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Inductive Effect.... (Note)

The document discusses various effects that influence molecular structure and reactivity, including inductive effect, electromeric effect, hyperconjugation, and resonance effect. The inductive effect results in partial charges on polar covalent bonds from electron shifts and propagates through carbon chains. Electromeric effect is a temporary polarity from electron shifts during reactions. Hyperconjugation involves delocalization of C-H bonding electrons to stabilize unsaturated systems. Resonance effect describes molecules with delocalized pi electrons across canonical structures, increasing stability.

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NorUddin Sayeed
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308 views4 pages

Inductive Effect.... (Note)

The document discusses various effects that influence molecular structure and reactivity, including inductive effect, electromeric effect, hyperconjugation, and resonance effect. The inductive effect results in partial charges on polar covalent bonds from electron shifts and propagates through carbon chains. Electromeric effect is a temporary polarity from electron shifts during reactions. Hyperconjugation involves delocalization of C-H bonding electrons to stabilize unsaturated systems. Resonance effect describes molecules with delocalized pi electrons across canonical structures, increasing stability.

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NorUddin Sayeed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Inductive Effect

It is just like shifting of shared pair of electrons in polar covalent molecules. If shared
pair is more shifted towards the more electronegative atom, the less electronegative
atom acquires slight positive charge and more electronegative atom acquires partial
negative charge, e.g.,

It is a permanent effect and propagates through carbon chain.

Atoms or groups having greater electron affinity than hydrogen. are said to have
electron attracting or negative inductive effect (- I) while that having, smaller electron
affinity than hydrogen are said to have electron releasing or positive inductive effect
(+ I) e.g.,

Here, Cl has – I effect and alkyl group has + I effect.


Order of groups producing – I effect is

Order of groups producing + I effect is

Applications of Inductive Effect


1. Presence of groups showing + I effect increases the stability of carbocation while
presence of groups showing – I effect decreases their stability.
2. Strength of acid increases with the attachment of group showing – 1 effect and
decreases with the attachment of group showing + I effect.
3. Presence of + I showing groups increase the basic strength of amines.
4. Reactivity of carbonyl compound is increased by – I showing groups.
5. Reactivity of alkyl halides towards SN 1 is increased by + 1 showing groups.
Electromeric Effect
It is defined as the polarity produced in a multiple bonded compound as a reagent
approaches it. In the presence of attacking reagent, the two π electrons are completely
transferred to any of the one atom. This effect is temporary.

This may be of + E type (when displacement of electron pair is away from the atom or
group) or of – E type (when the displacement is towards the atom or group). e.g.,

Hyperconjugation
It involves delocalisation of σ electron of a C – H bond of an alkyl group attached
directly to anatom of unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p-orbital.

This effect is also called no bond formation or Baker Nathan effect.

Applications of Hyperconjugation

(i) Stability of alkenes More the number of a-hydrogen atoms, more stable is
the alkene.

(ii) Stability of carbocation Greater the number of alkyl groups attached to a


positively charged carbon atom, the greater is the stability.

Resonance Effect
When all the properties of a molecule cannot be shown by a single structure and two
or more structures are required to show all the properties of that molecule, then the
structures are called resonating structures or canonical forms and the molecule is
referred as resonance hybrid. This phenomenon is called resonance.
In resonance,
1. The arrangement of atoms must be identical in all the formulae.
2. The energy content of all the canonical forms must be nearly same.
3. Each canonical form must have the same number of unpaired electrons.
It involves delocalisation of 1t electrons. This effect may be of + R type or – R type.

Positive Resonance Effect (+R)

Electron donating groups with respect to conjugate system show +R effect. Central
atom of functional groups should be more electronegative than the surrounding atoms
or groups to show +R effect. e.g., halogens, -OH. -OR, -OCOR, -NH2,-NHCOR etc.

Electron donating groups producing. + R effect are ortho and para directing. ‘They
activate the benzene ring towards the electrophilic Substitution reactions except
halogens. Halogens slightly deactivate the benzene ring towards the electrophilic
substitution reaction. More the E.D.G. more is the basic nature.

Negative Resonance Effect (-R)

Electron withdrawing groups with respect to conjugate system show – R effect.


Central atom of functional groups should be less electronegative than surrounding
atoms or groups to show – R effect. e.g., halogens, – COOH,- COOR,- CHO,- CN,-
NO2 etc.

Electron withdrawing group (E.W.G.) producing – R effect are meta directing. They
deactivate the benzene ring towards the electrophilic substitution reaction. More the
E.W.G, more is the acidic nature.
Resonance Energy
Number of π bonds ∝ contributing structures ∝ resonance energy ∝ stability.
In benzene, resonance energy is 36 kcal/mol.

Stability of Canonical Forms


It can be judged by the following rules :
1. Non-polar structure is more stable than the polar structure.
2. Among polar structures, structure with maximum number of covalent bonds is most
stable.
3. The structure with maximum charge separation is more stable.
4. Structure with positive charge on more electropositive element and negative charge
on more electronegative element is more stable.

Resonance and Bond order

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