SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS

AND LEARNING PRINCIPLES

Name: JERICK OLLETE Instructor: PTR. KATHERINE JOYCE S. CONTANTE, MA

Course: TCP

MODULE 11
Pre-natal development

Activity

1. What are you feelings and reactions about what you read?

Answer: My reaction to it is that no matter what our reason is, abortion will never be a valid reason for
us to end innocent lives and it will never be a valid solution to address the growing population. 

2. Do you agree that which is developing in the womb is a mere ‘blob of tissue’ or ‘uterine
contents’ as abortionist claim? Share your explanation

Answer: If we’re going to base it on science yes a developing baby is indeed a blob of tissue or uterine,
however, I don’t think that this is a valid reason for us to commit abortion, because for me this bob of
tissue is the start of a new life.

Group II

1. Why are pregnant mothers advised not to smoke, not to drink alcohol drinks, not to take any
medication without doctor’s advice?

Answer: Because this is bad for the baby's development and might lead to the abnormality of the baby
or the issue of giving birth to the mother. 

2. Why did countries including Philippines strongly protest against China regarding imported
children toys which were found to have high lead component?

Answer: We all know that lead is a kind of toxic that is dangerous to us, especially to children, that is
why our country protests against imported toys from China because it has been discovered that most of
these imported toys are composed of lead which is very dangerous to our children’s health. 

Analysis

1. It is more reasonable to believe that which is developing in the mother’s womb is a human
being?

Answer: Yes, because we all came from our mother’s womb

2. What are proofs that which is developing in the mother’s womb is a living human being?
 Answer: All of us came from our mother’s womb; we are the living proof that what’s in our
mother’s womb is a human being.

3. Has any realization from today’s discussion changed your stand on abortion?

Answer: No, I never support abortion.

Test your understanding

1. Here are the 3 stages if pre-natal development. Label them

The Germinal Period First 2 weeks after conception

Embryonic Period 2-8 weeks after conception

The Fetal Period 2 months to 7 months after conception

2. Give some hazards of pre-natal development. Use the given graphics organizer

Other material factors

such as Rubella, syphilis,
genital herpes, AIDS,
nutrition, high, anxiety
and stress, age

prenatal
Presciption and
nonprescciption drugs development Environmental hazard
hazard

Psychoative drugs
Research

Read a least 2 research on causes of birth defects. Summarize each research by stating the:

1. Problem Spinal bifida

2. Research method
3. Findings  incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the
spinal cord
 Spinal bifida refers to a range of birth defects that affect the
spinal cord.
 In spinal bifida, some vertebrae of the spine aren’t closed,
leaving the spinal cord nerves exposed and damaged.
 The recommended dose of folate, taken daily one month before
conception and during the first three months of pregnancy, will
greatly reduce your chances of having a child with a neural tube
defect.
4. Conclusion  Neural tube defects (both anencephaly and spina bifida) are
caused by genetic and environmental factors that are not yet
fully understood. The risk of these conditions is approximately
one in every 800 pregnancies. Inadequate intake of folate by
the mother in early pregnancy is a significant factor in the
occurrence of spina bifida.
 The number of babies born with spina bifida in Australia has
dropped dramatically in recent years due to greater awareness
and intake of folate by women prior to and in the early stages of
pregnancy.
 Improved ultrasound and other tests that detect spina bifida
and provide the choice of pregnancy termination have also
reduced its occurrence.
5. Recommendation There is no cure for spina bifida. Treatment options include:

 Surgery – may be used to close the lesion and reduce the

risk of infection.
 Shunt insertion – hydrocephalus is treated with the
insertion of a tube, called a shunt, into the ventricles in the
brain where the spinal fluid is produced, allowing excess
cerebrospinal fluid to drain out of the brain via another
tube into the abdomen or the heart.
 Orthopaedic surgery – children with spina bifida usually
undergo operations on their legs and feet to improve their
mobility.
 Mobility aids – walking aids or wheelchairs are commonly
used.
 Diet and enemas – are used to manage faecal
incontinence.
 Bladder surgery – can increase bladder size and tighten
muscles.
 Self-catheterisation and continence pads – may be
required to manage urinary incontinence. Sometimes
faecal or urinary bags are necessary.
 Regular monitoring of kidney, bladder, shunt and spine
functions.

6. References  Spina bifida - Better Health Channel

 Birth defects explained - Better Health Channel
 MODULE 12
Physical Development of infants and Toddlers

Activity

Look closely at the change in the size of the human body parts as a person grows

Guide question

1. What do you notice about the size of the head in relation to the other parts of the body as a
person

Answer: The head is bigger during the fetal stage compared to its body and the head slowly becomes
proportionate to the body as the children grows

2. Does physical development begin from top or below? From side to the center?

Answer: it starts from the top (head) to below. .

Big ideas

Fill this table with the big ideas learned from this module.

Physical development on infancy and toddlerhood

Concept Processes/related ideas Characteristics/ descriptions

Cephalocaudal and Cephalocaudal  Is the postnatal growth from
Proximodistal conception to 5 months when the head
patterns grows more than the body?
Proximodistal  The pre-natal growth from 5 months to
birth when the fetus from the inside of
the body outwards.
Height and weight Nature of changes  It is normal for new-born to drop 5 to
10 percent of their body weight with a
couple of weeks of birth
 Increase by about 30 percent in the
first five months
 Baby’s weight usually triples during the
first year but slows down in the second
year of life.
The brain Dendrites and myelination  The process, by which the axons are
covered and insulated by layers of fat
cells, begins prenatally and continues
after birth.
Motor development Reflexes  The new born has some basic reflexes
which are, of course automatic and
serve as survival mechanism before
they gave the opportunity to learn
Different reflexes:
 Sucking reflex
 Rooting reflex
 Gripping reflex
 Curling reflex
 Startle/Moro reflex
 Gallant reflex
 Tonic Neck reflex
Gross motor skills  Dramatic motor development is shown
in babies unable to even lift their hands
 to being able to grab things off the
cabinet, to chase the ball, and to walk
away from the parent.
Fine motor skills  Skills that involve a refine use of small
muscle controlling the hand, fingers
and thumb.
Sensory and Vision  10 to 30 times lower than normal adult
perceptual vision
development  By 6 months of age, vision become
better
 First year the infant’s vision
approximates that of an adult
Hearing  The sense of hearing in an infant
develops much better that birth of the
baby.
 Infant’s sensory threshold are higher
than those of adult
 The stimulus is louder to be heard by a
new-born than by an adult
Touch and pain  Male have higher level of cortisol
 They do fell pain
Taste  it indicated that sensitivity to taste
might be present before birth
Smell  It requires several days of experience to
recognize their mother’s breast pad
odor.
Intermodal perception  Ability to relate, connect and integrate
information about two or more sensory
modalities such as vision and hearing.

Reflection

1. Having learned the physical development of infants and toddlers as a future parent or as a
caregiver of children, reflect on;

What you should do more often for infants and toddlers?

Answer: We need to give them the proper support during their development stage; property support
and guidance will be beneficial to their development.  In addition, we also need to know what things we
need to do to make sure that they are healthy as they progress and grow. 

What should you refrain from doing to facilitate their growth and development?

Answer: During this stage of pregnancy, the mother must avoid smoking, drinking, and taking
medication without a proper prescription from a doctor.

2. Reflect on the quotation below the title of this module.

Answer: It means that whatever we are doing now is what we are now because of what happened to us
during the time that we were still inside our mother’s womb, this quote also tells us that we need to
support life and not destroy it. 
 MODULE 13
Cognitive Development of infants and Toddlers

Activity

Group 1:

21 days age Laurent finds his thumb after three attempts; once he finds thumb, prolonged
sucking begins. But when he is placed on his back, he doesn’t know how to
coordinate the movement of his arm with that of his mouth
3 months age Sucking become less important because of view and auditory interest
11 months age Jacqueline, repeat actions like killing the bill and ball on the same location and
direction
1 year, 2 months Jacqueline, show’s interest in getting a results of what is she doing
age
1 year and 8 Jacqueline learn the result of what is doing, like opening and closing the door.
months age

Group 2:

1. Do you remember anything about yourself when you we’re 2 years old.

Answer: No, I don’t.

2. At what age were you first memories?

Answer: When I was a Kind me and friends played Tagotagoan, I climbed a tree and one of my friend
followed me, unfortunately , he fell and broke his arm.

Big ideas

1. The infant’s and the toddler’s development fall under the sensorimotor development stage of
Piaget’s cognitive development theory characterize each Substages.

Substages of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage Characteristics

1. Simple reflexes  Coordination of sensation and action through
reflexive behaviour.
 Over the first six weeks of life, these reflexes
begin to become voluntary actions.
 Example: rooting, gripping

2. First habit and primary circular reactions Coordination of sensation and two types of
phase schemes:
• Habit (reflex)
• Primary Circular Reactions
At this phase, passive reactions, caused by classical
or operant conditioning, can begin. Infants tends
to repeat interesting sensation
3. Secondary circular reactions phase • Development of habits. Infants become
more object-oriented, moving beyond self-
preoccupation repeat actions that bring
interesting or pleasurable results .
• Associated primary with the development
of coordination between vision and
prehension.
• Three abilities occur in this stage
1. Intentional grasping for a desire object
2. Secondary circular reactions
3. Differentiations between ends and means

4. Coordination of secondary circular  Coordination of vision and touch –hand-

 reaction stage eye coordination of schemes and
intentionality .
 Associated primarily with the development
of logic and the coordination between
means and ends.
 Extremely important stage of
development.
 Piaget called – First proper intelligence
 Beginning of goal orientation, deliberate
planning of steps to meet and objective.
 Action is directed towards a goal.
5. Tertiary circular reaction, novelty and  Become intrigued by the many properties
curiosity of object and by the many things they can
make happen to objects
 Experiment with new behaviour
 Associated Primarily with the discovery of
new means to meet goals
 Piaget – describe as New Scientist
 Discover new methods of meeting
challenges

6. Internalization of schemes  Develop the ability to use primitive

symbols and the form enduring mental
representations.
 Associated primarily with the beginning of
insight, or true creativity
 Marks passage into the preoperational
stage
7. Object permanence  Is the understanding that objects continue
to exist even when they cannot be seen,
heard or touched
 According to Piaget, developing object
permanence is one of the most important
accomplishments at the sensorimotor
stage of development.
 MODULE 14
Socio-emotional Development of Infants and Toddlers

Activity

Read Nolte’s poem then answers the ff. question.

1. Do you agree with the D. Nolte’s poem?

Answer: Yes, I agree

2. Which line of the poem is most meaningful to you?

Answer: The “if a child lives with security, he learns to have faith in himself and those about him”. This
line gives us a very important life lesson, it will be easier for us to trust other people if we already
learned how to trust ourselves first and this will only happen because of the love and support that we
can get from the people that surround us.  

Analysis

1. Base on Nolte’s poem, which plays a very important role in the socio-emotional development of
children?

Answer: Nolte’s poem focuses on the good and bad effects of our environment; he talks about how
important the environment is in our development. Our environment plays a very important role during
our development stages that will also reflect on our personality and how we will react to things that
surround us. 

Environment plays a very important role in children's socio-emotional development. The

first development of the children happens inside the house; whatever the children learn from
the comfort of their family will reflect once he or she goes out and socializes with other people. 

2. From what kind of home environment do children who are well adjusted most probably come?
What about maladjusted children?

Answer: A child who is well adjusted probably grows up in an environment where they were properly
raised and were given all the necessary things they need to support their development. On the other
hand, those children who are maladjusted were probably the result of a lack of proper support and
guidance as they undergo with their development stages 

3. State in a sentence what the poem is saying about a child’s socio-emotional development

Answer: “If a child lives with friendliness, he learns the world is a nice place in which to live” for me this
means that I child grow up in an good environment we

Application

1. The hand that rocks the cradle rocks the world.” How does this relate to an infant’s and
toddlers’ development?

Answer:

According to my research, Karan 2020 mentioned that this proverb celebrates

motherhood and highlights the influence of a mother on the child. As a mother, women
are the most defining factor that can bring a change to society. Thus, the proverb
celebrates motherhood and her role in transforming a child into an achiever. Since the
future lies in the hands of the kids of today, the future of the kids is today in the hands
 of their mother. In that sense, she is indeed the defining factor that can bring a greater
change to society, as a whole.

2. Observe the interaction of an adult caregiver (parent, grandparent, day care worker) with:
a. An infant
b. A toddler

My observation
Baby and adult caregiver

Answer: The interactions pay attention to sounds and converse with physical movements and gestures
that sometimes seem random at first glance.
Toddler and adult Caregiver

Answer: The interactions start to apply limited verbal words interactions and physical movement and
gesture are still present but more advanced than infants or babies.
My interpretation in the content of Erickson’s theory

Answer: Child development happens in many stages and in every stage, child react differently from what
they see, hear, taste or feel.

Reflection

1. I would say that I was able to grow up in an environment where my parents were able to give all
the support, love and respect that I need while growing up.
2. Our experience has a huge impact on how we react to things or situations, and if we grow up in
an environment where these important factors that we need to have better socio-emotional
development are not present; we may react differently compared to those children who grow
up having all the factors needed to their development. Furthermore, Life is a lifelong process,
and I believe that we can still help those children who grow up having a lack of love, support,
and respect from the environment that they grow up with by letting them feel and understand
that if they can't find this to the environment he or she grow up with maybe he or she can start
showing and applying this to his environment and change their ways. 
 MODULE 15
Pre-schooler’s Physical development

Activity

Examine the pictures below. Think about the physical characterises of pre-schoolers.
Answer: From what I observe about the picture I can see that about the physical characteristics of pre-
schoolers there is already a steady increase in children’s height, weight, and muscle tone. I can see that
their legs and trunks continue to grow, and their heads are not so large in proportion to their bodies.

Answer: From what I observe about the picture I can see that the physical characteristics of pre-
schoolers start to develop strong muscles and bones and a way to balance their body without falling
from climbing. 
Answer: Pre-schoolers already develop strong arms and legs; they were able to use them effectively
when climbing and to avoid falling. We can say that the gross motor development of the child is already
intact where they will be able to acquire skills that involve their large muscles. 

Answer: From the picture above, it shows here another gross motor development of a child under the
non-locomotors, they were able to make an action in one place that indicates their feelings and what
they were trying to imply.
Answer: From the picture, the physical characteristics of pre-schoolers that are shown here are fine
motor development; in the picture the girl is using her hand and fingers to hold the food. This refers to
acquiring the ability to use smaller muscles in the arms hand and fingers purposely.

Answer: From the picture, the physical characteristics of pre-schoolers development is marked by the
acquisition of gross and fine motor skills.

Analysis

From the captions you wrote for the pictures, what physical characteristics of pre-schoolers came out?

Answer:

The physical characteristics of pre-schoolers there is already a steady increase in children’s

height, weight, and muscle tone. I can see that their legs and trunks continue to grow, and their
heads are not so large in proportion to their bodies. There is also a huge development to gross
and fine motor development during this stage.
Application

1.
2.

Physical Domain Skill Proposed activity

1. Physical growth and development Height, weight, proportion

Neurological development
Health
2. Gross motor development Large muscle of torso, arms, and legs
Locomotors skills
Coordination, strength, and audurance
3. Fine motor development Small muscles of hands, finger, feet and toes
Small muscle of the face and mouth
Self-help skills
Drawing behaviors
4. Prefectural motor development Sensory experiences
Coordination of senses and muscle movement

Synapse Strengtheners

Answer:

1. According to healthy children.org, during the preschool years, your child should be eating
the same foods as the rest of the family, with an emphasis on those with nutritional value.
This includes fresh vegetables and fruits, nonfat or low-fat dairy products (milk, yogurt,
cheeses), lean meats (chicken, turkey, fish, lean hamburger), and whole grain cereals and
bread. At the same time, limit or eliminate the junk food in your child's diet, and get rid of
sugared beverages as well.

In addition according to article written by Danielle Whitefield for the Top 10 Best Foods for
Your Pre-schooler’s Nutrition, It’s important to you that your pre-schooler is eating the right
foods, and it should be! Eating the right foods now will start your pre-schooler out on the
right track for a healthy life. He listed 10 best foods for pre-schoolers and these are:

1. Fresh fruit
2. Veggies
3. Eggs
4. Yogurt
5. Peanut butter
6. Fish
7. Beans
8. Whole grain cereal/oatmeal
9. Lean red meat.

5 minutes Non-stop writing

From this module on the physical development of preschoolers. I learned that this stage
is also considered the years before formal schooling begins from three to five years old. Also, in
this stage, a child starts to discover and achieve several milestones that become their
foundation of learning and development.  According to the significant changes in a preschooler's
physical growth, a child develops from baby-like features or characteristics to a more slender
appearance. I learned that when a child reaches this stage it has its center of gravity at the lower
level, right at the belly button, which makes it easier for them to balance themselves, during this
stage it is also best for the child to learn the skills that requires balance, the best example of this
is riding a bike. Furthermore, doing some physical activities will help a child to learn the skills
and ability to control bodies as the areas of the brain that control movement develop. In
addition, during this stage an ongoing process of building strong muscles happens where they
use it for their daily routine such as performing physical tasks, this is categorized and broken
down into two categories which are fine and gross motor development. 
 MODULE 16
Cognitive Development of Preschoolers

Activity

1. Someone switched on the thunder a child remarked

2. Child silently nods on the telephone to answer his father who is on the other
side of the phone inquiring if mom is around
3. That tree I pushed the leaf and it fell down says a child
4. A child is presented with two identical beakers each filled to the same level with
liquid. The child is asked if these beakers have the same amount and she says
YES. The liquid from one beaker us poured into a third beaker, which is taller and
thinner than the first two. The child is then asked if the amount if liquid in the
tall, think beaker is equal to that which remains in one of the original beakers.
The child says YES.
5. Child asked a series of why questions.
6. Child is strongly influenced by the features of the task that stand out. Such as the
flashy, attractive clown.
7. Child pays attentions to the more relevant dimensions of the task such as
directions for solving a problem and not on the prominent clown for instance.
8. Jun does not realize that the juice in each glass can be poured back into the juice
box from which it came.
9. Mike did not like to share a piece of cake with his younger sister. Mike’s younger
sister was sick. Mike concludes that he made his younger sister got sick.

Application:

Question for discussion

1. Describe behaviors to illustrate the preschoolers:

 Animism - They truly believe that everyone shares their point of view. Preschoolers also tend to
give lifelike qualities, such as feelings and thoughts, to inanimate objects like teddy bears and
leaves. This kind of thinking is known as animism.
 Egocentrism - Egocentrism in early childhood is quite normal. Toddlers have a different
perception of the world around them. They believe that things should go according to what they
feel is right. She may feel dreams come alive at night or her imaginary friend is real. A study
suggests that egocentrism is one of the main characteristics of a child’s thought process till
around the age of 6 or 7. Experts attribute egocentrism to early stages of cognitive development
which might not be present in later periods. And, as is with the other stages of childhood, this
stage is also important for parenting. Read on to know more.
 Centration- Piaget claimed that egocentrism, a common element responsible for
preoperational children's unsystematic thinking, was causal to centration.
 Lack of conservation - Piaget determined that children of this age group lack the concept of
conservation or possess an inability to understand that quantities remain constant even when
they change shape (Myers, 2014). This limitation in thought development has key implications
for teachers of students under the age of seven.
 Irreversibility - It refers to the inability of the child at this stage to understand that actions,
when done, can be undone to return to the original state. Thus, the child cannot use this
understanding to solve problems.
 Transductive reasoning - Transductive reasoning is characteristic of children between 2 and 7
years of age. Transductive reasoning can be an important part of intellectual development. It’s
what happens when a child starts reasoning and trying to make logical cause and effect
connections out of circumstances.

2. Albert Einstein
3. Some Inappropriate Practices that is not recommended for a preschoolers during their stage of
development.
 Sitting a child in the corner all day, except for lunch
 Not communicating with the child
 Not helping the children talk things out when one child has hit the other
 Not allowing the students to go outside to play
 Forcing children to do work and putting them in a corner when they refuse to
 Allowing students to disrespect other student's culture
 Not letting the children to communicate with one another
 Not creating multi-cultural curriculums
 Not helping a child with their work because of their behavior or something similar
4. Yes, I agree. In some cases, some children in this stage experience preschool stress, there are
times when a child starts to speed time with his or her peers and tries to improve their social
skills, unfortunately,  this is not the case, instead they feel worse about it and it impacts their
social development skills. 
5. Yes, it is important since this is the first stage where the child starts to develop their social skills,
and preschool has a big impact towards their development and improvement.

Reflection

From the module on the cognitive development of preschoolers, I learned that this
stage is very important to a child's overall development. During this stage of development, this
is where the child starts to think, explore and figure things out. A child needs to have a strong
foundation in cognitive skills development since this is where the child starts to build problem-
solving skills. Furthermore, we need to support and guide the child's development during this
stage by letting the child do the things that they are interested in to do some activity and also to
have fun. This will not only get them to practice important language skills, but it will also get
them thinking more deeply about what they are doing in their play.
 MODULE 17
Socio-Emotional Development of the Preschooler

Activity

1. Is there a conversation going on?

Answer: Yes, there is a conversation going on between the two children, they are talking
about how to assemble the toy and how they are having fun doing it.

2. Describe what they are playing and what the play is about.

Answer: They are playing with a robot toy, and they are trying to assemble it.

3. Describe the children’s interaction.

Answer: In this photo we can say that they are on their own, they were able to
communicate effectively on how they will assemble the robot on their own 

Analysis

1. Where the children playing on their own or alone even when they were in others?

Answer: They are playing on their own.

2. Were there some children playing together with agreed upon rules and roles?
 Answer: It depends on what they are playing with, in the photo above, they were able to play
according to the rules, they needed to assemble the robot and they are following some
instructions on how to do it. 

3. If you observed conflicts between or among children, how were they resolved? Did an adult
intervene? Or did they manage to resolve it by themselves?

Answer: As children conflict always happens especially when they are playing games, this is
normal for kids to argue, especially with simple things. There are times when they will be able to
resolve their issue on their own but there are times when adults need to intervene. 

4. Were the children polite? What polite words (thank you, sorry, etc.) or gesture did you observe?

Answer: Yes, they child used the words thank you, sorry, it’s okay and they were able to do
some kind gesture as well.

Application

1. Ddfsdf
2. The best caregiving style is the authoritative style. From all that you have learned from this
module, make a list of 10 qualities that an authoritative preschool teacher should have:
Answer:
1. Passion
2. Patience
3. Creativity
4. Flexibility
5. Dedication
6. Organized
7. Mature
8. Good and Engaging Personality
9. Knowledgeable and Up-to-date
10. Good Listener and Communicator

Synapse Strengtheners

1. Research on the following theories on gender development:

a. Biological approach
Answer:
The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no
distinction between sex and gender. This approach believes that biological sex creates
gendered behaviour. It also suggests that gender is determined by biological factors,
such as hormones.

b. Psychoanalytic approach

Answer:

The psychodynamic theory started with Freud who believed that our gender identity
develops as a result of strong but unconscious sexual urges we have as a child. Between the
ages of three and five a child will go through what he regards as the phallic stage in which
he/she will develop strong sexual urges towards the parent of the opposite sex and
therefore great jealously towards the parent of the same sex. A normally developing child
will resolve this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex and copying his/her
behaviour

c. Cognitive development theory

 Answer:

Unlike Social Learning theory that is based on external rewards and punishments,
Cognitive Learning theory states that children develop gender at their own levels. The
model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around
age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. This identity
marker provides children with a schema (A set of observed or spoken rules for how social or
cultural interactions should happen.) in which to organize much of their behavior and that of
others. Thus, they look for role models to emulate maleness or femaleness as they grow
older.

d. Social cognitive theory

Answer:

In the social cognitive theory of gender, children’s gender develops through the
rewards and punishments from their parents for gender-appropriate behavior. Both
theories rely heavily on the influence of parents. Moreover, children in both theories
learn about gender roles through observation. They adopt the sources characteristics
and imitate what they see. In contrast, social cognitive theory contains other sources
from which children learn gender roles such as culture, school, peers, etc. Also,
psychoanalytic theory believes that children are aware of their gender much earlier,
while social cognitive believes that children become aware through the negative or
positive experiences they encounter.

2. The acceptance of Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people or (LGBT) in our society is has
been an issue for many years not only in our country but to all parts of the world, there are
some concern, views and issue about Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT) on
introducing it to preschoolers, my personally views about this is that our society is not fully
ready in regards to the acceptance of the LGBT specially on introducing it to preschoolers.

Reflection

From the module on the socio-emotional development of preschoolers, I learned that during the
first year of child’s life their brain develops at a rapid pace that includes their social and
emotional development. During this stage the child learned to establish positive relationships
with other people. During this stage, it is very important for a child to learn how to make friends
since this has a big impact to their social development, playing games with their peers or friends
help them to learn the basic social development such as sharing and cooperating.
 MODULE 18
Physical Development of the Primary Pupil

Activity

Observe at least three primary school children (grade 1 to 3). Describe the physical characteristics of
these children and write them down below.

Height  I observed that girls are shorter than boys.

Weight  Weight gain averages about 6.5 pound a year
Balance  The Children have improved their balancing skills
Speed  The children really improve their motor skills and they we’re able to move
or walk fast
Coordination of  The children have already develop their coordination of movement they
movements were able to perform some task and activity.

Analysis

1. Based on the observation you have made, what can you conclude about the general physical
characteristics of children in their primary school years?

Answer:

During the preschool years, there is a steady increase in children’s height, weight, and muscle
tone. Compared with toddlers, preschoolers are longer and leaner. Their legs and trunks continue to
grow, and their heads are not so large in proportion to their bodies. As preschoolers’ bodies develop
over time, the areas in their brains that control movement continue to mature, thus enabling them
to perform gross-motor skills such as running, jumping, throwing, climbing, kicking, skipping, and
fine-motor skills such as stringing beads, drawing, and cutting with scissors.

2. What are the necessary skills that will help them to be physically ready for primary schooling?
 Answer:

During this stage the children must be given an opportunity to engage themselves in a certain
type of activities and task, by doing this we will help them to promote healthy growth specially that
during this stage the children starts to develop and advance their fine and gross motor skills.

Big Ideas

Complete the graphic organizer below and share your output in class.

Physical Development

Genetic
Lifting
Heredity
Writing
Development

Running
Jumping
Development
Climbing
MODULE 19
Cognitive Development of primary Schoolers

Activity

Look at the semantic map below. Write down words which come to your mind when cognitive
development is mentioned.

Sensory motor

Cognitive
preoperational
Development

Cognitive
Development
field of study in neuroscience
and psychology focusing on a
child's development in terms
of information processing,
Concrete
conceptual resources,
perceptual skill, language Operational
learning, and other aspects of
the developed adult brain and
cognitive psychology. 
Formal
Operational
Discussion Question

1. What were the common ideas regarding cognitive development?

Answer:
There are four stages of cognitive development and these are sensory motor,
preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

2. Are there new ideas regarding cognitive deployment which you found intriguing?

Answer:
Yes, according to Michael R Edelstein Ph.D.he released this article about the New
Concept in Cognitive Development Advance in Jean Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development:
stage 5, where he concluded that many depressed individuals have not yet attained the final
stage of cognitive development. Once they deeply feel and believe they are the same person, no
more, no less, no matter how poorly they behave and despite rejection by others, they have
attained the 5th and final stage of cognitive development, "Conservation of Self." The
attainment at this stage allows the adolescent or adult to critically reflect on emotionally loaded,
abstract concepts, and transcend them.

3. With the advent of the computer age, do you think cognitive development lopment is affected?

Answer:

For today’s generation I think the effects of computer to cognitive development is that it
tampers our tampers metal creativity.

Application:

1. Study the diagram on information processing below. Write your insights on how you can apply
the information processing theory in primary school children.

Answer:

What I observed about his diagram that our responses go through many processes that
involves the used our sensory motor and long and short term memory.
 2. Give 3 application each of Piaget’s cognitive theory and that if information processing theory in
the teaching learning process.

Answer:

3. Look for article and studies, either online or printed on the influence of family on cognitive
development. Share important points of your research in class.

Answer:

Family and school influences on cognitive development by M Rutter where he mentioned that
Family and school influences on cognitive development are reviewed in terms of the empirical
research findings on (i) variations within the ordinary environment; (ii) family intervention studies;
(iii) the effects of abnormal environments; (iv) extreme environmental conditions; (v) variations
within the ordinary school environment; and (vi) preschool and school intervention studies. It is
concluded that environmental effects on IQ are relatively modest within the normal range of
environments, but that the effects of markedly disadvantageous circumstances are very substantial.
Cognitive development is influenced both by direct effects on cognition and by indirect effects
through alterations in self-concept, aspirations, attitudes to learning and styles of interaction with
other people.

Reflection:

From the module on the cognitive development of primary school children, I leaned that are four
stages of cognitive development and these are sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operational,
and formal operational. Also, our responses go through many processes that involve the used our
sensory motor and long and short term memory.

MODULE 20
Socio-Emotional Development