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Harmonic and Fibonacci

- Patterns, sequences, and series are fundamental concepts in mathematics. A sequence arranges numbers according to a rule, while a series sums the terms of a sequence. - Examples of common sequences include arithmetic, where each term increases by a constant difference, geometric where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio, and harmonic where the reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence are taken. - The Fibonacci sequence is defined by adding the two previous terms, starting with 0 and 1, resulting in the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.

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87 views5 pages

Harmonic and Fibonacci

- Patterns, sequences, and series are fundamental concepts in mathematics. A sequence arranges numbers according to a rule, while a series sums the terms of a sequence. - Examples of common sequences include arithmetic, where each term increases by a constant difference, geometric where each term is multiplied by a constant ratio, and harmonic where the reciprocals of an arithmetic sequence are taken. - The Fibonacci sequence is defined by adding the two previous terms, starting with 0 and 1, resulting in the sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, etc.

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Chapter I

Nature of Mathematics
c. Harmonic
A harmonic sequence is a sequence where the sequence is formed by taking the reciprocal
of each term of an arithmetic sequence. For example, 1, 1/4, 1/7, 1/10,... is a harmonic sequence.
A series formed by using harmonic sequence is known as the harmonic series for example 1 + 1/4
+ 1/7 + 1/10.... is a harmonic series.

Example: Determine whether the following sequence is harmonic: -1, 1/2, -1/3, 1/4, -1/5, ....
Solution: Let us take the reciprocals of the given sequence: -1, 2, -3, 4, -5, ...
Let us check whether this is an arithmetic progression by computing the
common differences.

2 - (-1) = 3
-3 - 2 = -5
4 - (-3) = 7
The differences are NOT the same and hence the given sequence is NOT harmonic.
Answer: The given sequence is NOT a harmonic sequence.

Harmonic Sequence
Example: a. Find the 10th term of the harmonic sequence 1/8, 1/12, 1/16, . . .
Given : Arithmetic Sequence = 8, 12, 16, . . .
a1 = 8, n = 10, d = 12 -8 = 4
1
Formula: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 +(𝑛−1)𝑑
1
Solution: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 +(𝑛−1)𝑑

1
𝑎10 = 8+(10−1)4

1
𝑎10 = 8+(9)4

1
𝑎10 = 8+36

1
𝑎10 = 44
b. Find the 9th term of a harmonic sequence with 1st term is 1/11, and 3rd term is
1/3.

Given: Arithmetic sequence: 11, __, 3; Arithmetic Mean = (11+3/2) = 14/2 = 7


a1 = 11, n = 9, d = 7 – 11 = -4
1
Formula: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 +(𝑛−1)𝑑
1
Solution: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 +(𝑛−1)𝑑

1
𝑎9 = 11+(9−1)−4

1
𝑎9 = 11+(8)−4

1
𝑎9 = 11−32

1
𝑎9 = −21

d. Fibonacci
Who is Fibonacci?
Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician. He was really named Leonardo de Pisa but his
nickname was Fibonacci. About 800 years ago, in 1202, he wrote himself a Math’s problem all
about rabbits.

Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers:


0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it:

the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1),


the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2),
the 5 is (2+3), and so on!

Example: the next number in the sequence above is 21+34 = 55

Here is a longer list:


0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946,
17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, ...
The Rule: Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2
where:
Fn is term number "n"
Fn−1 is the previous term (n−1)
Fn−2 is the term before that (n−2)
First, the terms are numbered from 0 onwards like this:

Example: Find F6 and F9

F6 = F6−1 + F6−2 F6 = F5 + F4 F6 = 5 + 3 F6 = 8

F9 = F9−1 + F9−2 F6 = F8 + F7 F6 = 21 + 13 F6 = 34
Summary Chapter I - Nature of Mathematics
● Patterns are regular, repeated, ore recurring forms or designs

● Types of patterns: Symmetry, Fractals, Spiral, Meanders, Waves, Foams, Tessellations,


Cracks, and Stripe.

● Sequence is a also known as progression. Sequences are the grouped arrangement of


numbers orderly and according to some specific rules. . For example, 2, 4, 6, 8 is a sequence
with four elements

● Series is developed by sequence. A series is the sum of the elements in the sequence, 2 +
4 + 6+ 8, where the sum of the series or value of the series will be 20.

● An arithmetic sequence is a sequence where the successive terms are either the addition or
subtraction of the common term known as common difference. For example, 1, 4, 7, 10,
...is an arithmetic sequence. Formula: an = a1 + (n - 1) d

● An arithmetic series formed by using an arithmetic sequence is known as the arithmetic


series for example 1 + 4 + 7 + 10... is an arithmetic series. Formula: Sn = n/2 (a1 + an)
● A geometric sequence is a sequence where the successive terms have a common ratio. For
example, 1, 4, 16, 64, ...is an geometric sequence. Formula: An = a1rn-1

● A series formed by using geometric sequence is known as the geometric series for example
1 + 4 + 16 + 64... Formula: 𝑆𝑛= 𝑎1 (1− 𝑟𝑛)1−𝑟

● Infinite geometric series formula: S∞ = a /(1-r)

● Harmonic sequence is a sequence where the sequence is formed by taking the reciprocal of
1
each term of an arithmetic sequence. Formula: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 +(𝑛−1)𝑑
1

● Fibonacci is the series of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

● The rule: Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2

Prepared by: Prof. Ethel D. Nabor, LPT, MA

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