating time constant ,

τ=GS/Aλ

τ =500*700/2.1991*12.5

τ=12732.4 sec

τ=3.54 hr

θf=W/Aλ = 1111/(2.1991)*(12.5) =40.4 °c

10) A motor has a thermal heating time constant of 45 minutes. When the motor runs continuously
on full load. Its final temperature rises to 80 degree Celsius.

(1)What would be the temperature rise after 1 hour, if the motor runs continuously on full load?

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 (2)If the temperature rise on 1 hour rating is allowed to be 75 degree Celsius, find what would
be the new steady state temperature at this rating. (AU/NOV-2012)

(1) Τh= 45 min =2700 sec

Θm= 80°c, t=1 hr=3600 s

We know θ(t)=θm ( 1 – e-(t/τh))

θ(t)=80 ( 1 – e-(t/τh))

θ(t)=80 ( 1 – e-(3600/2700))

= 58.91°c

(2) given data t= 1 hr =3600s

θ = 80°c

τh= 45 min =2700s

θ=θm ( 1 – e-(t/τh))

75=θm ( 1 – e-(3600/2700))

75=θm ( 1 – 0.2636)

75= 0.7364θm θm= 75/0.7364=101.846°c.

11) The heating and cooling time constants of an electric motor are 100 and 150 minutes respectively.
The rating of the motor is 125 kw if it is working on duty cycle of 15 minutes on load and 30
minutes on no load. Determine the permissible overloading of the motor. Assume the losses
are given by the expression pc+x2pcuand pc/pcu=α=0.4 (8m) (AU/APR-2012)

The ratio px/pr=((a+1)(1-ex*ey)/1-ex)1/2-a

ex =e-15/100 = 0.861

ey =e-30/150 = 0.819

px/pr=((1.4)*(0.295)/(1-0.86))1/2-0.4

= 1.596

It can be overloading by 0.596

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 The intermittent rating =199.55 KW

12) (ii) In a certain electric drive, the temperature rise is 25°C after one hour and 37.5°C after two
hours, starting from cold conditions. The ambient temperature is 30°C?

(1)Find the final steady temperature and the heating time constant.(2) when disconnected, the
temperature falls from the final steady value to 40 °c in 1.5 hours; calculate the cooling time
constant. (AU/NOV-2011)

θ=θf ( 1 – e-1/t)

25=θf ( 1 – e-1/t)) and 37.5=θf ( 1 – e-2/t))

37.5/25= (1 – e-2/t/ 1 – e-1/t)

Put x=e1/t

1.5=1-X2/1-X 1.5=(1-X)(1-X)/(1-X)

1.5= 1+X X=0.5

e1/t= 0.5

heating time constant T= 1.44 hrs

25=θf ( 1 – e-1/t))

25=θf ( 1 – e-1/1.44))

Final steady temperature θf= 50°c

Cooling : temperature raise after 1.5 hours above ambient temperature = 40 -30 =10°c

The motor is disconnected θ= θ°e-t/T’

10= 50 e-1.5/T’

Cooling time constant T’= 0.932 hrs

13) (ii) A motor is required to deliver a load which follows the following cycle: 50 kW for 10 minutes;
no load for 4 minutes; 25 kW for 10 minutes; no load for 6 minutes. The cycle is repeated
indefinitely. Find the suitable capacity of a continuously rated motor for the purpose (4)
(AU/NOV-2011)

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 Duty cycle(T) = t1+t2+t3+t4

=10+4+10+6

=30 min

Rating of motor (torque)= (T12*t1+ T22*t2+ T32*t3+ T42*t4)1/2/T

=(502*10+252*10)1/2/30

=((25000+6250)/30)1/2

= ( 31250/30)1/2 = ( 1041.66)1/2

= 32.27 kw or = 32 kw

14) The temperature rise of a motor after operating for 30 minutes on full load is 20° after another 30
minutes on the same load the temperature rise becomes 30° assuming that the temperature
increases, according to an exponential law, determine the final temperature rise and the time
constant.(8) (AU/APR-2011)

θ1= 20°c; t1= 30 min = 1800 sec

θ2= 30°c; t1= 30min + 30 min = 60 min =3600 sec

we know θ(t)=θm ( 1 – e-(t/τh))

where , τh= heating time constant

θ2/ θ1= θm ( 1 – e-(t2/τh))/ θm ( 1 – e-(t1/τh))

= ( 1 – e-(3600/τh))/ ( 1 – e-(1800/τh))

30/20= ( 1 – e-(3600/τh))/ ( 1 – e-(1800/τh))

Log 1.5 = log e ( 1 – e-(3600/τh))-loge ( 1 – e-(1800/τh)

Log 1.5=3600/ τh – 1800/ τh =1800/ τh

Τh= 1800/loge 1.5

= 2763.102 sec = 46min 51 sec

Again θm= final temperature rise = θ /1-e(t/τh)

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1

 = θ2/1-e(t2/τh) =30 / 1-e(3600/2763.12)

= 30/0.7282 = 41.19°c

15) Based on the rms torque, estimate the KW rating of a 750 rpm motor used for driving equipment
having the following load torque curve.(8)

(1) For the first 10 seconds, the torque is constant at 40 Kg-m.

(2) For the next 30 seconds ,the torque varies linearly with time from 35 kg-m to 15 Kg-m
(3) For the last 50 seconds , the torque is constant and equal to 10 Kg-m (AU/APR-2011)
Duty cycle(T) = t1+t2+t3
=10+30+50 = 1.5 min
=90 sec
10 sec= 0.16 min ; 20 sec = 0.5 min ; 50 sec = 0,83 min
Rating of motor (torque)= (T12*t1+ T22*t2+ T32*t3+ T42*t4)1/2/T
=( 402*0.16+102*0.83+[{(35)2(15)2(35*15)/3}*0.5]/1.5)1/2
= (256+24117187.5+83)/1.5)1/2
= 400.9 N-M
Rating of motor(watt)= 2ΠNT/60
=2*Π*750*400.9/60
=31486.6 watts ;Rating of motor(kw) = 31486.6/1000 = 31 kw.

KSR IET EDC UNIT 1