KRea v3 Eng

Logiciel
K‐Rea v3
Analysis of retaining walls (simple or double)
using the subgrade reaction coefficient method
and
and including partial safety factors and ULS checks
including partial safety factors and ULS checks
V. Bernhardt / F. Cuira
•V. Bernhardt Page 1
• Overview of K‐Rea v3 features and capabilities

• Double‐walls and rear‐walls calculations
• Introduction to the NF P 94‐282 standard and the
ULS calculations and checks implementation in
K‐Rea v3
February 2012 Page 2
•1
Introduction
The subgrade reaction method allows for the analysis of flexible

retaining walls such as diaphragm walls, soldier-pile walls, or
sheet-pile
h t il walls.ll
It enables to calculate the horizontal displacements and bending
moments of the retaining wall through its various construction
stages:
• The initial stage consists in building the retaining wall itself.
• The following stages correspond to various actions such as
earthworks (excavations, fills, …), installation of anchors or
struts, change of the water level, or load application.
The calculation method
• The wall is assumed to extend to infinity in the out-of-plane direction

=> the problem is plane strain (except in the case of circular retaning walls).
• The wall inertia can vary with depth.
The wall can be subjected to:
 Earth and water pressures
 Horizontal loads
 Forces applied by struts or anchors
 Imposed external moments
 Rotation springs (embedment of external structures).
• The earth and water pressures are modeled by horizontal pressures
applied on both sides of the wall. Earth pressures are related to the wall
displacements by an elasto-plastic soil behaviour law. The parameters
for this law are calculated at each depth: they depend on the soil
properties of the corresponding layer, and on the vertical stress in the soil
(depending on the excavation level, the water level and the possible loads).
•2
The calculation method
• The retaining wall is assumed to be a flexible beam, laying on

elasto-plastic supports.
• Soil layers are modeled as

springs reacting linearly Reactions applied by the soil
onto the beam = springs
until theyy reach a
plastification stress (either
on active or passive
pressure side). Reaction applied by the soil onto the
beam in a given point
• In construction stages,
various actions can be
defined, resulting in forces
acting on the beam.
• The calculation consists in
finding the equilibrium state Pa: pressure applied by the soil at limit equilibrium
(active pressure)
between the beam Pp: pressure applied by the soil at limit equilibrium
displacements and the (passive pressure)
Kh: soil reaction modulus
stresses in the soil layers:
iterative calculation.
Elasto-plastic soil behaviour
• At-rest pressure
pi = p0 = k0 σ’v0
for the first calculation
stage with σ’σ v0: vertical
effective stress at rest
• Active pressure
pa = ka σ’v – ca c
• Passive pressure
pp = kp σ’v + cp c
• Modulus of subgrade
reaction
Displacements gradient = kh + dkh . z
Uphill
towards uphill
with kh: modulus (i.e.
coefficient) of subgrade
reaction
•3
Elasto-plastic soil behaviour
Soil behaviour changes

after soil plastification
Displacements
Uphill
towards uphill
Soil behaviour changes

when the wall is
« separated » from the soil
(no traction allowed)
Displacements
Uphill
towards uphill
Unloading/reloading coefficients
Soil behaviour varies depending on loading conditions:

consolidation phenomenon is taken into account with
unloading and reloading coefficients (for soft clays for example).
Reloading
conditions
Displacements
towardsUphill
uphill
• Δpi = kr Δσ’v if Δσ’v > 0 with kr: reloading coefficient

• Δpi = kd Δσ’v if Δσ’v < 0 avec kd: unloading coefficient
As the initial state is modified, the displacement required to reach

plastification as changes, especially in soft soils.
•4
The project data
Required data include:

 Project general settings
 Soil properties
 Retaining wall properties
General settings
•5
Soil properties
Soil
database
Soil
properties
Earth pressure obliquities Coefficients specific Various wizards

will be taken into account to the calculation (automatic and
automatically by the advanced modes)
method
coefficients wizards.
Active and passive earth pressure coefficients
3 wizards:
 Kérisel and Absi (tables)
 Coulomb method
(formulae)
cos 2    
Ka  2
 sin    a  sin     
cos   a 1 
 cos   a  cos    
cos 2    
Kp 
sin    p sin     
2

cos   p 1 

 cos   p cos    
•6
Active and passive earth pressure coefficients
 Rankine formulae
 cos   cos 2   cos 2  
K a  cos   
 cos   cos   cos  
2 2
 cos   cos 2   cos 2  

K p  cos   
 cos   cos 2   cos 2  
Note:
     
• If no slope ( = 0): K a  tan 2    K p  tan 2   
4 2 4 2
• The Rankine formulae do not take into account
friction between soil and wall
Caquot formulae for ca and cp:

1  cos   sin  cos       tan  
ca  exp cos   1
tan   1  sin  
1  cos   sin  cos      tan  

cp  exp cos   1 
tan   1  sin  
Subgrade reaction modulus
3 wizards:
 Balay method
Em
kh 
a
 *  0,1339 *  
2
 Schmitt method
4
 E 3
2,1*  m 
kh    
1
EI 3
 Chadeisson curves
•7
Wall properties
Possibility to define a cylindric rigidity

for circular walls
+ wizards for continuous walls,

combined walls and sheet-pile walls
Definition of construction stages
In K-Rea, the construction stages are completely defined

through the user interface. The typical process is the following:
• Creation of new calculation stages

• Definition of the actions to be performed in each stage
• Automatic graphical display of the current state of the project
• Calculation
• Output
•8
Creation of a new calculation stage
Definition of construction stages
Various action types are used to define the construction stages.

They are divided into 6 categories:
 Initial conditions
 Loading / Forces / Couples
 Earthworks
 Anchors / Wall
 Soil properties
 Hydraulic conditions
•9
Initial conditions
These actions can be applied only once, in

the initial conditions.
Downhill Uphill
Uphill
• « Caquot » load (uniform and

distributed. It is removed when
th
earthworksk are applied
li d on th
the
same side)
Between z1 and z2:
Active pressure multiplied by R
• Reduced pressures for Passive pressure multiplied by R*C
soldier-pile walls. Pressures Water pr. of both sides multiplied by R
are applied again at 100 % Kh multiplied by R
(i.e. without reduction)
after sheeting installation
Downhill Uphill
• Maximum pressure
(in the case of precast walls)
Loads - forces - couples
• Boussinesq load
(localised, limited extent)
• Graux load
(localised, limited extent
Layer 1
and diffused)
Layer 2 Diffusion
•10
Loads - forces - couples
• External moments
(additional moment,
due to an embedded
flfloor ffor example)
l )
• Horizontal loads
(trapezoidal) Downhill Uphill
• Linear loads
Earthworks
3 different excavation types:

• Simple (possibility to excavate, change water level and apply a
Caquot load on excavation side at the same time)
• With berm
• With sheeting installation (if the « reduced pressures » option
was activated in the initial stage)
Uphill
Downhill
•11
Earthworks
• Fill (with the option to define a separation at formation level,

and/or to apply a Caquot load on top of the fill)
Downhill Uphill
Anchors – Retaining wall
3 types of anchors can be applied and superposed:
• Struts
(unilateral or
bilateral mode)
• Anchors (unilateral
or bilateral mode)
• Rotation springs
(allow for These elements can
definition of a be deactivated in later
rotation stiffness) stages.
•12
Anchors – Retaining wall
• Modification of the wall stiffness
• Wall upraising (additional wall

element on top)
Soil properties
• Modification of the soil properties (separate modification of each

soil parameter, either on one side only, or for both sides at the
same time)
•13
Hydraulic conditions
• Hydraulic gradient
Output
On the main screen: horizontal displacements of the retaining wall,

bending moments, shear forces
•14
Graphical output
In the dedicated output window, additional curves are displayed:

• earth and water pressures on both sides of the wall
• axial forces in anchors
Tabular output
For both sides of the wall:

All values displayed as curves, plus:
• Soil state for each cell
• Vertical effective
pressures
• Limit pressures
on active and
passive sides
• Annular pressure
for a circular
retaining wall
•15
Additional output
Additional results formats are available in K-Rea, such as envelope curves

(final or intermediate), or the results synthesis.
Printings
A printing wizard enables to:

• Select which contents should
be printed
• Setup the printing options
• Send the printings either to a
printer or to the Windows©
clipboard.
•16
Printings
• K-Rea printings (physical printer or pdf generator): example of data

summary and phases synthesis.

K‐Rea v3
•17
Calculation of double walls
General principles:
• K-Rea v3 deals with
double sheetpile walls
made either of a main wall
anchored on a smaller rear
wall, or of 2 parallel walls
(cofferdams or open
excavations for instance)
• 2 levels of linking anchors
maximum
• The input data (soil and
walls) should be defined
f both
for b th walls
ll (it’s
(it’ possible
ibl
to copy data from Wall 1 to
Wall 2 if relevant)
General principles:
• The aim of the calculation is
to find a situation for which forces
at anchoring points are balanced
between both walls
=> iterative process with a
convergence criterion on the forces
in each anchor.
• The only interaction considered
between both walls is the linking
anchor(s) (no interaction through
the soil volume)
•18
General principles:
• ULS checks are NOT available automatically for double walls.
• But it is possible to convert a double-wall project into 2 simple wall
projects, and to perform ULS checks for each wall individually.
Input data
•19
Output
Output
•20
Output

K‐Rea v3
•21
Standard NF P 94-282
• NF P 94-282 : national (french) application standard of EC7 for

retaining walls
• Applies
pp to vertical retaining
g walls: diaphragm
p g walls,, sheetpile
p walls,,
combined walls…
• Defines the failure mechanisms that should be checked and the
global calculation approach
• This presentation is focused on the application of this standard within
K-Rea v3, but the values of partial safety factors may be changed
for each K-Rea project and thus K-Rea may be used for ULS
calculations according to other local application standards of EC7
applying approach n 2.
Vocabulary
• « Design value »:
Ed = m x Ek
Design value Characteristic value
Partial factor
• m ≥ 1 for actions, ≤ 1 for strengths
• Design approach 2
•22
Vocabulary
• « Well-known » calculation models

 LEM: Limit Equilibrium Model
o Limit equilibrium = work with limit active/passive earth
pressures (« available »)
o Suitable for pre-design (for projects with no or one level anchor)
o Does not account for wall stiffness => no displacements
Active earth
pressure
Fa
Passive earth
pressure Fb ΔU
zn zn : transition level
Fca α.Fcb Counter passive

Counter active earth pressure
earth pressure requested
available
z
Vocabulary
• « Well-known » calculation models

 SSIM: Soil Structure Interaction Model
o SSIM – K: subgrade reaction coefficients
o SSIM – F: finite elements or finite differences
ph
Continuum
pb
E, , c’,φ’…
Elastoplastic
p0 springs
pa
dh
•23
Required checks
• ULS checks
1. Global stability
2. Failure on the passive side of the wall
3. Structural strength of the wall
3
4. Stability of the bottom of the excavation
5. Balance of vertical forces
6. Stability of the anchoring block (Kranz)
7. Strength of the anchors
8. Hydraulic stability
• S S checks
SLS
1. Displacements
2. Durability
3. Creeping of anchors
Application in K-Rea v3
Calculation wihout ULS

Calculation with ULS checks
checks
Basic
SLS calculation ULS calculation
calculation
Phases with anchor(s) Cantilver phases
« SSIM" model « SSIM » model « SSIM » model Limit equilibrium

(without weighting (without weighting (with 1,11 applied to model «LEM» (with
factors) factors) variable loads) weighting factors)
Basic results SLS Results ULS results ULS results

‐ Mobilised pressures ‐ Mobilised
M bili d pressures ‐ Mobilised pressure
pressure ‐ Mobilised pressure
pressure
‐ Displacements ‐ Displacements ‐ Displacements ‐ Design forces (Vd, Md)
‐ Forces (V, M) ‐ Forces (V, M) ‐ Charac. forces (Vk, Mk)
‐ Design forces(Vd, Md) ULS checks
‐ Faillure on the passive side
ULS checks ‐ Vertical equilibirum
‐ Faillure on the passive side
‐ Vertical equilibrium
Kranz
‐ Anchoring block stablity
model
•24
Additional data required in K-Rea v3
• Data: definition of partial safety factors
SSIM
general
model
LEM
model
Vertical
forces
Kranz
Construction phases: phase type
Ph
Phase nature
t
(temporary / permanent)
Cantilever or anchored
phase – Automatic
identification
•25
Construction phases: example of actions definition
Distributed surcharge
g on
the soil: permanent or
variable
Linear force
applied to the wall
Failure on the passive side of the wall
• Principle of the check

 Make sure that the available passive earth pressure is superior,
with enough safety, to the passive earth pressure required for
moments equilibrium
 For an « isostatic » system (wall with no or 1 anchor level), failure
on the passive side is equivalent to a insufficient embedment of
the wall
• Calculation models
 Cantilever wall: LEM is compulsory - chapter 8.4.2 – (2)
 Anchored wall: LEM or SSIM.
SSIM Use of LEM method is limited to
phases with one single anchor level
•26
• Phase with anchors (one or several levels of anchors)
Bm,k
 a .B t,k 
b
SSIM model
Passive earth
pressure
Limiting earth B t, k Active earth
pressure
pressure
Bm,k
• Phase with anchors (one or several levels of anchors)
γa γb
Bm,
 a .B
B t,k  mk T
Temporary phase
h 1 35
1,35 11,10
10
b Permanent phase 1,35 1,40
French method (approach 2): Bt,k and Bm,k obtained using a calculation of
“SSIM” type led with coefficient 1,11 applied to characteristic values of
unfavourable variable surcharges
 a x b = 1,50
1 50 for a temporary phase (global safety)
 a x b = 1,90 for a permanent phase (global safety)
•27
• Phase with no anchor (cantilever phase)
Limit equilibrium
method
th d (LEM)
Active earth
pressure
Fa
Passive earth
pressure Fb ΔU
zn zn : transition level
Fca α.Fc
F b Counter passive
Counter active earth pressure
earth pressure requested
available
z

LEM model = calculation with design values !
 Active earth pressures (Fa, Fca):

design values = 1
1,35
35 x characteristic values
 Passive earth pressures (Fb, Fcb):
design values = 1/b x characteristic values
b = 1,40 for permanent phases
b = 1,10 for temporary phases
 Surcharges: design values = q x characteristic values
Nature of the surcharge Favourable Unfavourable

Permanent 1.00 1.35
Variable 0.00 1.50
•28
 Checking the embedment
fb  1,20 f0 Differential
pressure
• fb : embedment « available » O
below the zero differential
pressure point (O) f0
RC fb
• f0 : minimum embedment C
below the zero differential
pressure point (O), required to P
achieve moments equilibrium
(point C, also called critical z
level)
• Output: ULS checks / failure on the passive side
Cantilever phase => LEM model
•29
Structural strength of the wall
• Calculation of ULS forces

 SSIM model (anchored wall)
o Moment: Md = 1,35 x Mk
o Shear force: Vd = 1,35 x Vk
 LEM model (cantilever wall)

o Calculation by integration of pressures implied in the limit
equilibrium of the wall
o Leads directly to design values of forces
o Only method « D » enables integration on the whole height
of the wall
o For method « F », integration downto critical level only
• Check of the wall structural strength

=> EC 3 or 2 depending on the material
ULS forces (SSIM-K calculation)
•60
•30
ULS forces (LEM calculation)
•61
Output: detailed tables, envelope curves, summary tables, etc
•31
Balance of vertical forces
• Goals
 Evaluate the vertical resultant force => check of the heave, bearing
capacity at the bottom of the wall
 Check whether assumed inclinations of active/passive earth
pressures are relevant
 If heave is not structural => adjust these inclinations (active
pressure, passive pressure and counter passive pressure)
 Bearing capacity to be checked according to the relevant standard
for foundations design
• General principle: Rv d  P0  Pv d  Fv d  Tv d
• Rvd : vertical resultant (design value)
• P0 : wall weight
• Pvd : vertical resultant of earth pressures (design value)
• Fvd : vertical resultant of loads applied onto the wall (design value)
• Tvd : vertical resultant of anchor forces (design value)
Balance of vertical forces
Output: ULS checks / balance of vertical forces
•32
Stability of the anchoring block (Kranz)
General principle
• Make sure the free length is long A B
enough to prevent any transfer
of the anchor load to the wall. E Anchor
A ho
α tirant
• Equivalent to checking the Wall
écran
stability of the anchoring block
« ABCDA »
= Kranz model C
• Simplified Kranz model

= plane failure surface (CD):
β
 D: zero shear force point D
 C: effective anchoring point
(middle of grouted part or
bottom of the rear wall)
• Limit equilibrium of the anchoring block

A B
Fe P2 • P1 : wall reaction
E
W θ2 • P2 : uphill active pressure
• Fe : external loads
F
• W : « net » weight
T • T : anchor force
α • Rf : friction strength
• Rc : cohesion strength
C
• φ : friction angle
P1
θ1 Rc
φ        
D
β
Rf R c  R f  W  Fe  P1  P 2  T  0
•33
• Several soil layers => discretisation of the volume in blocks
Block1 Block 2 ... Block n X

A
B
Layer 1
Layer 2
...
Layer i0
C
Layer i0 +1
...
D
Layer i0+n
• Equilibrium of an « isolated block »

Bloc « k »
Fe(k)
V2(k) Bishop assumption

V1(k)
W(k) H2(k) V1(k) = 0 et V2(k) = 0
H1(k)
Ck
Rc (k)
φk
Dk
Rf(k)
•34
• Resolving the general equilibrium

Resolution with « successive equilibriums »:
3n-1 equations, 3n-1 unknowns
P2
Tdst
Fe3+W3
Rc3+Rf3
H2/2=H1/3 Action/Reaction
Fe2+W2 H1(k) = H2(k-1)
Rc2+Rf2
H2/1=H1/2
Fe1+W1 Rc1+Rf1
P1
• Check:
Tdsb,k
Tdsb,d 
1 10
1,10
Tref,d  Tdsb,d
Tref,d  1,35 Tref
• Tdsb,k : characteristic value of the destabilising force

• Tref,k
ref k : characteristic value of the anchor force
•35
• Case with several anchors (example)
A B2 B3 B1
α1
Wall
α2
α3 C2
C1
C3
A B1
α1 Situation 1
Situation 1
α2 All 3 anchors are

taken into account
T2
T1
α3 C2
T3 C1
C3
•36
A B2
α1 Situation 2
Situation 2
α2 Only anchor 2 is
T2
taken into account
α3 C2
C1
C3

A B3
Situation 3
α1
α2 Anchors 2 and 3 are

T2 taken into account
C2
α3
T3 C1
C3
•37
Output: ULS checks / Kranz
Contact us
Thank you for your attention
TERRASOL – Software department

Immeuble Central Seine
42/52, quai de la Râpée
75583 PARIS CEDEX 12
FRANCE
Phone: +33 1 82 51 52 00
Fax: +33 1 82 51 52 99
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.terrasol.com
•38

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Logiciel

• Overview of K‐Rea v3 features and capabilities

February 2012 Page 2

The subgrade reaction method allows for the analysis of flexible

February 2012 Page 3

The calculation method

• The wall is assumed to extend to infinity in the out-of-plane direction

February 2012 Page 4

• The retaining wall is assumed to be a flexible beam, laying on

• Soil layers are modeled as

February 2012 Page 5

Elasto-plastic soil behaviour

February 2012 Page 6

Soil behaviour changes

Soil behaviour changes

February 2012 Page 7

Soil behaviour varies depending on loading conditions:

• Δpi = kr Δσ’v if Δσ’v > 0 with kr: reloading coefficient

As the initial state is modified, the displacement required to reach

February 2012 Page 8

Required data include:

 Retaining wall properties

February 2012 Page 9

February 2012 Page 10

Earth pressure obliquities Coefficients specific Various wizards

February 2012 Page 11

Active and passive earth pressure coefficients

 Kérisel and Absi (tables)

February 2012 Page 12

 cos   cos 2   cos 2  

Caquot formulae for ca and cp:

1  cos   sin  cos      tan  

February 2012 Page 13

Subgrade reaction modulus

February 2012 Page 14

Possibility to define a cylindric rigidity

+ wizards for continuous walls,

February 2012 Page 15

Definition of construction stages

In K-Rea, the construction stages are completely defined

• Creation of new calculation stages

February 2012 Page 16

February 2012 Page 17

Definition of construction stages

Various action types are used to define the construction stages.

February 2012 Page 18

These actions can be applied only once, in

• « Caquot » load (uniform and

February 2012 Page 19

Loads - forces - couples

February 2012 Page 20

February 2012 Page 21

3 different excavation types:

February 2012 Page 22

• Fill (with the option to define a separation at formation level,

February 2012 Page 23

Anchors – Retaining wall

3 types of anchors can be applied and superposed:

February 2012 Page 24