ICSE Class 10 Physics Chapter 02 Work Energy and Power

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Work, Energy and Power

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SYLLABUS
(i) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.

Scope of syllabus : Definition of work. W = FS cos 0; special cases of 8 = 0°, 90°. W = mgh. Definition of energy, energy
as work done. Various units of work and energy and their relation with S.I. units. [erg, calorie, kWh and eV]. Definition
of power, P = Wit; S.I. and C.GS. units; other units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW); and horse power
(1 HP = 746 W) [Simple numerical problems on work, power and energy].
(ii) Different types of energy (e.g., chemical energy, mechanical energy, heat energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy,
sound energy, light energy).
Scope of syllabus : Mechanical energy : potential energy U = mgh (derivation included), gravitational potential energy,
examples; kinetic energy K = ½

mv1 (derivation included); forms of kinetic energy : translational, rotational and
vibrational - only simple examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only in case of translational motion]; qualitative
discussions of electrical, chemical, heat, nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from one form to another; common
examples.
(iii) Principle of conservation of energy.

Scope of syllabus : Statement of the principle of conservation of energy; theoretical verification that U + K = constant for
a freely falling body. Application of this law to simple pendulum (qualitative only); simple numerical problems.
(A) WORK, ENERGY AND POWER, THEIR MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS
2.1 WORK
(Fig. 2.1), a cyclist while pedalling a cycle, a
In our daily language, the word 'work' is used horse while pulling a cart, a boy going upstairs,
for some sort of exertion (physical or mental) or a coolie lifting a load, all exert the force which
for various activities such as while writing, produces motion, so they do work.
reading or eating, we say that we are doing work.
But in Physics, the term 'work' is used in relation
to the displacement produced by a force. The
work is said to be done only when a body moves
under the influence of a force. If there is no MOTION
displacement of the body even when a force acts

on it, the work done is said to be zero. Thus, --------
Work is said to be done only when the force Fig. 2.1 Pushing the car, work is being done
However, if a man --
applied on a body makes the body move (i.e.,
tries to push a wall
there is a displacement of the body).
(Fig. 2.2) or a child tries to push a heavy stone
and they are unable to move it, then scientifically
For example, a man while pushing a car
no work is being done by them.
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Here we assume that the force does not
change during the displacement and it acts
throughout the displacement.
NO MOTION In eqn. (2.1), if S = 0, then W = 0. Thus
If a force acts on a body and the body does not
move i.e., displacement is zero, then no work
is done.
Fig. 2.2 Pushing the wall, no work is being
done Work is a scalar quantity.
Similarly, a coolie does no work while Expression of work (W = FS cos 8)
standing with a heavy load on his head It is not necessary that the force always causes
(although he feels tired), since the displacement the displacement of the body in its own direction.
of load is zero. If under some circumstances, a force displaces the
2.2 MEASUREMENT OF WORK body in a direction other than the direction of
force, then we can determine the amount of work
If forces F1 and F2 (where F1 > F2) move
two different bodies by the same distance, the done by the force in two ways : (1) by finding the
component of displacement of the body in the
work done by the force F1 is said to be more
than that by the force F2. Similarly, if a force F direction of force, and (2) by finding the
component of force in the direction of
moves the bodies 1 and 2 by distances S1 and S2
displacement.
respectively (where S1 > S2), the work done
by the force F on body 1 is said to be more (1) By fmding the component of displacement
than on body 2. Thus the amount of work along the force : In Fig. 2.4, suppose a
done depends on both factors : the magnitude of constant force F acts on a body along AB
the force applied, and the magnitude of the and displaces the body on an inclined surface
displacement. from A to C. The displacement of the body
is AC = S, which is at an angle 0 to the
The amount of work done by a force is equal direction of force. To find the component of
to the product of the force and the displacement displacement in the direction of force (i.e.,
of the point of application of the force in the along AB), a perpendicular CB is drawn from
direction of force. the point C on AB. Then the component of
i.e., Work= Force x displacement of the point of displacement in the direction of force is AB.
application of force in the direction
of force
: IC
F
o<v <v 1
A I
!
s ;s c
() ' !!
Fig. 2.3 Work done by a force n••••-
--- 8 !
In Fig. 2.3, suppose a constant force F ••••• •••••••·•-•••••••·•••• ••••••••••••••••• 1••• • ••• •••••••••••••••-
displaces a body from position A to position B Seas 8----1B

along its own direction. Then the displacement of Fig. 2.4 Work done by a force when the displacement
is not along the force by taking the component of
the body is AB (= S), and the work done is displacement along the force
IW= F x sl...........(2.1)* Hence, work done W = F x AB
* In eqn. (2.1), the sign "x" means simple multiplication of two scalars F and S which are the magnitudes of force and
displacement·respectively. It does not mean the cross or vector product of two vectors F and S .
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But in the right angled ABC, (or scalar product) of force and displacement
base AB AB vectors. The dot product of two vectors is a
cos 0= =-
hypotenuse scalar. In vector form, work done W is written
=-
AC as W = F•S
or AB= S cos 0
I
Hence, W = F x S cos 0 I.............(2.2) Special cases
or W = Force x component of displacement in Case (i) : If the displacement is in the direction
the direction of force of force, i.e., 0 = 0°, then cos 0° = 1.
(2) By finding the component of force along W=FxS
the displacement : In Fig. 2.5, if PA The work done is positive.
represents the magnitude and direction of Examples : (1) In free fall of a body of mass
force F acting on the body, then the m under gravity through a height h from A to B
component of force F in the direction of (Fig. 2.6), the force of gravity F (= mg) is in the
displacement (i.e., along AC) is NA. direction of displacement S (= h) and the work
done by the force of gravity is W = FS = mgh.
m A
<.v
G <2, F=mg
<::>' <? Direction of motionl
(or displacement)
p F 0 h
·- ----·--···········
\ - •. A B Note : Since force F and displacement S
'v v· !i>III
. .•Nc,O are vector quantities and work W is a scalar
Fig. 2.5 Work done by a force when the displacement quantity, so work is expressed as the dot product
is not along the force by taking the component of
force along the displaceme11t
Therefore, work done
W = NAxAC = NAxS
But from right-angled PNA,
NA = PA cos 0 = F cos 0
Then work done W = F cos 8 x I sl...
(2.3)
or Work= Component of force in the direction of

displacement x displacement
From eqns. (2.2) or (2.3), it is clear that the
work done is equal to the product of
(i) magnitude of force F,
(ii) magnitude of displacement S, and
(iii) cosine of the angle 0 between the
directions of force F and displacement S
(i.e., cos 0 ).
()
Hence the work done is zero.
B Examples : (1) When a coolie walks on a
Fig. 2.6 Positive work done by the force of horizontal ground while carrying a load on his
gravity in free fall.
head, no work is done against the force of gravity
(2) A coolie does work on the load when he because the displacement of load is normal to the
raises it up against the force of gravity. Both the direction of force of gravity (which is vertically
force exerted by coolie (= mg) and the downwards).
displacement (= h), are in upward direction. The Note : The coolie does work against the
work done in raising the load = mgh. force of friction when he moves with the load.
Case (ii) : If the displacement is normal to the (2) When a body moves in a circular path in
direction of force, i.e., 0 = 90°, then cos 90° = 0.
a horizontal plane, no work is done since the
· W=O centripetal force on the body is directed towards
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B()
F
-- -o F=mg
s go•
h tI Direction of motion
(or displacement)
Fig. 2.7 Zero work done by the centripetal

A
force in circular motion
F=mg
the centre of circular path and the displacement Fig. 2.8 Negative work done by the force of gravity
at all instants is along the tangent to the circular in upward motion
path, i.e., normal to the direction of force on the
Note : If the force is variable (i.e., force
body as shown in Fig. 2.7. It is for this reason
varies during the displacement), the work done
that in a circular path, the kinetic energy and
is determined by plotting a force-displacement
hence the speed of the body does not change
graph. The force is taken on Y-axis and the
although a force acts on the body. Further on
displacement (in the direction of force) is taken
completion of one complete rotation, the total
on X-axis. The area enclosed by the sketch and
displacement of the body becomes zero, so the
the displacment axis (i.e., X-axis) gives the
work done in one complete rotation is zero.
work done. In Fig. 2.9, the force F is directly
Conditions for the work done by a force to be proportional to the displacement and the
zero : From the above discussion, it is clear that graph for force against displacement is an
the amount of work done by a force is zero in the inclined straight line OA. The work done by
following two situations : the force in displacment S is equal to the area
(1) when there is no displacement (S = 0), and of the
(2) when the displacement is normal to the triangle OAB (= ½F x S) which is shown
direction of force (0 = 90°). shaded in Fig. 2.9.
y
Case (iii) : If the displacement is in a
direction opposite to the force, i.e., 0 = 180°, then F ----------
cos 180° = -1.
i
W=-FxS
The work done is negative. This is usually the
case when the force opposes the motion or it tries !"'------- x
O Displacement S S
B
to stop a moving body.

Fig. 2.9 Work done by a variable force
Examples : (1) When a body moves on a
This method is applicable in all situations.
sarface, the force of friction between the body
If the force is constant (i.e., it does not change
and surface is in direction opposite to the motion
with the displacement), the sketch on graph
of the body, therefore, the work done by the force
will be a straight line parallel to the X-axis
of friction is negative.
and the area of the rectangle enclosed between
(2) When a ball of mass m is thrown the straight line and the X-axis will be equal
upwards from A to B to a height h (Fig. 2.8), to the work done.
the displacement h (upwards) is opposite to the 2.3 WORK DONE BY THE FORCE OF
direction of force of gravity mg (downwards),
GRAVITY W = mgh
so the work done by the force of gravity mg m
displacement his W = -mgh i.e., negative. Let a body of mass m be moved down
through a vertical height h either directly or
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through an inclined plane (e.g. a hill, slope or
stairs). The force of gravity on the body is Thus ! 1 joule = 10 7
erg................... (2.5)
F = mg acting vertically downwards and the
2.5 POWER (P = Wit)
vertical displacement in the direction of force is
Definition
S = h. Therefore the work done by the force of
gravity is The rate of doing work is called power.
I
W=FS=mgh I
...(2.4)
Power is a scalar quantity.
Thus work done by the force of gravity is Measurement of power : The power spent by
same whether a person comes down from a a source is measured as the amount of work done
certain height using the stairs* or slope or a lift per second by the source (or it is equal to the rate
(or elevator). of doing work by the source).
Similarly, if a boy of mass m goes up through If work W is done in time t, then
a vertical height h either directly or through the Work done W
stairs or slope or lift, the work W = - mgh is Power P = Time taken t
done by the force of gravity 'bn the boy (or the
work W = mgh is done by the boy against the or ... (2.6)
force of gravity).
2.4 UNITS OF WORK Thus power spent by a source depends on the
S.I. unit : The S.I. unit of work is joule. It is following two factors :
abbreviated as J. (1) the amount of work done by the source,
Since work = force x displacement and
1 joule = 1 newton x 1 metre (2) the time taken by the source to do the
Thus, said work.
If a machine (or a person) does a given
. 1 joule of work is said to be done when a force
amount of work in a less time, more
of 1 newton displaces a body through a
power is spent by it (or him).
distance of I metre in its own direction.
Example : If a coolie A takes 1 minute, to
Bigger units of work are kilo-joule (kJ), lift a load to the roof of a bus, while another
mega-joule (MJ) and giga-joule (GJ), where coolie B takes 2 minutes to lift the same load to
1 kJ = 103 J, 1 MJ = 106 J and 1 GJ = 109 J. the roof of the same bus, the work done by both
C.G.S. unit : The C.GS. unit of work is erg, the coolies is same, but the power spent by
where 1 erg = 1 dyne x 1 cm. coolie A is twice the power spent by coolie B
Thus, because the coolie A does work at double the rate
(i.e., in half the time).
1 erg of work is said to be done when a force
of I dyne displaces a body through a distance Note : If a constant force Facts on a body
of 1 cm in its own direction. and it displaces the body by a distance S (in the
direction of force) in time t, then work done
Relationship between joule and erg
W= FxS
1 joule = 1 N x 1 m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm and Power p= W = F x
t t
:. 1 joule = 105 dyne x 102 cm But
S s
-t = v (average speed)
= 10 7
dyne x cm = 107 erg Power = Force x average speed
... (2.7)
* For stairs, h = number of stairs x height of each stair. or P = Fx v
23
2.6 UNITS OF POWER energy and work are related to each other. We can
S.I. unit : The S.I. unit of power is watt. It define energy as follows :
is abbreviated as W.
The energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
If I joule of work is done in I second, the
power spent is said to be 1 watt. Like work, energy is also a scalar quantity.
ljoule 2.8 UNITS OF ENERGY
i.e., 1 watt = lsecond 1 J s-1
The units of energy are same as that of work.
Bigger units of power are kilowatt (kW),
(1) The S.I. unit of energy is joule (J) and the
megawatt (MW) and gigawatt (GW), where
C.GS. unit of energy is erg, where
1 kW = 103 W; 1 MW = 106 W and 1 GW = 109
1 J = 107 erg.
W
(2) The bigger units of energy are : (i) watt
Smaller units of power are milliwatt (mW) and
hour (Wh) and (ii) kilowatt hour (kWh).
microwatt (µW), where
(i) Watt hour : One watt hour (1 Wh) is the
1 mW= 10-3 Wand 1 µW = 10--{)W.
energy spent (or work done) by a source
C.GS. unit : The C.GS. unit of power is erg of power 1 Win 1 h, i.e.,
per second (erg s-1).
1 watt hour (Wh) = 1 watt x 1 hour
Relationship between the S.I. unit and C.GS. unit = 1 J s-l X 3600 S
I 1 W = 1 J s- = 10 erg s- I
1 7 1
= 3600 J = 3-6 kJ (2.9)
Horse power : It is another unit of power, (ii) Kilowatt hour : One kilowatt hour (1
largely used in mechanical engineering. It is kWh) is the energy spent (or work done)
related to the S.I. unit watt as below : by a source of power 1 kW in 1 h. i.e.,
I 1 H.P. = 746 w = 0-746 kW I.....(2.8) 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1 kilowatt x 1 hour
= 1000 J s-l X 3600 S
Difference between work and power
= 3-6 x 10 6
J = 3-6 MJ
Work Power .. .(2.10)
1. Work done by a 1. Power of a source is
the rate of doing Note : W (watt) and kW (kilowatt) are the
force is equal to the
product of force and work by it. units of power, while Wh (watt hour) and kWh
the displacement in (kilowatt hour) are the units of work or energy
the direction of force. since power x time = work or energy.
2. Work done does not 2. Power spent depends
depend on time. (3) Calorie : Heat energy is usually measured in
on the time in which
calorie.
work is done.
3. S.I. unit ofwork is 3. S.I. unit of power is 1 calorie is the energy (heat) required in
joule (J). watt (W).
2.7 ENERGY (Energy as work done)
A body capable of doing work is said to raising the temperature of 1 g of water
possess energy. The energy possessed by a body from 14-5°C to 15-5°C (or through 1°C).
is measured by the amount of work that the-body It is related to joule as
can perform. When a body does work, its energy 1 J = 0·24 calorie or 1 calorie= 4·18 J ...
decreases, while if work is done on the body, its (2.11) kilocalorie is a bigger unit of heat
energy increases. It means that whenever work is
energy
done, there is always a transfer of energy. Thus
1 kilocalorie = 1000 calorie = 4180 J
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(4)Electron volt : The energy of atomic Difference between energy and power
particles is very small, so it is measured
in electron volt (eV).
Energy Power
1. Energy of a body is 1. Power of a source is
1 eV is the energy gained by an electron its capacity to do the rate at which
when it is accelerated through a potential work. energy is supplied by it.
difference of I volt. i.e., 2. Energy spent does 2. Power depends on the
1 eV = charge on an electron x 1 volt not depend on time. time in which energy is
= 1·6 x 10-19 coulomb x 1 volt spent.
= 1·6 x 10-19 joule 3. S.I. unit of energy is 3. S.I. unit of power is
or I1 eV = 1-6 x 10- J I
19
(2.12) joule (J). watt (W).
EXAMPLES
1. A crane pulls up a car of mass 500 kg to a (i) Work done by the boy
vertical height of 4 m. Calculate the work done
WI = Fl x h = 400 x 6 = 2400 J
by the crane.
Work done by the girl
In order to raise the car, the crane has to do work
against the force of gravity. Therefore, the force w2 = F2 x h = 300 x 6 = 1800 J
required to lift the car F = mg w, : w2 = 2400 : 1800 = 4 : 3
= 500 x 9·8 = 4900 N. . Work done
(1i) Power developed = T'une tak en
Displacement S = vertical height moved = 4 m.
Here, t1 = 2 min= 120 s; t2 = 1·5 min= 90 s
Work done W = F S = 4900 x 4 = 19600 J
Power developed by boy
2. A force of 10 N displaces a body by a distance of
2 m at an angle 60° to its own direction. Find the w, 2400 J
amount of work done. p I = -;;- = 120S = 20 W
Given : F = 10 N, S = 2 m, 0 = 60°, Power developed by girl
Work = Force x displacement in the direction of W2 1800 J
force P2= ,; = =20W
or W = F x S cos 0 P1 : P2 = 20 : 20 = 1 : 1
:. W = 10 x 2 cos 60° = 10 x 2 x ½ (·: cos 60° Alternative : (i) Since height climbed is same,
=½) m1gh 40 4
= 10 J W2 = migh= mi = 30= 3
3. A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up a flight of 30
steps
each of 20 cm high in 2 min and a girl of mass (ii) W1 4 1·5 1
- - W- ,
lt1 t-
2-
- x- -
-- x
30 kg does the same in l·S min. Compare : (i) the
work done, and (ii) the power developed by them
P2- W2 I t2 - W2 t1- 3 2- t
(g = 10 m s-2) 4. A force of 15 N is required to pull up a body of
mass 2 kg through a distance S m along an
While climbing, both the boy and girl have to do
inclined plane making an angle of 30° with the
work against their force of gravity.
horizontal as shown in Fig. 2.9.
Force of gravity of boy
Calculate : ./
F1 = m1g = 40 x 10 = 400 N (i) the work done by the/ /
Force of gravity of girl force in pulling
F2 = g = 30 x 10 = 300 N the body, _/
Total height climbed up
h = number of steps x height of each step
f, 30°
C
= 30 x 20 cm = 600 cm = 6 m mg Fig. 2.9
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(ii) the force d{?e fB! uict Jr , https://ww cAt fM.2 n / of&r1ngine will always be
(iii) the work done against the force due to gravity. less than 100%.
Take : g = 9·8 m s- •
2 An eIectn•c motor power 100 1s use d to
o f W.
6.
(iv) Account for the difference in answers of drive the stirrer in a water bath. If 50% of the
part (i) and part (iii). energy supplied to the motor is spent in stirring
(i) Work done by the force in pulling the body up the water, calculate the work done on water in
W = Force x displacement in the direction of one minute.
force= 15 N x 5 m = 75 J Given, power supplied= 100 W, time t = 1 minute= 60
(ii) Force due to gravity on the body s Power used in stirring the water
F = mg = 2 x 9-8 = 19·6 N = 50% of the power supplied
50
(iii) Work done against the force due to = 100 X 100 W = 50 W
gravity W' = Force due to gravity x vertical Work done on water = power used x time
height moved = 50 W X 60 S = 3000 J
= mg x BC 7. A man exerts a force of 200 N in pulling a cart
But in right angled Li ACB, sin 30° = at a constant speed of 16 m s-1• Calculate the
power spent by man.
BC = AB sin 30°
Given, force= 200 N, velocity= 16 m s-1
HenceW' = mg x AB sin 30° Power = force x velocity
1
= 19-6 X 5 Xz (-: sin 30° = = 200 N x 16 m s-1 = 3200 W
= 49 J ½) 8. The work done by the heart is 1 J per beat.
(iv) We note that W > W'. The difference in work Calculate the power of the heart if it beats
W and W' is 75 J - 49 J = 16 J. Actually 16 J 72 times in 1 minute.
is the work done against the force of friction Given : Number of beats in 1 minute = 72
between the body and the inclined plane. 72
:. Number of beats per second = 60 = 1-2
5. Calculate the power of an engine required to lift Power of heart = work done per second
1()5 kg of coal per hour from a mine 360 m deep.
( Take g = 10 m s-2). = work done per beat
x number of beats in 1 second
Given: m = 105 kg, g = 10 m s-2, h = 360 m,
= 1 J X 1·2 s-l
t = 1 h = 60 x 60 s = 3600 s
= 1·2 J s-1 (or 1·2 W)
The work needed in lifting a mass m to a height h
9. Express 5 kWh into joule.
against the force due to gravity is
1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 1000 W x (60 x 60 s)
W = mg x h = mgh
= 3-6 X 106 J
and Power P = mgh
Work done
= 5 kWh = 5 x 3-6 x 106 J
Time taken t = 1•8 X 107 J
1 1 360 5 10. The energy of an electron is 4·0 x 10-19 J. Express
:. P= : = 10 W = 100 kW
it in eV.
Note : In fact, the actual power of the engine will Since 1 eV = 1·6 x 10-19 J
be much more than 100 kW because (i) some energy 4-0xt0-19
will get wasted in overcoming the force of friction, 4-0 x 19
10- J = eV 2·5 eV
1•6x10-19
1. Define work. When is work said to be done by a at an angle to the direction of displacement ?
force?
2. How is the work done by a force measured when
(i) force is in direction of displacement, (ii) force is
3. A force F acts on a body and displaces it by a direction of force. (a) Write the expression for the
distance S in a direction at an angle 8 with the work done by the force. (b) What should be the
angle between the force and displacement to get
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(i) zero, (ii) maximum, work ?
13. What are the S.I. and C.G.S uruts of work? How
Ans. (a) F S cos 0, (b) (i) 90° (ii) 0°
are they related ? Establish the relationship.
4. A body is acted upon by a force. State two 14. State and define the S.I. unit of work.
conditions when the work done is zero.
15. Express joule in terms of erg.
5. State the condition when the work done by a force
16. A body of mass m falls down through a height h.
is (a) positive, (b) negative. Explain with the help of
Obtain an expression for the work done by the force
examples.
of gravity.
6. A body is moved in a direction opposite to the 17. A boy of mass m climbs up the stairs of vertical
direction of force acting on it. State whether the height h.
work is done by the force or work is done against
the force. (a) What is the work done by the boy against the
force of gravity ?
Ans. Work is done against the force.
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses
7. When a body moves in a circular path, how much
a lift in climbing the same vertical height ?
work is done by the body? Give reason.
Ans. (a) mgh, (b) mgh
(Hint : The body is acted upon by the centripetal 18. Define the term energy and state its S.I. urut.
force) Ans. Zero
19. What physical quantity does the electron volt (eV)
Reason : Force is normal to displacement.
measure ? How is it related to the S.I. unit of that
8. A satellite revolves around the earth in a circular quantity ? Ans. Energy, 1 eV = 1 6 x 10-19
orbit. What is the work done by the satellite ? J
Give reason. Ans. Zero 20. Complete the following sentences :
Reason : Force of gravity on the satellite is normal (a) 1 J = calorie.
to its displacement.
(b) 1 kWh =...........J.
9. State whether work is done or not by writing yes or Ans. (a) 0·24 (b) 3·6 x 106
no, in the following cases ?
21. Name the physical quantity which is measured in
(a) A man pushes a wall.
calorie. How is it related to the S.I. unit of that
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for quantity ?
15 min. Ans. Heat energy, I calorie = 4-18 joule
(c) A boy cijmbs up 20 stairs. 22. Define a kilowatt hour. How is it related to joule ?
Ans. (a) No (b) No (c) Yes 23. Define the term power. State its S.I. unit.
24. State two factors on which power spent by a source
10. A coolie X carrying a load on his head climbs up depends. Explain your answer with examples.
a slope and another coolie Y carrying the 25. Differentiate between work and power.
identical load on his head moves the same 26. Differentiate between energy and power.
distance on a frictionless horizontal platform.27. State and define the S.I. unit of power.
Who does more work ? Explain the reason.
28. (a) Name the physical quantity measured in terms
Ans. Coolie X does work against the force of
of horse power.
gravity while coolie Y does no work because his
displacement is normal to the force of gravity. (b) How is horse power related to the S.I. unit of
11. The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch power?
in a cricket match, is negative. Explain. 29. Differentiate between watt and watt hour.
Ans. The fielder applies force opposite to the 30.
Name the quantity which is measured in
direction of displacement of the ball.
(a) kWh (b) kW (c) Wh (d) eV.
12. Give an example when work done by the force of Ans. (a) Energy, (b) Power, (c) Energy, (d) Energy
gravity acting on a body is zero even though the
body gets displaced from its initial position. MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
Ans. A coolie while moving on the 1. One horse power is equal to :
horizontal ground with a load does no (a) 1000 W (b) 500 W
work against
the force of gravity.
(c) 764 W (d) 746 W. Ans. (d) 746 W
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2. kWh 1s the umt of : (c) the power r a t m· g of the pump 1'f· its eff1ic·1ency
1·s
(a) power (b) force 40%. (Take g = IO m s-2)
(c) energy (d) none of these usefulpower
Ans. (c) energy Efficiency= powerm. put]
[Hin:t
NUMERICALS Ans. (a) 4 x 105 J (b) 40 kW (c) 100 kW
1. A body, when acted upon by a force of 10 kgf, gets
9. An ox can apply a maximum force of 1000 N. It is
displaced by 0-5 m. Calculate the work done by the
taking part in a cart race and is able to pull the cart
force, when the displacement is (i) in the direction
at a constant speed of 30 m s-1 while making its best
of force, (ii) at an angle of 60° with the force, and
effort. Calculate the power developed by the ox.
(iii) normal to the force. (g = 10 N kg-1)
Ans. (i) 50 J (ii) 25 J (iii) zero Ans. 30 kW
10. The power of a motor is 40 kW. At what speed can
2. A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up the stairs and
the motor raise a load of 20,000 N ? Ans. 2 m s-1
reaches the roof at a height 8 m in 5 s. Calculate :
(i) the force of gravity acting on the boy, 11. Rajan exerts a force of 150 N in pulling a cart at
(ii) the work done by him against the force of a constant speed of 10 m s-1• Calculate the power
gravity, exerted. Ans. 1500 W
(iii) the power spent by the boy. 12. A boy weighing 350 N climbs up the 30 steps,
(Take g = IO m s-2) each 20 cm high in 1 minute. Calculate : (i) the
Ans. (i) 400 N (ii) 3200 J (iii) 640 W work done, and (ii) the power spent.
Ans. (i) 2100 J, (ii) 35 W
3. A man spends 6•4 kJ energy in displacing a body
13. It takes 20 s for a person A of mass 50 kg to climb
by 64 m in the direction in which he applies force,
up the stairs, while another person B of same mass
in 2·5 s. Calculate : (i) the force applied, and (ii)
does the same in 15 s. Compare the (i) work done,
the power spent (in H.P.) by the man.
and (ii) power developed by the persons A and B.
Ans. (i) 100N, (ii) 3.43
H.P. Ans. (i) l : 1 (ii) 3 : 4
4. A weight lifter lifted a load of 200 kgf to a 14. A boy of weight 40 kgf climbs up the 15 steps, each
height of 2-5 m in 5 s. Calculate : (i) the work 15 cm high in 10 sand a girl of weight 20 kgf does
done, and (ii) the power developed by him. the same in 5 s. Compare : (i) the work done, and
Take g =ION kg-1. Ans. (i) 5000 J, (ii) 1000 (ii) the power developed by them. Take g = 10 N k-g1.
W Ans. (i) 2 : 1, (ii) l : 1
5. A machine raises a load of 750 N through a height
of 16 m in 5 s. Calculate :
(i) the energy spent by the machine, 15. A man raises a box of mass 50 kg to a height
(ii) the power of the machine if it is 100% efficient. of 2 m in 20 s, while another man raises the same
Ans. (i) 12000 J (ii) 2400 W box to the same height in 50 s.
(a) Compare : (i) the work done, and (ii) the power
6. An electric heater of power 3 kW is used for 10 h.
developed by them.
How much energy does it consume ? Express your
answer in (i) kWh, (ii) joule. (b) Calculate : (i) the work done, and (ii) the power
Ans. (i) 30 kWh, (ii) 1·08 x 108 J. developed by each man. Take g = IO N kg-1.
Ans. (a) (i) 1 : 1 (ii) 5 : 2,
7. A water pump raises 50 litre of water through a
(b) (i) 1000 J, 1000 J (ii) 50 W, 20 W
height of 25 m in 5 s. Calculate the power of the
pump required. 16. A boy takes 3 minutes to lift a 20 litre water bucket
from a 20 m deep well, while his father does it in
(Take g = 10 N kg-1 and density of water
2 minutes. (a) Compare : (i) the work, and (ii)
= 1000 kg m-3). Ans. 2500 W
power developed by them. (b) How much
8. A pump is used to lift 500kgof water from a depth work each
of 80 m in 10 s. Calculate : does ? Take density of water = 103 kg m-3 and
(a) the work done by the pump, g = 9-8 N kg-1•
(b) the power at which the pump works, and
Ans. (a) (i) work 1 : l, (ii) power 2 : 3, (b) work done by each= 3-92 kJ
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(B) DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY
2.9 MECHANICAL ENERGY AND ITS energy of a body at a point is the amount
DIFFERENT FORMS of work done by the force of attraction of
The energy possessed by a body due to its earth in bringing that body from infinity
state of rest or of motion, is called the mechanical to that point.
energy. It is in two fonns : (1) potential energy,
(2) Elastic potential energy : When an
and (2) kinetic energy. The total mechanical
external force is applied on a body, its
energy of a body is equal to the sum of its
configuration (or shape) changes. Elasticity
potential energy and kinetic energy. is the property by virtue of which a body
2.10 POTENTIAL ENERGY (U) regains its original configuration on
removal of the external force. The
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of
potential energy possessed by a body in
its changed position (or configuration) is
the deformed state due to change in its
called the potential energy.
configuration is called the elastic potential
It is usually denoted by the symbol U. energy. It is equal to the amount of work
done in deforming the body (or in
Examples : A body placed at a height
changing the configuration of the body).
above the ground, a wound up watch spring, a
compressed spring, a bent bow, a stretched rubber 2.11 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
string, etc. have the potential energy. AT A HEIGHT (U = mgh)
Forms of potential energy The gravitational potential energy of a body
In mechanics, potential energy is mainly of at a height above the ground is measured by the
two kinds : (1) gravitational potential energy due amount of work done in lifting it up from the
to its changed position, and (2) elastic potential ground to that height against the force of gravity
energy due to its changed configuration. (assuming that its gravitational potential energy
on the ground is zero).
(1) Gravitational potential energy : The
potential energy possessed by a body due Let a body of mass m be lifted from the
to force of attraction of earth on it, is ground (or the earth surface) to a vertical height
called its gravitational potential energy. h. The least upward force F required to lift the
body (without acceleration) must be equal to the
The gravitational potential energy of a
force of gravity (= mg) on the body acting
body is zero when it is at infinity because
vertically downwards. The work done W on the
the force of attraction of earth on the body
body in lifting it to a height h is
is then zero. At a finite distance from
earth, the gravitational potential energy of W = Force of gravity (mg) x displacement (h)
the body is negative. =mgh
As the distance of body from the surface This work is done in lifting the body up and
of earth increases, the force of attraction it gets stored in the body in the form of its
of earth decreases and its gravitational gravitational potential energy when it is at height
potential energy increases (i.e. the h. Thus,
negative value of gravitational potential
energy decreases). The gravitational I Gravitational potential energy U = mgh 1 ···(2.13)
potential
29
.-:---------t;-;J-ld¥ fd\:i- +H::H++-H : Iw w.studi1,siod }tlcom . . .th
Note : Precisely mgh is the gain in uppose a o y o ass m 1s movmg w1 a
potential energy of the body when it is raised velocity v. It is brought to rest by applying a
to a height h above the ground. But here we constant opposing force F. Let a be the uniform
have assumed that when the body is on the retardation produced by the force and the body
earth surface. (or ground), its gravitational travels a distance S before coming to rest. Then,
potential energy is zero, so we consider the retarding force F = mass x retardation = m a ..(i)
gravitational potential energy of the body at Kinetic energy of the body = work done by
height h equal to mgh. the retarding force in stopping it.
Thus when a body is thrown vertically Kinetic energy K = retarding force
or upwards, it rises up, so the height of the body x displacement
from the ground increases, hence its potential or
K = F x S...................(ii)
energy increases. Similarly, when a body is
released from a height, it falls down, so the Now to calculate the displacement S, we have
height of the body from the ground decreases, initial velocity (u) = v,
hence its potential energy decreases and it final velocity (v) = 0
becomes zero at the earth surface. Since a is the retardation, so accelaration = - a
When a body of mass m is taken up from From the relation v2 = u2 + 2aS
a height h1 to a height h2 above the 0 =v2-2aS
ground (h2 > h1), the gain in potential energy v2
Displacement S = 2a .... (iii)
= final potential energy - initial potential energy
= mg (h2 - h1). Substituting the values of F and S from
But if a body of mass m falls down from a eqns. (i) and (iii) in eqn. (ii), we get
height h1 to a height h2 above the ground (½ < Kinetic energy K = F x S
h1), the loss in potential energy = initial
potential =max = ½
mv2
energy - final potential energy = mg (h1 - h2).
2.12 KINETIC ENERGY
or K= ½
m v2
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of Kinetic energy= ½

mass x (velocity}2
..(2.14)
its state of motion is called the kinetic energy.
It is usually denoted by the symbol K. Relationship between kinetic energy and
Examples : A fast moving stone has the momentum
capacity of breaking a window pane on striking Let a body of mass m be movmg with a
it and thus it has the kinetic energy. Similarly, a velocity v. Then its
car in motion, moving hands of a clock, the bullet kinetic energy K = ½m v2 ...(i)
fired from a gun, a rolling ball, an apple falling momentum p =mv ...(ii)
from a height, etc. have the kinetic energy. Substituting the value of v = p/m from eqn. (ii) in
eqn. (i), we get
Expression for the kinetic energy (K = ½ mv2) K= ½ 1n p2/2m
(plm)=2
The kinetic energy possessed by a moving or p2 = 2 mK
body is equal to the amount of work which the Thus kinetic energy K and momentum p are
I
moving body can pe,form before coming to rest. related as :
It can be calculated by the amount of work done
by an opposing force to stop the body. P= or K = p212m_ Do
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Work-energy theorem (1) translational kinetic energy, (2) rotational
When a force is applied in the direction of kinetic energy, and (3) vibrational kinetic energy.
motion of a body, it accelerates the motion and (1) Translational kinetic energy : The
thus increases the kinetic energy of the body. This motion of a body in a straight line path
increase in kinetic energy is equal to the work is called the translational motion and the
done by the force on the body. This is called the kinetic energy of the body due to motion
work-energy theorem. Thus in a straight line is called the translational
kinetic energy.
According to the work-energy theorem, the work
Examples : A car moving in a straight path,
done by a force on a moving body is equal to
a freely falling body, a molecule of monoatomic
the increase in its kinetic energy.
gas have the translational kinetic energy.
Let a body of mass m be moving with an (2) Rotational kinetic energy : If a body
initial velocity u. When a constant force F is rotates about an axis, the motion is called
applied on the body along its direction of motion, the rotational motion and the kinetic
it produces an acceleration a and the velocity of energy of the body due to rotational
the body changes from u to v in moving a motion is called the rotational kinetic
distance S. Then energy or simply the rotational energy.
Force F = mass x acceleration = m a............(i) Examples : A spinning top, a rotating wheel
Work done by the force = Force x displacement have the rotational kinetic energy. The earth
or W = F x S.............................. (ii) rotating on its own axis has a huge amount of
rotational kinetic energy. The atoms in a diatomic
From relation v2 = u2 + 2aS (or polyatomic*) molecule rotate about a fixed
2
Displacement V
2
-U
axis in addition to their translational motion, so
.......(m)
they possess both the rotational and translational
S = 2a
Substituting the values of F and S from eqns (i) kinetic energies.
and (iii) in eqn (ii), we get (3) Vibrational kinetic energy : If a body
W=max['\:'] moves to and fro about its mean position,

the motion is called the vibrational
motion. The kinetic energy of the body
= ½m (v2 - u2)
due to its vibrational motion is called the
or W = l2mv2- vibrational kinetic energy or simply the

...(2.16)
vibrational energy.
l2mu2
31
Butinitialkinetic energy Ki= ½m u2
and final kinetic energy K1 = ½ m v2

Then from eqn. (2.16), work done on the body
= Increase in kinetic energy ...(2.17)

Forms of kinetic energy
A body can have three types of motion
namely the translational, rotational and vibrational,
so the kinetic energy is also of three forms :
Examples : A wire clamped at both the ends, the vibrational kinetic energy. In a solid, the
when struck in the middle, vibrates. The energy atoms vibrate about their mean positions and so
possessed by the wire is the vibrational kinetic they possess the vibrational kinetic energy. In a
energy. A steel stijp, clamped at one end, vibrates polyatomic molecule* the atoms can vibrate
when the other free end is displaced slightly and * A molecule with two or more than two atoms such as . 02,
then released. The steel strip is then said to possess N2, HCl, Hp, NH3 etc., is called the polyatomic molecule.

ab out their mean positions, so a polyatomic does work in moving tlie hands of the watch and
molecule has the vibrational energy in addition to thus changes into the kinetic energy of the hands.
the rotational and translational energies. (3) When the string of a bow is pulled, some
Note : Depending upon its state of motion, work is done which is stored in the deformed
a moving body may possess either one or more state of the bow in the form of its elastic potential
than one form of kinetic energy simultaneously. energy. On releasing the string to shoot an arrow,
For example, a rolling ball and the wheel of the potential energy of the bow changes into the
a running vehicle have both the translational kinetic energy of the arrow which makes it move.
and rotational.kinetic energies simultaneously. (4) A compressed spring has the elastic
Distnction between the potential energy potential energy due to its compressed state.
and kinetic energy When it is released, the potential energy of the
Potential energy
spring changes into the kinetic energy which does
Kinetic energy
work on the ball ·placed on it ancl changes into
1. It is the energy I. It is the energy possessed
the kinetic energy of the ball due to which it flies
possessed by a body due by a body due toits state
away (Fig. 2.10).
to its changed position of motion. (1J\ Ball flies away
or configuration. \IL) onreleasing
the spring
2. It is equal to the work 2. It is equal to the work that
done in bringing the body a moving body can do
to its changed state. before coming to rest.
3. It can change only in 3. It can change into any
· form of kinetic energy.
i Rel_eased
sprmg
other form.
4. It does not depend on the 4. It depends on the speed
Fig. 2.10 Ball flies away on releasing the spring
speed of the body. of the body.
2.13 CONVERSION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY 2.14 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

INTO THE KINETIC ENERGY Nature has provided us energy in the various
Potential energy changes into the kinetic forms namely, (1) solar energy, (2) heat (or
energy whenever it is put to use. radiant) energy, (3) light energy, (4) chemical (or
Examples : (1) A stone ata height has fuel) energy, (5) hydro energy, (6) electrical
energy, (7) nuclear energy, (8) geo-thermal energy,
gravitational potential energy due to its raised
position. When the stone is made to fall ona nail (9) wind energy, (10) sound energy,( 11) magnetic
standing on a wooden piece, the nail begins to energy, and (12) mechanical energy, etc. These
penetrate. The reason is that as the stone starts forms of energy are described below.
falling, its potential energy begins to change into (1) Solar energy : The energy radiated out by
kinetic energy. The falling stone now has kinetic sun is called the solar energy. Solar energy
energy. When it strikes the nail the kinetic energy cannot be put to work directly, because it is
of the stone work on the nail. The kinetic energy too diffused and it is not always available
of the stone changes into the kinetic energy of the uniformly. However, a number of devices
nail due to which the nail moves into the wooden such as (i) solar panels, (ii) solar furnaces,
piece. and (iii) solar cells, etc. have.been invented
(2) A wound up watch spring has the elastic to make use of solar energy.
potential energy because of its wound-up state. As (i) A solar panel consists of black-painted
the spring unwinds itself, the potential energy metal surface which absorbs the sun's
stored in it changes into the kinetic energy which energy and heats water in its contact.
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(ii) In a solar furnace, parabolic mirror is (5) Hydro energy : The energy possesed by
used to focus the sun rays on a small the fast moving water is called hydro energy.
area so that a high temperature is This energy is used to generate electricity in
achieved. Thus by keeping water at the hydroelectric power stations. For this, water
focus of mirror, water can be boiled to is stored in the dams built across the rivers
produce steam and steam can then be high up in the hills and the water in the dams
used to drive the turbine of an electric is allowed to fall down through pipes, the
generator so as to obtain the electrical kinetic energy of the falling water drives the
energy. turbines of the generators which produces
(iii) The solar cells are used to convert the electrical energy. '
solar energy directly into the electrical (6) Electrical energy : When two dry bodies are
energy. These cells are made from the rubbed together, they get charged due to
thin slices of semiconducting material. movement of free electrons from one body to
However the efficiency of a solar cell the other body, so they possess electrical
to convert solar energy into the energy. An electric cell is a source of
electrical energy is very low. electrical energy due to movement of ions
(2) Heat energy : The energy released on burning from one electrode to the other electrode
coal, oil, wood or gas is heat energy. The within the cell as a result of a chemical
steam obtained on heating water possesses heat reaction.
energy and it has the capacity to do work. In (7) Nuclear energy : The energy released due
a steam engine, heat energy of steam is used to loss in mass during the processes of
to obtain work (mechanical energy). We nuclear fission and fusion, is called the
receive heat energy on earth directly from sun. nuclear (or atomic) energy. Iri both these
(3) Light energy : It is the form of energy in processes the loss in mass gets converted
presence of which other objects are seen. The into energy in accordance with the
natural source of light energy is sun. The Einstein's
moon reflects the sun light at night. Many mass-energy relation E = mc2. This energy
sources such as fire, burning candle, etc. also is used in nuclear reactors for the
give light energy alongwith the heat energy. constructive purpose to produce electrical
(4) Chemical (or fuel) energy : The energy energy and is used in atom bomb for the
possessed by the fossil fuels such as coal, destructive purpose to produce heat and
other forms of energy so as to destroy the
enemy in war.
petroleum and natural gas is called the (8) Geo thermal energy : The energy released
chemical energy (or fuel energy). These in nuclear disintegrations in the interior of
fuels contain chemical energy stored in earth gets stored deep inside the earth and
them. When fuels are burnt, the chemical is called the geo thermal energy. This energy
energy changes into the heat and light heats up the underground water to produce
energy. the natural steam. Sometimes, the natural
steam may burst out from the surface of
The food that we eat also has the chemical
earth as hot springs. The electric power
energy in it. Plants convert the solar
companies may drill wells into the earth to
energy into the chemical energy of food
trap the natural steam which may be used to
during the process of photosynthesis. A
run the turbine of generators to produce
battery has chemical energy stored in it
electricity.
and it provides the electrical energy when
in use by a chemical reaction which takes (9) Wind energy : The energy possessed by the
place inside it. fast moving air (i.e., storm) is called the wind
energy. This energy is used in driving a wind
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mill. In past, for many years in rural areas, Dynamo
wind mills were used to pump out the Mechanical .
.
:;;. Electrical
• energy Motor energy
underground water and to grind grains. Now
a days, large giant wind mills are being used
El ctric"'W
to drive the turbine of electric generators for iron
Electrical Heat energy
producing electricity. energy
10. Sound energy : A vibrating body possesses
Thermo couple
the sound energy. It is sensed by our ears. Loud
When the disturbance produced by a Electrical speaker Sound

. ,
\
energy energy
vibrating body in the atmospheric air layers Microphone
reaches our ears and produces vibrations in
Charging ar1
the ear-membrane, sound is heard.
T
battery
,. Cell in , '
Electrical
11. Magnetic energy : The energy possessed by energy
,. Chemical
energy
a magnet due to which it can attract iron
use
filings, is called the magnetic energy. An
Lighted
electromagnet has the magnetic energy. Light
Chemical candle
12. Mechanical energy : The energy possessed energy . ' energy
USun
by a body due to its state of rest or of motion,
.otosynthesis
is called the mechanical energy. A body at a ,-----, (i)Lighted-----------------,
height, a moving body, a stretched bow, etc. Electrical ffelectric bul
energy
have the mechanical energy.
Light
2.15 CONVERSION OF· ONE FORM OF energy
ENERGY INTO THE OTHER FORM Fig. 2.11 Examples of energy conversion
In our daily life we require energy in various the generator connected to it and thus the
forms. Since one form of energy can be converted kinetic energy gets transformed into the
into the other form, we can obtain the energy in electrical energy in the generator.
the required form from the form of energy Thus an electric generator (or a dynamo)
available to us. Fig. 2.11 shows some examples converts the mechanical energy into the
of conversion of energy from one form to the electrical energy.
other form.
(2) Electrical energy to mechanical energy :
Now we consider below some more examples In an electric motor, when an electric
of conversion of one form of energy into the
current is passed in a coil freely
other form.
suspended (or pivoted) in a magnetic field,
(1) Mechanical energy to electrical energy: a torque acts on the coil due to which it
The water stored in the reservoir of a dam rotates. The shaft attached to the coil also
has the potential energy. When water falls, rotates with it. Thus the electrical energy
its potential energy decreases and kinetic changes into the mechanical energy.
energy increases. If the falling water is The electric motor is used in many home
made to rotate a turbine near the bottom appliances such as electric fan, washing
of the dam, the kinetic energy of water is machine, mixer, grinder, etc. It is also
transferred to the turbine in the form of used to run the industrial machines.
rotational kinetic energy due to which it
(3) Electrical energy to heat energy : In
rotates. The turbine rotates the armature of
electric appliances such as heater, oven,
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geyser, toaster, etc. electrical energy (11) Electrical energy to light energy : When
changes into the heat energy when a an electric bulb glows on passing an
current passes through their resistance wire electric current through it, the electrical
(or filament). energy changes into the heat and light
(4) Heat energy to electrical energy : In a energies.
thermocouple, when two junctions of two (12) Light energy to electrical energy : In a
different metals are kept at different t<? photoelectric cell, the light energy gets
mperatures (one junction is kept hot, while converted into the electrical energy.
the other cold), a current flows in the
thermocouple. Thus a thermocouple In a solar cell, the light (or solar) energy
changes the heat energy supplied at the changes into the electrical energy.
hot junction into the electrical energy. (13) Heat energy to mechanical energy : In
(5) Electrical energy to sound energy : A a steam engine, the chemical energy of
loudspeaker when in use, receives coal first changes to heat energy of steam
electrical energy in form of electrical and then heat energy of steam changes
signals from the microphone and into the mechanical energy.
changes it into the sound energy. (14) Chemical energy to heat energy : When
In an electric bell when an electric current fuel such as wood, coal, bio-gas, etc.
is passed, the electrical energy changes bums, the chemical energy changes into
into the sound energy. heat energy. In explosion of crackers, the
chemical energy changes into the heat,
(6) Sound energy to electrical energy : A light and sound energies. In lighting a
microphone converts the sound energy candle or match stick, the chemical energy
into the electrical energy in form of changes into the heat and light energies.
varying electric signals. In respiration, the chemical energy
(7) Electrical energy to chemical energy : converts into the heat energy.
While charging a battery, the electrical (15) Chemical energy to mechanical energy :
energy changes into the chemical energy In automobiles, while in motion, the
of the cell. chemical energy of petrol (or diesel)
(8) Chemical energy to electrical energy : changes into the mechanical energy (or
From an electric ce11 when current is kinetic energy).
drawn, the chemical energy stored in it (16) Electrical energy to magnetic energy :
changes into the electrical energy. While making an electromagnet, an
(9) Chemical energy to light energy : When electric current is passed in a coil wound
a candle burns, it gives light. Similarly in around a soft iron bar which gets
a kerosene lamp when the oil soaked in magnetised. Thus the electrical energy
its wick burns, the chemical energy changes into the magnetic energy.
changes into the light energy. (17) Mechanical energy to heat energy :
(10) Light energy to chemical energy : The When water falls from a height, the
light energy from sun is absorbed by the potential energy stored in water at that
green plants and they change it in form of height changes into the kinetic energy of
the chemical energy during the process of water during the fall. On striking the
photosynthesis. ground (or bottom), a part of the kinetic
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energy of water changes into heat energy (2) While transformation of energy from
due to which the temperature of water one form to the other desired form, the entire
nses. energy does not change into the desired form,
but a part of it changes either to some other
The moving parts of a machine gets heated
undesirable fomi (usually heat due to
due to friction, thus a part of mechanical
energy changes into heat energy. friction) or a part is lost to the surroundings
due to radiation which is not useful. This
Note : (1) Whenever mechanical energy
conversion of energy to the undesirable (or
changes to other forms, it is always in the
non-useful) form is called the dissipation of
form of kinetic energy and not in the form of
energy. Since this part of energy is not
potential energy i.e., the stored potential
available to us for any productive purpose,
energy first changes to kinetic energy and then
so we call this energy as the degraded from
kinetic energy changes to the other form.
of energy.
EXAMPLES
1. A body of mass 5 kg is taken from a height 5 m applying a force of 200 N parallel to the slope
to 10 m. Find the increase in its potential energy
from the initial position A to the final position B.
(g = 10 m s-2).
(a) Calculate :
2
Given: m = 5 kg, h1 = 5 m, h = 10 m, g = 10 m (i) the work done by the force in moving the
s- block from A to B, and
Increase in potential energy = mg (h2 - h1) (ii) the potential energy gained by the block.
= 5 X 10 X (10 - 5) = 250 J Take : g = l O m s-2
2. A body of mass 1 kg falls from a height of 5 m. (b) Account for the difference
How much energy does it possess at any instant?
in answers to parts
(Take g = 9·8 m s-2) (i) and (ii).
Given : m = 1 kg, h = 5 m, g = 9-8 m s-2
The energy possessed by the body at any instant 1.5m
= Initial potential energy of the body
= mgh = I x 9-8 x 5 = 49 J. C
3. 500 litre of water is raised from the first floor of Fig. 2.12
a house at height 4 m to its third floor at height (a) Given : m = 30 kg, F = 200 N, AB = 3 m and
12 m. State whether the potential energy of water CB= 1-5 m.
will decrease or increase ? (i) Work done by the force in moving the block from A
Find the decrease/increase in potential energy of to B
water. Take : g = 10 N kg-1, density of water = Force x displacement in the direction of force.
= 1 kg litre-1 or W=FxAB
Given, mass of water m = volume x density
= 500 x 1 = 500 kg, h1 = 4 m, h2 = 12 m, ( . .)
= 200 N x 3 m = 600 J
g = 10N kg-'. 11 The potential energy gained by the block U = mgh
Since height of water above the ground increases where h = CB = 1·5 m
(h2 > h1), so the potential energy of water will U = 30 X 10 X 1·5 = 450 J
increase. (b) Out of the work done 600 J, only 450 J is the useful
Increase in potential energy = mg (h2 - h1) work which raises the potential energy of the block
= 500 x 10 x (12 - 4) and the remaining work= 600 J - 450 J = 150 J is
= 4 x 104 J spent against the force of friction between the block
4. A block of mass 30 kg is pulled up a slope as and the slope which gets converted into the heat
shown in Fig. 2.12 with a constant speed by energy.
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5. In a dam, water falls at a rate of 1000 kg s-1 (d) On stopping the truck, the kinetic energy of the
from a height of 100 m. truck changes into the heat and sound energies.
(a) Calculate the initial potential energy of the
7. Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of
water.
mass 2 kg moving with a speed of 10 m s-1•
(b) Assuming that 60% of the energy of the
Given : m = 2 kg, v = 10 m s-1
falling water is converted to electrical
energy, calculate the power generated. Kinetic energy = ½ mv2 = ½ x 2 x (10) 2
(Take g = 9·8 m s-2). = 100 J

Given : In one second 1000 kg of water falls.
8. How fast should a man weighing 600 N run so
i.e., m = 1000 kg, t = 1 s, g = 9-8 m s-2, h = 100 that his kinetic energy is 750 J ? (g = 10 m s-2)
m.
Given : W = 600 N, g = 10 m s-2,
(a) Initial potential energy of water= mgh
kinetic energy = 750 J, v = ?
= 1000 X 9-8 X 100 = 9•8 X 105 J
(b) Energy available from the falling water W = mg :. 600 = m x 10 or m = 60 kg
= its initial potential energy = mgh
Kinetic energy = lmv2
2
Energy converted to electrical energy
= 60% of the energy gained from the falling water 750 = ½ x60xv2
60
= 100 x mgh = 0-6 mgh v2 2x750= 25
60
Electrical energy 0-6mgh = ,/is = 5 ms-1
Power generated=-------------------= or v =
Time
= 0·6Xl000x9·8Xl00J s-1 9. How is the kinetic energy of a moving cart
I affected if (a) its mass is doubled, (b) its velocity
= 5•88 X 105W is reduced to ½ rd of the initial velocity ?
6. A truck driver loads some oil drums into a
truck by lifting them directly. Each drum has a (a) K1 = ½mv2, K2 = ½x 2m x v2
mass of 80 kg and the platform of the truck is
at a height of 0·8 m above the ground. K2 = 2KI
(a) What force is needed to lift a drum into the Alternative : If mass m is doubled (keeping the
truck? speed same), the kinetic energy gets doubled (since
(b) How much energy is used up in lifting a kinetic energy is directly proportional to the mass).
drum?
i.e. Increase in kinetic energy = K2 K1 = 2K1 - K1
-
(c) After the truck is loaded, the driver drives
off. List the major energy changes that take = K1 (initial kinetic energy)
place in moving the truck. I 1 1 2 1 1
zmv2, K2 = zm X (3v) = 2m X 9v2
(b) K,
(d) The driver stops the truck at the factory = 1
gate. What happens to the kinetic energy of :. K2 = 9K1
the truck?
1
Take g = 10 m s-2• Alternative : If velocity v is reduced to 3rd
Given : m = 80 kg, h = 0·8 m, g = 10 m s-2 (keeping the mass same), the kinetic energy reduces
(a) Force needed to lift a drum
= Force of gravity on drum
to ½
th its initial value (since kinetic energy is
directly proportional to the square of velocity).
= mg = 80 x 10 = 800 N
(b) Energy used up in lifting a drum i.e. Decrease in kinetic energy= K1 - K2 = K1 - K1 ½
= gravitational potential energy mgh 8 8
= K1 (i.e.
= 80 X 10 X 0·8 = 640 J 9 9 th the initial kinetic energy)
(c) In moving the truck, the chemical energy of 10. A truck weighing 5 x 103 kgf and a cart weighing
the fuel (diesel) changes into the mechanical 500 kgf are moving with the same speed.
(kinetic) energy. Compare their kinetic energies.
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Given, mass of truck m1 = 5 x 103 kg, mass of cart Kinetic energy left with the bullet on emerging out
m2 = 500 kg. of the target = 625 J - 500 J = 125 J
Since speeds are same, kinetic energy is directly If the speed of bullet is now v then kinetic energy
proportional to the mass (Koc m).
_ !!!l_ _ 5xl03 _ 10 = I mv,2
2
or
K2 - "'2-
K1 : K2 = 10 : 1
500 - 1 ½ mv' = 125 J or ½ x (5 x 10- )v' = 125
2 3 2
2 125
or v' = x = 223·6 m s-1
11. For the same kinetic energy of a body, what 5x10 •
should be the change in its velocity if its mass is
13. Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of mass
increased four times ?
0·1 kg and momentum 20 kg m s-1•
Let initial mass m1 = m, velocity = v1
Given : p = 20 kg m s-1, m = 0-1 kg
Final mass 171i = 4m, velocity = v2
For the same kinetic energy, Kinetic energy K =½ mv2 and
p
1 2= 1 2 momentum p = mv or v = -
1m1V1 1m2V2 m
Eliminating v,
or l2.mv2 = l2. x 4m x2v 2
K=½mx(!J=,
or v/ = ¼v 2
or v2 = ½ v K= (ZO)
2
= 2000 J = 2 X 103 J
Thus, velocity should be halved. 2 X 0-1
12. A bullet of mass 5 g travels with a speed of 14. A ball of mass 10 g falls from a height of
500 m s-1• If it penetrates a fixed target which 5 m. It rebounds from the ground to a height of
offers a constant resistive force of 1000 N to the 4 m. Find:
motion of the bullet , find : (a) the initial kinetic (a) theinitial potential energy of the ball,
energy of the bullet, (b) the distance through (b) the kinetic energy of the ball just before
which the bullet has penetrated before coming to striking the ground,
rest, and (c) the speed with which the bullet
(c) the kinetic energy of the ball after striking
. emerges out of the target if target is of thickness
the ground, and
0·5 m.
(d) the loss in kinetic energy on striking the
Given : m = 5 g = 5 x 10-3 kg, v = 500 m s-1, ground.
F = 1000N Take g = 9·8 m s-2•
(a) Kinetic energy of the bullet = ½ mv2
½
= X (5 X I0- ) X (500) = 625 J
3 2
Given: m = 10 g = 1 i
kg= 0-01 kg,
h = 5 m, g = 9-8 m s-2, h' = 4 m.
(b) Let the bullet penetrate through a distance S m in (a) Initial potential energy of the ball = mgh
the target. = 0-01 X 9·8 X 5 = 0•49 J
Work done by the bullet against the material of the (b) Kinetic energy of the ball just before striking
target = Resistive force x distance the ground = Initial potential energy of the ball
=lOOOxSJ = 0·49 J.
This work is obtained from the initial kinetic energy (c) Kinetic energy of the ball after striking the
of the bullet. ground = Potential energy of ball at the
1000 S = 625 highest point after rebound.
or S = 625/1000 = 0-625 m = mgh' = 0-01 x 9·8 x 4 = 0·392 J
Thus, the distance penetrated by the bullet = 0·625 (d) Loss in kinetic energy on striking the ground
m. = Initial kinetic energy - Final kinetic energy
(c) Energy spent against the resistive force = 0-49 J - 0-392 J = 0·098 J
offered by the target in penetrating through it Note : This energy appears in the form of heat
= Resistive force x thickness of target energy and sound energy when the ball strikes
= 1000 N x 0-5 m = 500 J the ground.
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14. A spring is kept compressed by a toy cart of kinetic energy of the cart.
mass 150 g. On releasing the cart, it moves Potential energy of spring U
with a speed of 0·2 m s-1• Calculate the potential
= Kinetic energy gained by the cart
energy (elastic) of the spring.
Given : m = 150 g = 150 x 10-3 kg, v = 0·2 m s- or U = 21 mv = 21
2
x (150 x 10-3) x (0·2)2
On
1 releasing the cart, the spring tries to come back to
its uncompressed state by pushing the cart away. Thus
the potential energy stored in the spring changes into
the
EXERCISE-2(8) •
1. What are the two forms of mechanical energy ? 12. A light mass and a heavy mass have equal
2. Name the form of energy which a wound up watch momentum. Which will have more kinetic energy ?
spring possesses. Ans. Elastic potential energy. [Hint : kinetic energy K = p2!2m where p is the
3. Name the type of energy (kinetic energy K or momentum) Ans. Lighter mass
potential energy U) possessed in the following 13. Two bodies A and B of masses m and M (M >>
cases : m) have same kinetic energy. Which body will have
(a) A moving cricket ball more momentum ? Ans. Body B
(b) A compressed spring 14. Name the three forms of kinetic energy and give one
(c) A.moving bus example of each.
(d) A stretched wire 15. State two differences between the potential energy
(e) An arrow shot out of a bow and the kinetic energy.
(f) A piece of stone placed on the roof. 16. Complete the following sentences :
Ans. (a) K (b) U (c) K (d) U (e) K (f) U (a) Toe kinetic energy of a body is the energy by
4. Define the term potential energy of a body. State its virtue of its .............
different forms and give one example of each. (b) The potential energy of a body is the energy
by virtue of its ...........
5. Name the form of energy which a body may
Ans. (a) motion (b) position
possess
even when it is not in motion. Give an example to
17. When an arrow is shot from a bow, it has kinetic
support your answer.
energy in it. Explain briefly from where does it get
6. What is meant by the gravitational potential its kinetic energy ?
energy ? Derive expression for it for a body placed 18. A ball is placed on a compressed spring. What form
at a height above the ground. of energy does the spring possess ? On releasing the
7. Write an expression for the potential energy of a spring, the ball flies away. Give a reason.
body of mass m placed at a height h above the earth 19. A pebble is thrown up. It goes to a height and
surface. State the assumptions made, if any. then comes back on the ground. State the
8. What do you understand by the kinetic energy of a different changes in form of energy during its
body? motion.
20. In what way does the temperature of water at the
9. Abody of mass mis moving with a velocity v. Write
bottom of a waterfall differ from the temperature at
the expression for its kinetic energy.
the top ? Explain the reason.
10. State the work-energy theorem.
21. Is it possible that no transfer of energy takes place
11. A body of mass m is moving with a uniform velocity even when a force is applied to a body ?
u. A force is applied on the body due to which its Ans. Yes, when force is normal to displacement.
velocity changes from u to v. How much work is
22. Name the form of mechanical energy, which is put
l
being done by the force ? Ans. 2 m (v2 - u2) to use. Ans. Kinetic energy
23. Name six different forms of energy ?
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24. Energy can exist in several forms and may change mass kept at a height of 5 m above the ground if
from one form to another. For each of the following, g = 10 m s-2. Ans. 50 J
state the energy changes that occur in: 3. A box of weight 150 kgf has gravitational potential
(a) the unwinding of a watch spring, energy stored in it equal to 14700 J. Find the height
(b) a loaded truck when started and set in motion, of the box above the ground.
(c) a car going uphill, (Take g = 9-8 N kg-1). Ans. 10 m
(d) photosynthesis in green leaves, 4. A body of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 10 m to
(e) charging of a battery, 4 m. Calculate : (i) the loss in potential energy of the
(t) respiration, body, and (ii) the total energy possessed by the body
(g) burning of a match stick, at any instant ? (Take g = 10 m s-2).
(h) explosion of crackers. Ans. (i) 300 J, (ii) 500 J
25. State the energy changes in the following cases 5. Calculate the height through which a body of mass
while in use : 0-5 kg is lifted if the energy spent in doing so is 1-0
(a) loudspeaker J. Take g = 10 m s-2. Ans. 0-2 m
(b) a steam engine 6. A boy weighing 25 kgf climbs up from the first
(c) microphone floor at a height of 3 m above the ground to the third
(d) washing machine floor at a height of 9 m above the ground. What will
(e) a glowing electric bulb be the increase in his gravitational potential energy
(f) burning coal ?
(g) a solar cell (Take g = IO N kg-1). Ans. 1500 J
(h) bio-gas burner 7. A vessel containing 50 kg of water is placed at a
(i) an electric cell in a circuit height of 15 m above the ground. Assuming the
gravitational potential energy at ground to be zero,
(j) a petrol engine of a running car
what will be the gravitational potential energy of
(k) an electric toaster
water in the vessel ? (g = 10 m s-2) Ans. 7500 J
(1) a photovoltaic cell
8. A man of mass 50 kg climbs up a ladder of height
(m) an electromagnet.
10 m. Calculate : (i) the work done by the man,
26. Is it practically possible to convert a form of energy and (ii) the increase in his potential energy.
completely into the other useful form ? Explain (g = 9·8 m s-2). Ans. (i) 4900 J, (ii) 4900 J
your answer. -
9. A block A, weighing 100 N, is pulled up a slope of

MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE length 5 m by means of a constant force F (= 100
N) as illustrated in Fig. 2.13.
1. A body at a height possesses :
(a) kinetic energy (b) potential energy
(c) solar energy (b) heat energy.
3m
Ans. (b) potential energy
2. In an electric cell while in use, the change in energy
is from: Fig. 2.13
(a) electrical to mechanical
(a) What is the work done by the force F in
(b) electrical to chemical moving the block A, 5 m along the slope ?
(c) chemical to mechanical
(b) What is the increase in potential energy of the
(d) chemical to electrical.
block A?
Ans. (d) chemical to electrical
(c) Account for the difference in the work done by
NUMERICALS
the force and the increase in potential energy of
1. Two bodies of equal masses are placed at heights h the block.
and 2h. Find the ratio of their gravitational potential Ans. (a) 500 J (b) 300 J (c) The difference i.e., 200 J
energies. Ans. 1 : 2 energy is used in doing work against the force
2. Find the gravitational potential energy of 1 kg of friction between the block and the slope
which will appear as heat energy.
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10. Find the kinetic energy of a body of mass 1 kg 19. A body of mass 60 kg has the momentum
moving with a uniform velocity of 10 m s-1• 3000 kg m s-1• Calculate : (i) the kinetic energy, and
Ans. 50 J. (ii) the speed of the body.
11. If the speed of a car is halved, how does its kinetic Ans. (i) 7-5 x 104 J, (ii) 50 m s-1.
energy change ? Ans. becomes one-fourth 20. How much work is needed to be done on a ball of
12. Calculate the decrease in the kinetic energy of a mass 50 g to give it a momentum of 5 kg m s-1.?
moving body if its velocity reduces to half of the Ans. 250
J
initial velocity. Ans.( _ 3 )th of the initial value 21. How much energy is gained bya box ofmass 20kg
4 when a man
13. Two bodies of equal masses are moving with (a) carrying the box waits for 5 minutes for a bus?
uniform velocities v and 2v. Find the ratio of their (b) runs carrying the box with a speed of
kinetic energies. Ans. 1 : 4 3 m s-1 to catch the bus ?
14. A car is running at a speed of 15 km h-1 while (c) raises the box by 0-5 m in order to place it
another similar car is moving at a speed of 30 km h- inside the bus ? (g = 10 m s-2)
1
• Find the ratio of their kinetic energies. Ans. 1 : 4 Ans. (a) Zero (b) 90 J (c) 100 J
15. A ball of mass 0-5 kg slows down from a speed of 12. A bullet of mass 50 g is moving with a velocity of
5 m s-1 to that of 3 m s-1• Calculate the change in
500 m s-1• It penetrates 10 cm into a still target and
kinetic energy of the ball. Ans. 4 J (decrease)
comes to rest. Calculate : (a) the kinetic energy
16. A cannon ball of mass 500 g is fired with a speed of possessed by the bullet, and (b) the average retarding
15 m s-1. Find : (i) its kinetic energy, and (ii) its
force offered by the target.
momentum. Ans. (i) 56-25 J, (ii) 7-5 kg m s-1
Ans. (a) 6250 J (b) 62500 N
17. A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity
23. A spring is kept compressed
20 m s-1• If the mass of the body is doubled and
its
by a small trolley of mass s ring Trolley
I
velocity is halved, find : (i) the initial kinetic energy, 0-5 kg lying on a smooth ....._, ,.,. .._ v
and (ii) to the final kinetic energy. horizontal surface as shown 0 0
Ans. (i) 2000 J (ii) 1000 J in the adjacent Fig. 2.14. Fig. 2.14
18. A truck weighing 1000 kgf changes its speed from When the trolley is released, it is found to move at
36 km h-1 to 72 km h-1 in 2 minutes. Calculate : a speed of v = 2 m s-1• What potential energy did the
(i) the work done by the engine, and (ii) its power. spring possess when compressed ?
(g = 10 m s-2). Ans. 1-0 J
Ans. (i) 1-5 x HP J, (ii) 1-25 x 103 W
(C) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

2.16 PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF the potential energy and kinetic energy, the
ENERGY total mechanical energy (i.e., the sum of kinetic
According to the principle of conservation of energy K and potential energy U) remains
energy, energy can neither be created nor can constant i.e., K + U = constant when there are
it be destroyed. It only changes from one form no frictional forces.
to another. The principle of conservation of energy is one
of the fundamental principles of nature.
In universe, energy occurs in various forms.
The sum of all forms of energy in the universe 2.17 THEORETICAL VERIFICATION OF
remains constant. When there is a transformation K + U = CONSTANT FOR A FREELY
of energy from one form to another, the total FALLING BODY
energy always remains same i.e., it remains Let a body of mass m be falling freely under
conserved. If there is only an interchange between gravity from a height h above the ground (i.e.,
41
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from position A in Fig. 2.15). As the body falls From equation v = u + 2aS
down, its potential energy changes into the kinetic v2 =o + 2gh
energy. At each point of motion, the sum of or v2 = 2gh
potential energy and kinetic energy remains
unchanged. To verify it, let us calculate the sum Kinetic energy K = ½mv 2
of kinetic energy K and potential energy U at

various positions, say at A (at height h above the = ½m x (2gh) = mgh
ground), at B (when it has fallen through a and potential energy U = 0 (at the ground when h = 0)
distance x), and at C (on the ground).
Hence total energy = K + U = mgh + 0 = mgh ..(iii)
K= 0, U=mgh A u=O
Thus from eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii), we note
that the total mechanical energy (i.e., the sum
j
Direction
of
motion
of kinetic energy and potential energy)
always remains constant at each point of motion
and it is equal to the initial potential energy at
K = mgx, U = mg(h - x) h
height h. As the body falls, its potential
energy decreases and kinetic energy increases.
The potential energy changes into the kinetic
h-x
energy. Just at the instant when it strikes
the ground, whole of the potential energy
has changed into the kinetic energy, therefore
Fig. 2.15 Free fall of a body the kinetic energy of the body on reaching the
At the position A (at height h above the ground) : ground is equal to the initial potential energy at
Initial velocity of body = 0 (since body is at res.t at A) height h.
Kinetic energy K = 0 Similarly, when a body is thrown vertically
Potential energy U = mgh upwards under gravity, its initial kinetic energy
Hence total energy = K + U = 0 + mgh = mgh supplied at the instant of throwing up, keeps on
....(i) decreasing and the potential energy keeps on
At the position B (when it has fallen a distance x) : increasing by the same amount. When the body
Let v1 be the velocity acquired by the body at B after reaches the highest point, whole of its initial
falling through a distance x. Then u = 0, S = x, a = g kinetic energy has changed into the potential
From equation v2 = u2 + 2aS energy and therefore the body momentarily comes
to rest. At this instant, the body is still under the
v / = 0 + 2gx = 2gx
influence of the force of gravity, so the body
:. Kinetic energy K = 1 2 mv
2
starts falling down and its potential energy
= ½m x (2gx) = mgx begins to change into the kinetic energy.
Note : The initial kinetic energy provided to
Now at B, height of body above the ground = h - x the body at the ground, so as to reach a certain
Potential energy U = mg (h - x) height h must be equal to the potential energy
Hence total energy = K + U of the body at that height h (i.e., equal to mgh).
= mgx+ mg(h-x) = mgh Thus the initial velocity u to be imparted to the
.....(ii) body so as to reach a height h is given as :
At the position C (on the ground):
Let the velocity acquired by the body on reaching the
½ mu = mgh or u = .J2gh
2
ground be v. Then u = 0, S = h, a = g
.............................................................................
(2.18)
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Fig. 2.16 represents the variation in kinetic TOTAL ENERGY
energy and potential energy with the height above mgh - -i -----;---------·
the ground. j 0
0
I
The table below represents the kinetic energy 2mgh
K, potential energy U and total energy E of the w
body of ass m at various heights above the

ground during vertically downward and upward
HEIGHT (ABOVE THE GROUND)
motions under gravity. Fig. 2.16 Conservation of mechanical energy
in motion under gravity
Table showing the kinetic energy and potential energy of a body in vertical motion.
Height above Kinetic energy Potential energy Total energy
Motion the ground K u E=K +U
h (i.e., highest point A) 0 mgh mgh
Downward motion
(i.e., free fall)
½ h (i.e., middle point B) ½mgh ½mgh mgh
0 (i.e., ground C) mgh 0 mgh
0 (i.e., ground C) mgh 0 mgh
Upward motion ½ h (i.e., middle point B) ½mgh ½mgh mgh
h (i.e., highest point A) 0 mgh mgh
It is clear that at the ground (i.e., at point C) A. When it is displaced to one side and then
h = 0, potential energy = 0, kinetic energy = mgh. released, it swings from one side to the other,
At the middle point B, x = ½
h, potential reaching equal distance and equal height on
energy either side. Neglecting the force of friction
= ½ mgh, kinetic energy = ½
mgh. At the between the bob and the surrounding air, the
highest point A (i.e., at height h), potential energy= motion of pendulum can easily be explained by
mgh and kinetic energy= 0 (zero). applying the principle of conservation of energy
as follows.
Note : In the above calculations, we have
ignored the force of friction between the body
and air. In fact during the fall, some of the
kinetic energy will change into the heat energy
due to friction and it will get dissipated in air.
At the ground C, the kinetic energy will be
less than mgh. The conservation of mechanical
energy is therefore strictly valid only in
absence of external forces such as friction due
to air etc., although the total energy of all
kinds is always conserved.
P.E.=mgh
K.E.=0 ----- =--
P.E. =0
K.E. =mgh
h P.E.=mgh
K.E. =0
2.17 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY TO A Fig. 2.17 Motion of a simple pendulum
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Explanation : Let A be the resting (or mean)
Fig. 2.17 shows a simple pendulum suspended position of the bob when it has zero potential
from a rigid support 0. Its resting position is at
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energy*. When the bob of the pendulum is rest at the point C. But'due to the force of gravity,
displaced to B from its resting position A, the bob the bob moves back from C to A.
gets raised by a vertical height h, so its potential As the bob swings back from C to A, the
energy increases by mgh if m is the mass of the potential energy decreases and the kinetic energy
bob. Now on releasing the bob at B, it moves back increases. At A (mean position), it has its total
from B to A. Its vertical height decreases from h mechanical energy in the form of kinetic energy
to zero, so its potential energy decreases from mgh and the potential energy is zero, so the bob
to zero and it gets converted into the kinetic energy swings again fromA to B to repeat the process.
i.e., - 1 mv2 = mgh. At the point B, the bob acquires
2 Thus during the swing, at the extreme
a velocity v = J2gh , so it moves towards C. At positions B and C, the bob has only the potential
the point C, when the bob raises by a vertical energy, while at the mean position A, it has only
height h above the point A, again it acquires the the kinetic energy. At an intermediate position
potential energy mgh and its kinetic energy (between A and B or between A and C), the bob
becomes zero. So the bob momentarily comes to has both the kinetic energy and potential energy,
but the sum of both (i.e., the total mechanical
* In fact,at the mean position, the bobhas minimum
energy) remains constant throughout the swing.
potential energy. Since we are interested only in the
change in potential energy as the bob swings so we may This is strictly true only in vacuum where there
assume it to be zero at the mean position. is no force of friction due to air.
EXAMPLES
1. A ball of mass 50 g is thrown vertically upwards

60 x 1..rut'tal kinet.tc energy
= 100
with an initial velocity 20 m s-1• Calculate :
(i) the initial kinetic energy imparted to the ball, 60 I
(ii) the maximum height reached if air friction is or mgh =
100 x
2mv2
neglected, and h _ 0-6v2
2
0-6x(20) =
_ m
(iii) the maximum height reached if 40 % of the - 2g - 2xl0 12
initial energy is lost against the air friction.
Take g = 10 m s-2• 2. A ball of mass 20 g falls from a height of 10 m
·so and after striking the ground, it rebounds from
Given : m = 50 g = kg = 0-05 kg, the ground to a height of 8 m.
10002
1
u = 20 m s- , g = IO m s- . (a) Calculate :
(i) Initial kinetic energy imparted to the ball (i) the kinetic energy of ball just before
striking the ground, and
= -I mu2 = -l x 0-05 x (20)2 = 10
(ii) the loss in kinetic energy of ball on
J
2 2 striking the ground.
(ii) If air friction is negligible, then (b) What happens to the loss in kinetic energy in
Potential energy at the maximum height part (ii)?
= initial kinetic energy
or mgh = 1 2 Take g = 10 m s-2• Neglect air friction.

-mv
2 (a) Given, m = 20 g = 0-02 kg, h = 10 m,
= 2_ (20)2
_
h 2g - 2x10- 20 g = 10 m s-2, h' = 8 m. Air friction is negligible.
m
(iii) If 40% of the initial energy is lost against the air Potential energy at the maximum height
friction, then = 60% of the initial kinetic energy
(i) The kinetic energy of ball just before striking = mgh = 0-02 x 10 x 10 = 2 J
the ground = initial potential energy of ball
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(ii)
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The kinetic energy of the ball just after stiilililg (ii) the velocity of bdb at its mean position.
the ground State the assumption made in your
= potential energy of the ball at the highest calculation.
point after rebound = mgh' = 0-02 x 10 x 8 Given, h = 5 cm = 0-05 m, m = 500 g = 0-5 kg,
= 1·6 J g = IO m s-2•
:·.Loss in kinetic energy on striking the
Assumption : There is no loss of energy due to air
ground
friction.
= lµnetic energy of the ball just before striking
the ground - kinetic energy of the ball just (i) Total energy of simple pendulum
after striking the ground = 2 J - l ·6 J = 0·4 = potential energy at its extreme position
J = mgh = 0-5 x 10 x 0-05 = 0·25 J
(b) The loss in kinetic energy in part (ii) appears in
form of heat and sound energies when the ball (ii) Kinetic energy at the mean position
strikes the ground. = potential energy at the extreme position
3. A simple pendulum, while oscillating, rises to a . 1 h
i .e., mv2 = mg
maximum vertical height of 5 cm from its rest 2
position when it reaches to its extreme position
on one side. If mass of the bob of simple
or v = ,J2gh = .J2x10xo-os =.JI
1
pendulum is 500 g and g = 10 m s-2, find : = 1 m s-
(i) the total energy of simple pendulum at any
instant while oscillating, and
EXERCISE-2(C)
1S.t a t e the principle of conservation of energy.

7. A pendulum is oscillating on either side of its rest
2. What do you understand by the conservation of position. Explain the energy changes that takes
mechanical energy ? State the condition under place in the oscillating pendulum. How does the
which the mechanical energy is conserved. mechanical energy remain constant in it ? Draw the
3. Name two examples in which the mechanical necessary diagram.
energy of a system remains constant. 8. A pendulum with bob of mass m is oscillating on
either side from its resting position A between the
4. A body is thrown vertically upwards. Its velocity
extremes B and C at a vertical height h above A.
keeps on decreasing. What happens to its kinetic
What is the kinetic energy K and potential energy
energy as its velocity becomes zero ?
U when the pendulum is at positions (i) A, (ii) B,
Ans. Kinetic energy changes to potential energy.
and
5. A body falls freely under gravity from rest. Name (iii) C ?
the kind of energy it will possess Ans. (i) K = mgh, U =
0 (ii) K = 0, U mgh =
(a) at the point from where it falls, (iii) K = 0, U = mgh
(b) while falling, 9. Name the type of energy possessed by the bob of a
(c) on reaching the ground. simple pendulum when it is at (a) the extreme
Ans. (a) Potential energy, (b) Potential energy position, (b) the mean position, and (c) between the
and kinetic energy (c) Kinetic energy mean and extreme positions.
Ans. (a} potential energy, (b) kinetic energy
6. Show that the sum of kinetic energy and potential (c) both the kinetic and potential energy
energy (i.e., total mechanical energy) is always
10. What do you mean by degradation of energy ?
conserved in the case of a freely falling body
Explain it by taking one example of your daily life.
under gravity (with air_resistance neglected) from a
height h by finding it when (i) the body is at 11. Complete the following sentence :
the top, The conversion of part of energy into an undesirable
(ii) the body has fallen a distance x, (iii) the body form is called ............. .
has reached the ground. Aus. Degradation of energy
45
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MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE (a) Calculate the potenual energy possessed by the
1. A ball of mass m is thrown vertically up with an baU when initially at rest.
initial velocity so as to reach a height h. The correct (b) What is the kinetic energy of the ball just
statement is : before it hits the ground ?
(a) Potential energy of the ball at the ground is (c) What happens to the mechanical energy after
mgh. the ball hits the ground and comes to rest ?
(b) Kinetic energy imparted to the ball at the Ans. (a) 100 J (b) 100 J (c) Mechanical energy converts
ground is zero. into the heat and sound energy.
(c) Kinetic energy of the ball at the highest point is 4. The diagram given below shows a ski jump. A skier
mgh. weighing 60 kgf stands at A at the top of ski jump.
(d) Potential energy of the ball at the highest point He moves from A and takes off for his jump at B.
is mgh.
A
Ans. (d) Potential energy of the ball at
the highest point is mgh.
2. A pendulum is oscillating on either side of its rest
75m
position . The correct statement is :
(a) It has only the kinetic energy.
(b) It has the maximum kinetic energy at its
extreme position.
Fig. 2.18
(c) It has the maximum potential energy at its
mean position. (a) Calculate the change in the gravitational
(d) The sum of its kinetic and potential energies potential energy of the skier between A and B.
remains constant throughout the motion. (b) If 75% of the energy in part (a) becomes
Ans. (d) The sum of its kinetic and potential kinetic energy at B, calculate the speed at
energies remains constant throughout which the skier arrives at B.
the motion. (Take g = IO m s-2)
NUMERICALS Ans. (a) 3·6 x 104 J (b) 30 m s-1
1. A ball of mass 0-20 kg is thrown vertically upwards 5. A hydroelectric power station takes its water from a
with an initial velocity of 20 m s-1. Calculate the lake whose water level is at a height of 50 m above
maximum potential energy it gains as it goes up. the turbine. Assuming an overall efficiency of 40%,
Ans. 40 J calculate the mass of water which must flow
2. A stone of mass 500 g is thrown vertically through the turbine each second to produce power
output of
upwards with a velocity of 15 m s-1. Calculate :
(a) the potential energy at the greatest height, (b) l MW. (g = 10 m s-2).
the kinetic energy on reaching the ground, and Ans. 5000 kg
(c) the total 6. The bob of a simple pendulum is imparted a
energy at its half way point. velocity of 5 m s-1 when it is at its mean position.
Ans. (a) 56-25 J (b) 56-25 J (c) 56-25 J To what maximum vertical height will it rise on
3. A metal ball of mass 2 kg is allowed to fall freely reaching at its extreme position if 60% of its energy
from rest from a height of 5 m above the ground. is lost in overcoming the friction of air ?
(Take g = IO m s-2) (Take g = IO m s-2). Ans. 0-75 m
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ICSE Class 10 Physics Chapter 02 Work Energy and Power

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ICSE Class 10 Physics Chapter 02 Work Energy and Power

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Work, Energy and Power

(i) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.

examples; kinetic energy K = ½

(iii) Principle of conservation of energy.

(A) WORK, ENERGY AND POWER, THEIR MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS

displacement of the body even when a force acts

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displaces a body from position A to position B Seas 8----1B

or Work= Component of force in the direction of

Fig. 2.7 Zero work done by the centripetal

to stop a moving body.

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The energy possessed by a body by virtue of Kinetic energy= ½

W=max['\:'] moves to and fro about its mean position,

or W = l2mv2- vibrational kinetic energy or simply the

and final kinetic energy K1 = ½ m v2

= Increase in kinetic energy ...(2.17)

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2.13 CONVERSION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY 2.14 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY

When the disturbance produced by a Electrical speaker Sound

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(Take g = 9·8 m s-2). = 100 J

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9. A block A, weighing 100 N, is pulled up a slope of

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(C) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

of kinetic energy K and potential energy U at

K, potential energy U and total energy E of the w

body of ass m at various heights above the

2.17 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLE OF

1. A ball of mass 50 g is thrown vertically upwards

or mgh = 1 2 Take g = 10 m s-2• Neglect air friction.

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1S.t a t e the principle of conservation of energy.

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