GRB QUESTION BANK UNT 1 DIVERSITY: QUESTIONS SLECTED FROM 4 CHAPTERS

a) If both Assertion and Reason are True and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
b) If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
c) If Assertion is true but reason is false
d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
1. Assertion – Arboretum is the ex-situ conservation strategy of plants.
Reason – It is a special kind of garden with main collection of herbs and shrubs. (c)
2. Assertion – Two plants A and B are treated as two taxonomic species.
Reason – both A and B are different in correlated morphological characters. (a)
3. Assertion – Species is a genetically closed system.
Reason – because the reproductive isolation constitutes the most important boundary between different
species. (a)
4. Assertion – Scientific names have been standardized through ICBN.
Reason – First international botanical congress was held at Paris in 1868. (c)
5. Assertion – Dried specimens are poisoned by HgCl2.
reason – It prevents the specimen from moisture. (c)
6. Binomial nomenclature of plants started from
a) 1758 b) 1753 c) 1756 d) 1930
7. Maximum diversity of living being on earth is found in
a) tropical rain forest b) desert c) coral reef d) river
8. Two kingdom system given by
a) Mayer b) Haeckel c) Linnaeus d) Copeland
9. Family Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae belongs to order
a) Polymoniales b) Rosales c) Parietales d) Poales
10. Which covers the largest number organisms?
a) Genus b) Family c) Phylum d) Class
11. About how many species are known and described till now?
a) 30 million b) 1.7 to 1.8 million c) 0.2 million d) 17 millions
12. Brassica oleracea botrytis is known as
a) cauliflower b) cabbage c) knol – knol d) tomato
13. Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit?
a) free-living gametophyte b) dependent sporophyte c) Heterospory d) haplontic life cycle
14. Identify the given figure.

a) photosynthetic diatom b) Euglena c) Paramecium d) Dinoflagellates

15. How many flagella present in Euglena?
a) 2 b) 1 c) 3 d) 0
16. Kingdom Protista include
a) eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic organisms only
b) eukaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic organisms only
c) eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophs only
d) eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms
17. Chrysophyta includes
a) diatoms only b) desmids and diatoms c) Dinoflagellates and desmids d) desmids only
18. Little leaf of brinjal is caused by
a) virus b) Mycoplasma c) fungus d) alga
19. Mycorrhiza is an association of
a) higher plants roots and fungi b) lower plants and fungi c) algae and fungi d) fungi and
angiosperm
20. Yeasts are included in
a) ascomycetes b) Basidiomycetes c) Phycomycetes d) Deuteromycetes
21. Which of the following is not a feature of Phycomycetes?
a) members have coenocytic, aseptate hyphae
 b) members asexually reproduce by zoospores and aplanospores
c) members are found in aquatic habitats
d) all the members are parasitic
22. Select a true statement about mycorrhiza.
a) it is an association of algae and higher plant roots
b) the growth of plant is adversely affected
c) the growth of plant increases
d) it is an association of three different organisms
23. Species are considered as
a) real basic units of classification
b) the lowest units of classification
c) artificial concept of human mind, which cannot be defined in absolute terms
d) real units of classification devised by taxonomists
24. A bacterium divides every 35 minutes. If a culture containing 105 cells/mL is grown for 175 minutes.
What will be the cell concentration/mL after 175 minutes?
a) 175 × 105 cells b) 85 × 105 cells c) 35 × 105 cells d) 32 × 105 cells
25. What are episomes?
a) hereditary DNA of bacterial cell
b) extrachromosomal hereditary material of bacteria associated with Nucleoid
c) modification of the cell membrane performing respiration
d) F-plasmid only
26. Auxospores and hormocysts are formed respectively, by
a) several diatoms and a few cyanobacteria b) several cyanobacteria and several diatoms
c) some diatoms and several cyanobacteria d) some cyanobacteria and many diatoms
27. Water bloom is generally caused by
a) green algae b) blue-green algae c) bacteria d) Hydrilla
28. The term “Cladistics” is used for
a) natural classification b) artificial classification
c) phylogenetic classification d) for any classification
29. Find the correct match in given columns.
1 2 3
a) Protista cell wall climate? slime moulds
b) Archaebacteria peptidoglycan Methanogen
c) Monera histone protein Acetobacter
d) Cyanobacteria chlorophyll -  Nostoc
30. Find the correct match.
Monera Fungi Plantae
a) cell wall peptidoglycan Chitin NAG
b) nutrition diversity in nutrition saprophytic autotrophic
c) nuclear membrane present present present
d) cell type prokaryotic eukaryotic eukaryotic
31. Taxonomic key is used in
a) identification b) nomenclature c) classification d) phylogeny
32. Cingulum is groove present in cell wall of
a) slime mould b) BGA c) Dinoflagellates d) diatoms
33. Which of the following is mesokaryotic organism?
a) Dinoflagellates b) diatoms c) Euglenoids d) cyanobacteria
34. Litmus is obtained from
a) Lobaria pulmonaria b) Roccella tinctoria c) Cladonia rangiferina d) Usnea
35. In slime moulds, the cell wall is made up of
a) chitin b) cellulose c) callose d) protein
36. Read the given name carefully.
Ustilago, Puccinia, Neurospora, Claviceps, Aspergillus, Trichoderma
How many fungi is/are imperfect?
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 5
37. Heterocyst is present in
a) all bacteria b) all BGA c) majority of BGA d) majority of fungi
38. The embryo sac of an angiosperm is made up of
a) 8 cells b) 7 cells and 8 nuclei c) 8 nuclei d) 7 cells and 7 nuclei
39. If the diploid number of a flowering plant is 36, what would be the chromosome number in its
endosperm?
a) 36 b) 18 c) 54 d) 72
40. Protonema is
a) haploid and is found in mosses b) diploid and is found in liverworts
c) diploid and is found in pteridophytes d) haploid and is found in pteridophytes
41. The giant red wood tree (Sequoia sempervirens) is a/an
a) angiosperm b) free fern c) pteridophytes d) gymnosperm
42. In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As a
result,
a) self-fertilization is prevented b) there is no change in success rate of fertilization
c) there is high degree of sterility d) one can conclude that the plant is apomictic
43. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you
should choose?
a) chemical composition of the cell wall b) types of pigments present in the cell
c) nature of stored food materials in the cell d) structural organization of thallus
44. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets?
a) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cycas b) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra
c) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hydrilla d) Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis
45. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents
a) the microsporangium in which pollen grains develop
b) a cell in the pollen grain in which the sperms are formed
c) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination
d) an opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg
46. Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by
a) peristome teeth b) elaters c) indusium d) calyptras
47. In which one of the following, male and female gametophytes do not have free-living independent
existence?
a) Polytrichum b) Cedrus c) Pteris d) Funaria
48. Which one of the following is heterosporous?
a) Adiantum b) Equisetum c) Dryopteris d) Salvinia
49. Select one of the following pairs of important features distinguishing Gnetum from Cycas and Pinus and
showing affinities with angiosperms.
a) perianth and two integuments b) embryo development and apical meristem
c) absence of resin duct and leaf venation d) presence of vessel elements and absence of
archegonia
50. Which one of the following plants is monoecious?
a) papaya b) Marchantia c) Pinus d) Cycas
51. Which one of the following has Haplontic life cycle?
a) wheat b) Funaria c) Polytrichum d) Ustilago
52. Which one of the following is a vascular cryptogam?
a) Cedrus b) Equisetum c) Ginkgo d) Marchantia
53. Male and female gametophytes are independent and free-living in
a) mustard b) Castor c) Pinus d) sphagnum
54. Algae have cell wall made up of
a) cellulose, galactans and mannans b) hemicelluloses, pectins and proteins
c) pectins, cellulose and proteins d) cellulose, hemicelluloses and pectins
55. Compared with the gametophytes of the bryophytes, the gametophytes of vascular plants tend to be
a) smaller and to have smaller sex organs b) smaller but to have larger sex organs
c) larger but to have smaller sex organs d) larger and to have larger sex organs
56. The gametophyte is not an independent, free-living generation in
a) Pinus b) Polytrichum c) Adiantum d) Marchantia
57. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having
a) cambium b) vessels c) seeds d) motile sperms
58. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermatophytes because they lack
a) thick-walled tracheids b) xylem fibers c) cambium d) phloem fibers
59. Which one of the following is common to multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and protonema of
mosses?
a) mode of nutrition b) multiplication by fragmentation
c) diplontic life cycle d) members of kingdom plantae
60. How many organisms in the list given below are autotrophs?
Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, streptomyces, Saccharomyces, Trypanosoma,
Porphyra, Wolffia
a) five b) six c) three d) four
61. Read the following five statements (A-E) and answer as asked next to them.
A. In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte.
B. In Ginkgo, male gametophyte is not independent.
C. The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than that in Polytrichum.
D. Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
E. The spores of slime moulds lack cell walls.
How many of the above statements are correct?
a) three b) four c) one d) two
62. Which one of the following pairs is wrongly matched?
a) Salvinia – prothallus b) Viroids – RNA c) mustard – synergids d) Ginkgo – Archegonia
63. Non-albuminous seed is produced in
a) maize b) castor c) wheat d) pea
64. Which one is a wrong statement?
a) brown algae have chlorophyll-a and c, and fucoxanthin
b) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Gymnosperms
c) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores
d) haploid endosperm is typical feature of Gymnosperms
65. Which of the following statement is wrong for viroids?
a) they lack a protein coat b) they are smaller than viruses
c) they cause infections d) their RNA is of high molecular weight
66. One of the major components of cell wall of most fungi is
a) chitin b) peptidoglycan c) cellulose d) hemicelluloses
67. Which one of the following statements is wrong?
a) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green algae b) golden algae are also called desmids
c) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria d) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi
68. Select the correct statement.
a) gymnosperms are both homosporous and heterosporous
b) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms
c) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
d) the leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate
69. Which part of the tobacco plant is infected by Meloidogyne incognita?
a) flower b) leaf c) stem d) root
70. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires
a) wind b) insects c) birds d) water
71. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates and slime moulds are included in the kingdom
a) Monera b) Protista c) fungi d) Animalia
72. Zygotic meiosis is characteristic of
a) Fucus b) Funaria c) Chlamydomonas d) Marchantia
73. Life cycle of Ectocarpus and Fucus respectively are
a) diplontic, haplodiplontic b) haplodiplontic, diplontic
c) haplodiplontic, haplontic d) Haplontic, diplontic
74. Select the mismatch.
a) Cycas – Dioecious b) Salvinia – Heterosporous
c) Equisetum – Homosporous d) Pinus – Dioecious
75. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) horsetails are gymnosperms
b) Selaginella is heterosporous, while Salvinia is homosporous
 c) ovules are not enclosed by ovary wall in gymnosperms
d) stems are usually unbranched in both Cycas and Cedrus
76. Plants having little or no secondary growth are
a) conifers b) deciduous angiosperms c) grasses d) cycads
77. Winged pollen grains are present in
a) mango b) cycas c) mustard d) Pinus
78. Which one is wrongly matched?
a) Gemma cups – Marchantia b) biflagellate zoospores – brown algae
c) uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia d) unicellular organism – Chlorella
79. Oogamous type of sexual reproduction is found in
a) Volvox b) Fucus c) Spirogyra d) both (a) and (b)
80. Read the given list.
Volvox, Polysiphonia, Dictyota, Fucus, Porphyra, Chara, Chlamydomonas.
How many algae do not show flagella?
a) 3 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5
81. The main plant body of Fucus is
a) haploid b) diploid c) triploid d) tetraploid
82. Phycocolloids are the substances which having capacity to hold water are mainly obtain from
a) chlorophyceae b) Cyanophyceae c) Rhodophyceae d) all of these
83. Silica with cellulosic fiber deposited in the wall of
a) diatoms b) Dinoflagellates c) slime moulds d) BGA
84. Capillitium in sporangium with cellulosic cell wall in spores only is the characters of
a) diatoms b) Dinoflagellates c) slime moulds d) Agaricus
85. Read the given names carefully.
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Chlorella, Fucus, Dictyota.
In the given names how many organisms having chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘c’?
a) 2 only b) 3 only c) 4 only d) all of these
86. Presence of two equal flagella in apical region of spores is the feature of
a) Rhodophyceae b) pheophyceae c) chlorophyceae d) cyanophyceae
87. How many cells surround the nuclei in Chara?
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
88. Given diagram belongs to kingdom Plantae.
Which one is the correct match regarding given diagram?

a) Volvox chlorophyceae non-motile

b) Volvox chlorophyceae motile
c) Chlamydomonas chlorophyceae motile
d) Fucus chlorophyceae motile
89. Auxospores are formed in the members of
a) slime moulds b) Chlamydomonas c) diatoms d) Dinoflagellates
90. Agar-agar is obtained from
a) Gelidium b) Gracilaria c) Laminaria d) both (a) and (b)
91. Mannitol is the stored food in
a) Gracilaria b) Chara c) Porphyra d) Fucus
92. Which of the following is correct for Polytrichum?
a) main plant body is diploid b) roots and seed are absent
c) endosperm is haploid d) seeds surrounded by ovary wall
93. Which of the following columns is correctly match regarding given diagram?

a) Funaria Mosses Motile gametes b) Polytrichum Mosses Motile gametes

c) Sphagnum Mosses Motile gametes d) Marchantia Liverworts Motile gametes
94. How many peristomal teeth present in Funaria capsule?
a) 16 b) 18 c) 32 d) 30
95. Read the following names carefully.
Lycopodium, Claviceps, Rhizopus, Azolla, Onion, Polytrichum, Ulothrix
How many organisms having motile gametes in their life cycle?
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 5
96. Read the following characters.
1. Asexual spores are absent.
2. Asexual reproduction by multicellular green vegetative bud.
3. Some members having peristomal teeth for spore dispersal.
The above characters belong to
a) Algae b) Pteridophyta c) Bryophyta d) gymnosperm
97. Which of the following members are flat bryophytes?
a) Riccia and Anthoceros b) Riccia and Penicillium
c) Sphagnum and Aspergillus d) Mangifera and Sphagnum
98. Identify the plant and labeled structure “A”.

a) Marchantia and Gemma cup for asexual reproduction

b) Riccia and rhizoids
c) Marchantia and Gemma for sexual reproduction
d) Funaria and scales
99. Which of the following is rootless tracheophyte?
a) sphenopsida b) lycopsida c) psilopsida d) pteropsida
100. Which of the following character is not associated with Selaginella?
a) heterosporous b) strobilus produced microspores and megaspores
c) male gametes are non-motile d) rhizophore structure presents
101. Salvinia is the member of
a) pteridophyta b) gymnosperm c) angiosperm d) bryophyte
102. Which of the following can be considered as first terrestrial plants with vascular tissues?
a) algae b) fungi c) bryophyte d) pteridophytes
103. The main/prevailing/predominating form in life cycle of pteridophyte is
a) gametophyte b) sporophyte c) gametes d) spores
104. Which of the following group produces spore but sporophylls are absent?
a) lycopsida b) all pteridophytes c) moss d) psilopsida
105. Prothallus is gametophyte that occur in life cycle of
a) pteridophytes b) most of the pteridophytes c) few pteridophytes only d) angiosperm
106. Match the items given in column I with those in column – II and select the correct option given
below.
Column – I Column – II
A. Herbarium 1. It is a place having a collection of preserved plants and animals
B. Key 2. A list that enumerates methodically all the species found in an area with
brief description aiding identification
C. Museum 3. Is a place where dried and pressed plant specimens mounted on sheets
are kept
D. Catalogue 4. A booklet containing a list of characters and their alternates which are
helpful in identification of various taxa
a) A – 2, B – 4, C – 3, D – 1 b) A – 3, B – 2, C – 1, D – 4
c) A – 1, B – 4, C – 3, D – 2 d) A – 3, B – 4, C – 1, D – 2
107. Extrinsic growth is the property of
a) living organisms b) non-living objects c) cell wall d) both (b) and (c)
108. Intrinsic growth is found in
a) cell wall b) protoplasm c) mountains d) all of these
109. Which of the following is not a defining property?
a) cellular metabolism b) cellular organization c) response d) growth
110. Which points are correct about given animal?

1) diploblastic, radial symmetry 2) sexes are separate

3) exclusively marine 4) digestion is both extracellular and intracellular
a) (1), (2), (3) and (4) b) (1), (3) and (4) c) (1) and (3) d) (2), (3) and (4)
111. Planaria possesses high capacity of
a) metamorphosis b) regeneration c) alternation of generation d) bioluminescence
112. The member of phylum Platyhelminthes are also known as
a) flatworm b) roundworm c) cow worm d) pinworm
113. Select the given option, having single opening to the outside that serves both mouth as well as anus.
a) octopus b) fasciola c) ascidia d) enterobius vermicularis
114. Roundworm differ from the Platyhelminthes in
a) roundworm are diploblastic b) roundworm have complete digestive system
c) roundworm have flame cells d) all of these
115. Excretory organ of Platyhelminthes
a) gills b) nephridia c) flame cells d) trachea
116. The disease, in which larva enters human body by boring in skin while bathing in ponds
a) schistosomiasis b) taeniasis c) cysticercosis d) liver cirrhosis
117. Which of the following will be incorrect for Ascaris?
a) Pseudocoelom
b) sexual dimorphism
c) muscular pharynx
d) thick musculature with body wall involving circular and longitudinal muscles
118. In which phylum, the body is externally and internally divided into segments with a serial repetition
of at least some organs?
a) Mollusca b) Annelida c) Aschelminthes d) Cnidaria
119. How many information’s are correct about given animal?

1. Triploblastic, bilateral symmetry 2. Metamerically segmented and coelomate animals

3. Dioecious 4. Closed circulatory systems present 5. Lateral appendages parapodia present
a) five b) four c) two d) three
120. Which of the following animals has a true coelom?
a) Ascaris b) Pheretima c) Sycon d) Taenia solium
121. The phylum-Annelida is named so because of
a) more organs are placed towards anterior part of the body
b) the presence of antenna
c) anteriorly placed neural system
d) the presence of rings separating segments
122. Here some information is given about Arthropoda.
Bilateral symmetry, Incomplete digestive system, Organ system level of organization, Coelomate,
Triploblastic, unsegmented
How many information’s are correct?
a) Four b) Five c) Six d) Seven
123. Which of the following is correct match?
a) Arthropoda – Insecta – Spider b) mollusca – Cephalopoda – apple snail
c) Coelenterata – Anthozoa – Hydra d) Platyhelminthes – Trematoda – liver fluke
124. Which of the following is incorrect match of phylum with its characteristic feature?
Phylum Characteristic features
a) Porifera water vascular system
b) Coelenterata Cnidoblast
c) Platyhelminthes dorso-ventrally flattened body
d) Arthropoda jointed appendages
125. Which of the molluscs will have closed type of circulatory system?
a) Pila b) Unio c) cuttle fish d) none of these
126. Which one of the following belongs to the phylum Mollusca?
a) devil fish b) dog fish c) silver fish d) jelly fish
127. Haemocoel found in
a) Hydra b) Pila c) earthworm d) snake
128. The phenomenon of torsion found in
a) gastropoda b) Cephalopoda c) Pelecypoda d) amphineura
129. Radula is found in
a) Pila b) Chitons c) Lamellidens d) Pinctada
130. Pearl is produced by
a) Lamellidens b) Mytilus c) Pinctada d) Pecten
131. Identify the correct match of the characters given in columns I and II and phylum given in column III.
Column - I Column – II Column – III
a) water vascular tube feet Echinodermata
b) proboscis Radial symmetry Hemichordata
c) radula external fertilization Annelida
d) segmentation visceral hump mollusca
132. The members of which phylum are Triploblastic, radially symmetrical and coelomate?
a) coelenterata b) ctenophore c) Echinodermata d) chordata
133. Adult radially symmetrical but larva are bilaterally symmetrical and un-segmented animals are seen
in
a) Echinodermata b) Arthropoda c) Ctenophora d) Aschelminthes
134. Which one of the following invertebrates is a protostomic, bilateral symmetrical and
pseudocoelomates?
a) Asterias b) Ancylostoma c) Aedes d) Balanoglossus
135. Pneumatic bones are present in
a) corvus b) neophron c) pavo d) all of these
136. First vertebrate which are warm-blooded?
a) reptilia b) amphibia c) birds d) mammalian
137. The Aves have additional chamber in digestive tract and in which --------is for food storage and ------
for food griding.
a) crop and gizzard b) gizzard and crop c) crop and pharynx d) pharynx and gizzard
138. The dark color of the breast muscle of birds of flight is due to presence in high concentration of
a) haemoglobin b) myoglobin c) mitochondria d) both (b) and (c)
139. Renal portal system is absent or reduced in
a) reptiles b) amphibians c) reptiles and amphibians d) Aves
140. Which one of the following is not a characteristic feature of mammals?
a) diphyodont tooth b) 16 pairs of cranial nerves
c) 7 cervical vertebrae d) left aortic arch in the circulatory system
141. Identify the aquatic mammal(s) from the following.
(i) Balaenoptera (ii) Equus (iii) delphinus (iv) pteropus (v) Felis
a) (i) and (iii) b) (ii) and (iv) c) (v) only d) (iv) and (v)
142. Order Primata contains
a) shrew and hedgehog b) bats and flying fox
c) monkeys and man d) horses and zebra
143. Gorilla, Chimpanzee, man and monkey belong to the same
a) order b) genus c) family d) species
144. Duck-billed platypus is a connecting link between
a) reptilian and Aves b) living and non-living
c) reptilian and mammalia d) Echinodermata and chordata
145. Select viviparous mammalia is
a) platypus b) African baboon c) spider monkey d) Macropus
146. Which one of the following statements is totally wrong about the occurrence of notochord while the
other three are correct?
a) it is present throughout life in Amphioxus
b) it is present only in larval tail in Ascidians
c) it is replaced by a vertebral column in adult frog
d) it is absent throughout life in humans from the very beginning
147. Find out the correct matching.
a) ostrich, peacock, petromyzon = vertebrate exception – petromyzon
b) Ascaris, leech, earthworm = eucoelomate exception – Ascaris
c) scoliodon, pristis, exocoetus = osteichthyes exception – exocoetus
d) bufo, rana, chelone = reptilian exception – chelone
148. Cross section of animal body is given below.

Which of the following animals will satisfy the above cross section?
a) Fasciola b) Pleurobrachia c) Ascaris d) Nereis
149. Assertion: The lateral line system is found in fishes and aquatic larval amphibians.
 Reason: The lateral line system has receptors which are the clusters of sensory cells derived from
ectoderm.
a) If both Assertion and Reason are True and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
b) If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
c) If Assertion is true but reason is false
d) If both Assertion and Reason are false
150. Assertion: A bony fish can stay at a particular depth without expending energy in swimming contrary
to the cartilaginous fishes.
Reason: In bony fishes, the swim bladder is resent which helps in buoyancy.
a) If both Assertion and Reason are True and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion
b) If both Assertion and Reason are True but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
c) If Assertion is true but reason is false
d) If both Assertion and Reason are false