Grade 12 Physics Notes
Grade 12 Physics Notes
Grade 12 Physics Notes
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ECZ GRADE 12 PHYSICS SUMMARISED NOTES
(PURE) FOR 5124 AND 5054.
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G12 PHYSICS NOTES AND
ESKULU ZM 4/30/18
EXERCISES WITH ANSWERS
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Here you will find Physics notes, exam tips and exercises with answers designed for passing ECZ exams.
Prepared by Jeffrey M for eskulu.com
Contact +260978031524
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Electromagnetic induction.............................................................................................................................................4
lenz’s law ..................................................................................................................................................................6
fleming’s right hand rule ..........................................................................................................................................8
simple a.c generator (dynamo) ................................................................................................................................9
simple d.c generator ..............................................................................................................................................14
rectifiers .................................................................................................................................................................16
mutual induction ....................................................................................................................................................17
the trsansformer ....................................................................................................................................................17
transmission of electrical power ............................................................................................................................21
challenging questions – 1 .......................................................................................................................................23
solutions: ................................................................................................................................................................27
static electricity ...........................................................................................................................................................29
electrostatic forces.................................................................................................................................................29
electric field............................................................................................................................................................29
the gold-leaf electroscope .....................................................................................................................................30
electrostatic induction ...........................................................................................................................................33
lightning .................................................................................................................................................................35
challenging questions – 2 .......................................................................................................................................36
solutions: ................................................................................................................................................................39
current, potential difference and resistance ...............................................................................................................40
electric current and conventional current .............................................................................................................40
potential difference ...............................................................................................................................................41
electromotive force (e.m.f) ....................................................................................................................................42
cells in series ..........................................................................................................................................................42
cells in parallel........................................................................................................................................................44
voltmeter ...............................................................................................................................................................44
e.m.f & p.d in a simple circuit ................................................................................................................................45
resistance ...............................................................................................................................................................45
rheostat ..................................................................................................................................................................46
factors affecting resistance of a wire .....................................................................................................................46
resistors in series....................................................................................................................................................47
resistors in parallel .................................................................................................................................................47
ohm’s law ...............................................................................................................................................................48
diodes .....................................................................................................................................................................48
rectifier ...................................................................................................................................................................49
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ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
CONCEPT: A current can be produced in a conductor by the motion of a magnetic
field.
Electromagnetic induction occurs:
1. When there is a changing or varying magnetic field near a close circuit.
2. When the magnetic field lines of force linking the circuit induces an
electromotive force (e.m.f) thus, an induced current is produced.
In the following figure, a zero-current solenoid is set up with a centre-zero
galvanometer.
A stationary bar magnet is put inside the solenoid.
When the magnet with known poles is moved into the solenoid, the pointer of
the galvanometer is deflected in one direction by an induced current.
Hence, an induced e.m.f is produced in the solenoid.
The direction of induced current is reversed when the same magnet is moved
out of the solenoid.
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LENZ’S LAW
STATES: An induced current flows in a direction so as to oppose the change or
motion producing it.
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Example
Example
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How it Works
The direction of the induced current changes every half turn of the coil.
The induced e.m.f has maximum output when the plane of the coil is parallel
to the magnetic field. There is no induced e.m.f when the plane of the coil is
perpendicular to the magnetic field.
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1. The period is the time taken for one revolution of the coil. The frequency of
rotation is the number of revolutions of the coil per second.
1
𝑓= , where f: frequency; T: period;
𝑇
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Example
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Example
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How it Works
The e.m.f is zero when the coil is vertical.
It increases to the maximum during the first quarter turn and reduces back to
zero during the second quarter turn.
The current leaves the generator via brush d hence this brush is positive.
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RECTIFIERS
This is a device that changes alternating current (A.C) into direct current (D.C).
Symbols:
Half-wave Rectification
The input e.m.f across the resistor is represented by only half the wave.
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Full-wave Rectification
MUTUAL INDUCTION
When you switch the current on, the galvanometer needle kicks to one side
and then returns to zero.
When you switch the current off, the galvanometer needle kicks to one side
and then returns to zero.
As you increase the current with the rheostat the needle deflects to one
side. Reducing the current produces a deflection in the opposite direction.
The process by which a changing current in the circuit induces an e.m.f in a
nearby circuit is called mutual induction.
THE TRSANSFORMER
Principle of a Transformer
A transformer is a device used to vary the voltage of an a.c supply.
The basic structure of a transformer consists of a primary coil and a
secondary coil wound on a soft iron core.
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How it Works
An alternating current supply (input voltage, Vp) is needed in a transformer.
The alternating current (Ip) flows in the primary coil and sets up a changing
magnetic field.
In the secondary coil, an alternating e.m.f is induced. The alternating
induced current (Is) then flows to the load (output voltage Vs).
The induced e.m.f in the secondary coil may be greater or less than the
e.m.f of the primary coil depending on the number of turns, Ns and Np.
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Example
Because: 1. Energy is lost in the form of heat in the primary and secondary coils,
and in the soft iron core. 2. There is leakage of magnetic field lines between the
primary and secondary coils.
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Example
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CHALLENGING QUESTIONS – 1
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SOLUTIONS:
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STATIC ELECTRICITY
ELECTROSTATIC FORCES
Charges are either positive or negative.
Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
SI Unit of Electric Charge: Coulomb (C).
ELECTRIC FIELD
This is a region where a small charge experiences an electric force. (Like
charges experience repulsive force, unlike charges experience attractive
force.)
Electric fields are represented by electric field lines.
These arrow-marked lines (one arrow for one line) represent the direction
of electric force of a free-moving positive charge. The closer parts of the
lines (the regions nearer to the charge) indicate stronger electric force.
The figures below show the electric field lines of positive charge (+ sign)
and a negative charge (- sign).
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ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION
Definition: Electrostatic induction is a process whereby a conductor becomes
charged when a charged body is brought near it but not in direct contact with it.
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Example
Example
Example
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LIGHTNING
This is the discharge of electrons
occurring between two charged clouds or
between a cloud and earth.
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CHALLENGING QUESTIONS – 2
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SOLUTIONS:
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CURRENT, POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE AND RESISTANCE
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CONVENTIONAL
CURRENT
Concept: The flow of electrons along the conducting wires in a circuit produces
an electric current.
Electrons always flow from the negatively charged end to the positively
charged end.
Long ago, scientists thought that current flows from positive to negative.
Remember: Electron Flow (Negative to Positive) is in the opposite direction to
the Conventional Current (Positive to Negative)
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
Energy carried by electric charges is consumed in components in a circuit.
Potential Difference (p.d) across a component is the measure of the energy
converted per unit charge passing through a component
𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒑. 𝒅 =
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑬
𝑽 = 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒑. 𝒅(𝑽); 𝑬 = 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒅; 𝑸 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝑸
SI Unit of potential difference: Volt (V).
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Example
CELLS IN SERIES
When cells are connected in series, the combined e.m.f. used to drive the
electric charges is the sum of all the individual cell’s e.m.f.
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CELLS IN PARALLEL
When cells are connected in parallel, the
combined e.m.f used to drive the electric charges
is the e.m.f of one individual cell (i.e. each cell
contributes an equal amount of e.m.f).
With more cells, the circuit will have longer time
to drive the electric charges.
VOLTMETER
To measure electromotive force:
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RESISTANCE
All metals have some resistance. In an electric circuit, resistance reduces the
size of the current.
A resistor is a conductor with known value of resistance. It can be used to
control the size of current flowing in a circuit.
Resistance, therefore is a measure of how difficult it is for the current to pass
through the circuit.
DEFINITION: The resistance (R) of a component is the ratio of potential
difference (V) across it to the current (I) flowing through it.
The formula is derived from Ohm’s Law. SI Unit of Resistance: ohm (Ω).
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RHEOSTAT
Resistors have fixed values of resistance.
Rheostats are variable resistors commonly used in a circuit to vary the control
of electric current.
3. Material
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4. Temperature
RESISTORS IN SERIES
The total resistance (R) of the resistors connected in series circuit is equal to the
sum of the separate resistance.
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
The total resistance (R) of the resistors
connected in series circuit is equal to
the sum of the separate resistance.
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OHM’S LAW
STATES THAT: The current (I) flowing through a conductor is directly proportional
to the potential difference (V) across it, provided that the physical conditions and
temperature remain constant.
DIODES
A diode allows the electric current to flow only in one direction.
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The forward arrow on the diode symbol shows that the diode is forward
biased. The current flows easily.
The reverse arrow shows that the diode is reverse biased. The current is
nearly zero.
RECTIFIER
In a direct current (d.c) circuit, the current flows in one direction.
In an alternating current (a.c) circuit, the current can flow in both forward and
reversed directions for short periods of time.
Since a diode only lets current flow in the forward direction and stops all the
reverse current, a.c can be changed into d.c using a diode called a rectifier.
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CHALLENGING QUESTIONS - 2
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SOLUTIONS
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CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT SYMBOLS OF COMPONENTS OF A D.C
CIRCUIT
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SERIES CIRCUITS
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Potential Difference
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PARALLEL CIRCUITS
There is more than one path for the electric
charge to flow. They are connected in
parallel.
If you unscrew one lamp, the other lamp will
still light up
Current
From the readings of the ammeters, we can draw the conclusion that
I1 = I2 + I3
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Potential Difference
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Example
Example
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SHORT CIRCUITS
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Example
THERMISTORS
A thermistor is a device whose resistance is affected by
temperature.
The resistance of a thermistor decreases with
increasing temperature.
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Example
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CHALLENGING QUESTIONS – 3
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SOLUTIONS:
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INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRONICS
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE
It can be used for measuring voltages, displaying waveforms and measuring
time intervals.
Measuring Voltages
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Example
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RESISTORS
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Example
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Example
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Example
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CAPACITORS
It is a device that stores electric charge.
The unit of capacitance is the farad (F). For practical purposes we use the
micro farad (μf). 1μf = 10 -6 F.
A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 μf if it stores an electric charge of 1 micro
coulomb.
Charging a Capacitor
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Discharging a Capacitor
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CHALLENGING QUESTIONS – 4
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SOLUTIONS:
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THE TRANSISTOR
SEMI-CONDUCTORS
Semi-conductors are used to make diodes, transistors and other electronic
devices.
They are neither good nor bad conductors.
WHAT IS A TRANSISTOR?
It is an electronic device that can be used as an automatic switch.
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TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
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TIME SWITCH
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REFERENCES
Pixabay.com
L Muunyu – Physics 10 – 12
Wikipedia
GCE O Level Physics Key Points – Red Spot – K L Poon
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