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SECTION SevEN — HEAT AND ENERGY 193 Moun hacks hce: ‘When itstarts to get abit nippy on goes the heating fo warm things up a bit. Heating is al about the transfer of energy. Here area few useful definitions to begin with, 1) When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy. This energy makes the particles ina {gz.0ra liquid move around faster. Ina solid, the particles vibrate move api. 2) This energy is measured onan absolute scale. (IIs means it cant go lower than zero, because there’ limit to how slow particles can move.) The unit of heat energy i the joule 1) The hater someting heighrMBSTLU. a a of cofige gets cooker 2) Temperatures usualy measured n° egrees Celsius), but there are other temperature scales, Ferg: Tike degrees Fabrenel. eS er Energy tends to flow from hot objects to cooler ones ee De wa radiators het the cold ain your room And the bigger dhe temperature diference, the faster heat is transfered, Kinda makes sense. Cold air gets warmer 1) ttakes more heat energy to increas the temperature ‘of some materials than others, Tooj ovr Ke ToT bat ont 13910 f meccury by °C. Eg. you cof svar ho 2) Materials which need to gain lots of energy to warm Lup also release lado energy when they cool oun again. They cantor’ alot of heat 53) The measure of how much eneesya substance can store is called its specific heat capacity. Its all about energy. Het senery, eat is energy — get that in your head a this top wil ely sat to mabe sense {Tako explains why heat ows am hot to old Pcs are lay — they dont want o be buzzing rund wth ts of enery, they ich rater pas that energy on and take es. Chil. “ienOW Sen Hear ano ENency194 Ton rackcuue bens Spectic heat capacity is diferent for cifferent materials — which makes it a favourtecaulation topic for examiners. Make sue you know the formula below so they don't catch you out 1) Specific heat capacity s the amount of energy noeded to ase the temperature of kg of a Subsiance by L°C. Water has a specific heat capacity of 4200 kg. 2) The specific heat capacity of wateris high. Once waters heated, it stores alot of eneeay vibich make it good for conta heating system Alb, water’ aliquid sit can evil be pumped around a building. 3) Yow have todo calculations involving specific heat capacty. “This isthe equation o learn eee ee keen enn eu EXAMPLE: How much energy is needed to heat 2 kg of water from 10 °Ct0 100°C? 56.000. ANSWER: Energy needed = 2 x 4200 x 9 Hf youre not working out the energy, youl have wo rearrange ‘the equation, 20 this formula iriangle will come in dead handy. You cover up the thing youre ying to find ‘The pats of the formula you can sil se are what is equal to. EXAMPLE: An empty 200g aluminium ketle cools down from | Reneater—yeunaay 115°C 10 10°, losing 19068 J of heat energy. eemccceee ‘What the specific hat capacity of aluminium? ‘ohtarame er & 19 068) answer: suc= Sey _ 19058 9p gnc Mass Temp ch ~ 0.2% 105 I wish I had a high specific fact capacity... So there are two eeasons why water’ used in central heating systems — i liquid and it has a high pectic heat capacly. This makes water good fr cooling systems to, Water can abstb a lot of ‘ergy and cary iavay. Water-based cooling systems are used n cc engines and some computers. SkenON Sriw— Arar ann ENERGY195 Menu euc keene) Hf you've ever made a cup of ea you'l know you need energy t bol water — usually supplied by the kettle, But the energy does just go ito raising the water temperature. 1) When you heat a liuid the heat energy makes the paicles move faster. Eventually ‘when enough ofthe particles have enough energy o overcome their attraction to each ‘othe, big bubbles of gas form inthe quid — isis bling 2) i's similar when you heat a solid, Heat energy makes the particles vibrate faster unt eventually the forces between them are overcome ad the particles art to move around this is melting, ‘When a substance is melting or hailing you're sil puting in ‘energy, Dut the energy’ sed for breaking intermolecular ‘bond ater than raising the Temperature — there are at p01 onthe eating graph. When a substance is condensing or fering honds are forming between pices, which wlases energy. Tis means the |< rmpecature does’ g9 don niall he substance hastured imo aliquid (condensing) >a solid eeezng). Temperature “ecTON Sian Frat an Enency196 (Wea Rue nscale) {you heat up a pan of water onthe stove, the water never ges any hotter than 100 °C: You can cay on heating it up, but the temperature wen’ re, it lo do with latent hea isthe amount of energy needed to met kg ofmaterl without changing step. the materials goto bea is ‘melting temperature already). 2) The specifi latent heat of oiling ithe energy needed to bil 1g of material without hangings lempeatue (e. the materia’ got to be a its boing temperature alent). 3) Specific latent heat is liferent fo diferent materials, andi’ diferent fo boiling and melting ‘You doo’ have to remember what al the numbers are, though, Phew 4) There's formula to help you with all the calculations. And here is EXAMPLE: The specific latent heat of water for melting) is £3240 pkg. How much energy is needed to melt an ice eube of mass 7 gat °C? ANSWER: Energy 0.007 % 334 000 |= 2338 I you're finding the mas or the specific latent heat youl need to vie, ‘80 uliply— jst to make your lea bit easier, here’ the formula tangle e EXAMPLE: The specific latent heat of water for boing) i 2 260 000 Hk, 2.825 000) of energy i used to boil dry a pan of water at ‘100°C, What asthe mass of water in the pane ANSWER: Mass = Energy + SLM = 2 825 000 = 2260 000 = 1.25 kg It all quite complicated but you really need to learn it “Melting a sold or boiling aliquid means you've got to break bonds between particles. That takes energy Specific latent heat i just the amount of energy you need per kilogram of stu Incidentally, this {show aweating cools you down — your body heats ured to change liquid sweat into gas. Nice Secron Stutw — HAT AND ENERGY197 Warm-Up and Exam Questions “ake your time with these questions — and don miss out the trckylooking pars, any of them bale you, i nt too late to take another peek over the section, 1), What is heat? 2) Under what conditions wil eat low? 3) When a boiling liquid i heated, what isthe heat energy wed for? Explain what is meant by ‘specific atent heat of melting 1 AO.Skgiton lock is het from 20°C to 100°. This takes 1800 J of enn ‘The specifi et capacity of ion A. 250 gC B 450 g'C © 6s0,g%C D ss0sg"C ama) 2. The graph shows a cooling curve for gs, Mach the labels A,B, Cand D with points 1-4 oa the graph, A Coating tid 5 B Condensing ic © Frezing i DCooting gs é Tine oe a Sam isbilng ome wate. She uses a ete which divers 2000 J every second ‘Assume te kets 100% eet (0) How much eats dtvred othe water in mimes? mas) (b) The spect latent heat for boiling water x2 260 000k, Once the wate nthe Kets at 100°C, what mass of water wl tro team iit cries on Bing for mes “cman Sin ~ Finan Bsr198 fered el {you build a house there are regulations about doing it propery, mainly so that it dees all down, but also so that it keeps the heat in. Easier sai han done — there are several ways that heat is ‘os Houses lose alot of heat though their windows even when they shut. One eason fr tis is that heat flaws fromthe warm inside face ofthe window tothe cold outside face by conduction, 1 Ina solid the pantles are hed tightly together, So when one pac vibrates, humps into ‘ther paticls nearby and quickly passes the vibrations on 2) Paticles which vibrate faster than ters pass on thee extra netic energy (thats movement energy 1o neighbouring particles. These parle then vibrate faster themselves. H Cc Oo % T D 3) This process continues throughout the soll an gradually the extra kinetic enexgy or hea is spread all the vay through the solid. This causes arise ia temperature at the othe side 4) Metals are really good conductors of heat een that's why theyre used fr saucepans |Non:meals are good for insulating things = eg. for saucepan handles. a Stubs ee poo ‘recreate bce rope Shea 5) Liquids and gases conduct heat move slowly than solids — the Parcs arent held sight together. So ats a good insulator Its all down to those free electrons Conduction i ike pas the parcel — each particle pases the heat onto its neighbour. They can't chuck eat across the tom or anything ike that — that jut not playing fl Each paticle vibrates the more energy each ha, the faster it vibrates — and passes energy onto its neighbours. ‘SecHON Sivin Far ano Even199 cera 1) When you heat up liquid orga, the paticles move fates, and the uid tiguid ‘or gas) expands, becoming less dense, 2) The warmer, less dense Mud ses above its cole, denser suroundings, ale balloon does. 3) Asthe warm Mud ses, coler id takes its place. As this process continues, you ‘actualy end up witha circulation of| fluid (convection curtens). This how immersion hates work, ested, Tos dens arises [Coot denser [aifals Cool aie lone wl the gap lefty the rising heated ait 5) Convection cant happen in slid hecause the particles can't move — they jst vibrate onthe spot 6 To reduce convection, you need to stop the fluid moving, Clothes, blankets and cavity wall fam insulation all work by trapping pockets of at, Theatr can't move so th heat has to conduct very slowly through the pockets ofa, aswell as the material inbetween, Remember: most ‘radiators’ don't radiate — they cause convection a garden spade left outside in cold weather, the metal bit wll always fee colder than the wooden hanele. But itis colder — it just eondcts heat away from your hand quickes. The opposite is tu i the spades left out inthe sunshine — il fet hotter because it condocts heat into your hand quicker. “Secnow Sin Hiar ano ENEnGy200 atelier cnt) The other way heat can be transfered i by radiation This is very eiferent rom conduction and convection ‘Heat radiation ean also be called infrared radiation, and it consists purely of elecvomagnetic waves of certain range of fequencies. Is next © visible ight inthe electomagneicspeciun (ee page 236). 1) Allajeets continually mit and absorb heat radiation. An object hats hotter han te Surroundings emits more radiation than it absoebs (sit cools down). And an object that's cooler than its surroundings absorbs more rahation than it emits (sit arms up, 2) The hoster an object gets, the more heat radiation it emits. 3) You can fel this heat lation if you stand near something hot ike a re orf you put your hand just above the bonnet of a recently parked ca (recenily parked ca) {ater an hour orso} 1) Radiation can occur ina vacuum, ik space. This isthe only wa that heat reaches us fom the Sun 2} Heat radiation only passes through substances that are transparent to inared radlation —eg ai glass and wate. 2) The amount of radiation emit o absorbed by an object depends to a lage extent on is surface colour and texture This defintely isnt tue for conduction and convection. If radiation couldn't travel through a vacuum, we'd all be very cold 1 you think about sunshine, is easy to se that heat and light are similar things. Theyre both part of the electromagnetic specttim and bath ravel in waves, The difference between them is thei wavelength and feequency — but not thei speed, all waves travel atthe same speed, SiCHON Sivin~ Hla ano Enc201 Ue isatolele 1) Heat radiated from the surce of an abject. 2) The bigger the surface area, the more waves an he emit fom the selace — so the uickee the transfer of hea 2) This wy car and motorbike engines fen fave ne — they incense the surface area 50 heat ated away quicker. She engine cooks ices 4) Ws the same with heating something up —the bigger the surface area exposed tothe heat radiation, the quicker if heat up 1) Matt black surfaces are very good absorbers and radiation, Painting a woodburning stove mat lack is ‘means i'l radiate as much heat as possible. 2) Lighcoloured, smooth objects are very poor absorbers and emitters of raation, but they effectively rele heat radiation For example, some people pat shiny fl behind their radiators to reflect ration back int the room rather than heat up the walls “Another good example is sunival blanks for poole rescued emg] ims natin tty sat sits the body heat back inside the blanket, and also minimises heat radiation being emitted by the blanket. Revise heat radiation — well, at least absorb as much as you can “The most confusing thing about radiation is that those white things on your walls called aators actually transl mast of thelr eat by convection, 35 rising warm ait. They do racte som heat 00, ‘of course, hut whoever chose the name ‘fadator obviously had swotted up ther physics fs. “crow Saen— Hear ano Extxcy202 Saving Energy 1) To save energy, you need to insulate your home. It costs money to buy and install he insulation, bot it als saves you money, because your heating bils are lower 2) Eventually the money you've saved on heating bills will equal the intial cast of naling the insulation — the time ths takes fcalled the payback time. 3) Cheaper methods of insulation are usually les effective — they tent save you les money per year, but they often have shorter payback mes. 4) you subactthe annual saving fom the intl coat repeatedly then axentually the one with the biggest anoual saving must always come outs the winner, if you think about it 5) But you might sell the house (or de) before tat happens. Ifyou look at it over, say a five-year pati then a cheap and cheerful hot water tank jacket wins over expensive double glazing Fibepas woo lid across the aft Lagging such as lelae (oor dices conduction Brough wakes amaten the cling ino the rot space iil Cont 150 Initial Cost £200 ‘Annual Saving: £100 Payback ime: 2 years Annual Saving: £15 Payback me: dears Two layers of gs with an air ‘ap between reaoce conduction. nial Cost £2400 ‘Annual Saving: £60 Payback ime! 30 years rarramarnypp fob ‘conduction, Insulating foam is quite into the gap between layers, trapping pockets of ar EB] footie, sane Seema, elie weremecteenct, igs sci“ Payback time: Zyeats ‘Athecmogram sa pice taken wih a thermal imaging camera ‘Object at diferent temperatures emit inte rays of cient ‘wavelengths which the thermogram displays as diferent colours. In this therogram, red shows where mst heats bing lst ‘The houses on the et and ight are losing bucket leads of heat >> ‘ut oftheir oof, but the ane inthe mille most have fl, Insulation as it’ et losing half as much, er “Simon Stren — Hint ano Enter203 War jp and Exam Questions Yes, you've got it —do the warm-up questions fst then vvhen you think you'e ready, havea go at the exam questions. I there's anything you cant d, make sure you go back and check 01 it OO 1) Describe the proces of heat transfer by conduction 2), Explain why heated ai ses. 3) Heat alation can ako be called thermal radiation. What is another name for itt 4) Give two ways the nature ofa surface coud be changed so thatthe surface emits more heat ae 5) Give tree methods of insulating 3 house em | Warm air ses in the roof space of «house, What type of heat transfers this? A. radiation B conduction © conection D_ insulation (may “Mandy wants some binds for her new conservatory 80 that it doesnt got too hot on very sunny days. Which ones should she choose? ‘A mat, black blinds 1B mat, white binds © shiny, black binds D shiny, white blinds — ‘The diagram shows the heat losses from Tom's house, Tom etimates that £300 of his nual heating bills wasted on heat lost from the house. (@) How much money does Tom waste every year 25g in hoa los throgh the ra? mart) pox (6) Tom decides to insta the lo. This costs him ae £330, but reduces the amount he spends on wasted heat £255 per yea. “TR ao ons Clean te pon time fr iting EMA insulation in Tom's hows. (2 mort) “Seenow Siven — Far aN Banc204 ‘You should know all of these well encugh by now to Is them fem memory, including the examples: 1) ELECTRICAL ten. — whenever acurent flows 2) ANGHT Ene From the Sun, ight bubs et 3) SOUND Energy. —from loudspeakers or anything. 4) KINETIC Energy or MOVEMENT Energy. —anyting that's moving has it >) NUCLEAR Energy —reeased only rom nuctea eactons (6) THERMAL Energy or HEAT Ener. — flows om hat abects to colder ones. 7) GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL Ene... — possessed by anything which can fall 8) ELASTIC POTENTIAL Energy — possess by sigs, elastic rubber bands ee 9) CHEMICAL Energy — possessed by foods fuels, bates ee. “he las hiee above are forms of sored enesgy because the energy snot ebvioushy doing anything it's kind of waiting to happen, i. wating tobe tumed into one ofthe oher forms. two types of Ty and yet your head round the diference beween these two: 1) "ENERGY CONSERVATION’ is all about sng fewer sources because of the damage they do and because they might un out. That's al environmental skull — ehich important us, but arly trivial ona cosmic sale. "PRINCIPLE OF THE CONSERVATION OF ENERGY", however, sone ofthe mujr comersones ‘of modern physics. W's an al evading principle which govers the workings of the enti physical se. this principle were no so, then fe as we know it would simply cease to be Another important principle which you need to lea i this one Srction Sin Heat AND ERGY‘An open fire looks cosy, but altos heat enexgy goes straight up the chimney, by convertion, ving room. Al this energy is wasted, 50 open fies aren't very efficent. ef are only useful because they convert energy from one form to anaes Take cars for instance — you put in chemical energy (petrol or diesel) andthe engine convert iin kinetic movement) energy 2) The total energy output always the same as the energy inp but only some ofthe ouput 'So for every joule of chemical energy you pu into your car you'l only get Saaction of converted into useful Kinetic energy. '3) Tiss because some ofthe input energy is always os or wise, often as eat. Inthe car example, the rest ofthe chemical energy s converted (mostly into heat and sound ener. “This wasted ener. 4) The less energy thats wasted the more ec! the device is said to be ‘The input energy is ALWAYS more than the useful energy output ficiency all about what goes in and bow it comes out. Remember hat conservation of energy thingy — what do you mean no? t's onthe las page — anyway that means that however much energy ‘yeu putin, youl get that same amount out. The vicky bits working out how much comes out use “Sictow Stun Har AND ENERGY206 1) To work autthe efficiency ofa machine, fist find out the Tota nergy ouput This the same asthe energy supplied tothe machine — the enesgy input 2) Then find how mach useful energy the machine delivers — the USEFUL Enerby output “The question might tll you this dvely, ori might ell you how much energy i wasted 3) Then just divide the smaller number by the bigger one to gta value for efcieney somewhere between Q and 1. Easy I your aumber Is bigger than 1, you've dane the dvisior upside down.) Electric kettle] 4) You can convert the efficiency toa percentage, by multiplying it by 100. Eg, 0.6 = 60%. 5} Inthe exam you might be told the efficiency an asked to workout the total energy output ‘the wseol energy ouput or the energy wasted. So you need 1 beable to rearang the formula EXAMPLE: An ordinary ight bulb i 5% efficient. 11000 Jo ight ‘energy is given ou, how much energy is wasted? asa: lop Yl 001 0 nergy Wasted = 20 000 - 1000 = 19 000, 10.000, pees mere Efficiency questions are all more or less the same Some new appliances like washing machines and fies} come with a sicker with alter from Ato H | fn, to show how energy-efficient they at. A really swell-insulated fdge might have an ‘rating. But if you pur itright next tothe oven, or never defost it wil run muh les ficiently than it shoul ‘SCHON SEIN Heat and ENERGY207 Warm-Up and Exam Questions {ts no good learning ll the facts in the world if you go to pieces and write nonsense in th exam. So you" be wise to practise using all your koowledge to answer some questions. (err-up a $$ 1) What type of energy is stored in fod? 2} State the principle of he conservation of energy 3) Modern appliances tend tobe more energy ecient than older ones. What does this mean? 4) Give an example of a device that uses elastic potential energy 5) Why isthe elem uf an appliance always les than 100042 ‘A motor is supplied with 200J of energy to lift load The load gains 140 J of potential enery. What is the effcieny ofthe motor? A 60) B 10% c 03 D 143 (mart) ‘What useful energy changes accur when a pop sar sings into a microphone connscted to an amplifier and loudspeaker? (Loudspeakers use electricity to vibrate a cone, which produces sound waves.) ‘A. sound > Kinetic > heat > sound chemical -> sound > electrical -> sound B © electical > sound > heat-> sound D sound ~> electrical ~ kinetic > sound (mary [Atairdryeris supplied with 1200 J of eletial energy every second, ‘The electrical ‘nergy is converted 0 20J of sound eneray and 100 J of kinetic energy every secon (@) How much electrical energy does the hairdryer transform info heat energy every second? mar (©). Suggest how the hairdryer could be made more efficient. mak) “Sicnow Sin — Flat ano Bvisor208 Energy Sources There are various diferent ypes of energy resource, ‘They fit into {wo broad types enewable and non-renewable ‘The non-tenewables are the thee FOSSIL FUELS and NUCLEAR: 1) Coal 2) Oil 3) Natural gas 4) Nuclear aes (uranium and plutonium) 3) They wil all‘un ou one day. bb) They al do damage tothe environment. ©) But they provide most of our eneray rome pro 1) Alle fs ues (oa ol and gas} lease CO, For the same amount of energy produced, ‘coal releases the most CO,, follower by oil then gas. All this CO, adds to the greenhouse ‘effec, and contributes to climate change. We could stop some of entering the atmosphere — by ‘capturing’ and burying it underground, fr instance — bu the technology iso expensive tobe widely used yet 2) Buming coal and il releases sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain, This seduce by taking the sulphur out before is burned, o: cleaning up the emisons 3) Coal mining makes a mess ofthe landscape, = especially *open-
Wave power (mat) 6 The diagram shows a solar heating panel hich is used to heat cold water ina euse. (Deseo tan “e (tom Sn sl hexig pn i) oe (0 fm trite eso worn et (mary "Panga an i) throughout the water inthe tank mony (©) Explain why the pipes in the heating panel are pated black mow 7. The inhabitants ofa remote island donot have the resources or expertise to builda nuclear rosin plant They have no access to Fossil fuels. (8) The islanders have considered using win, solar and hydroelectric power to generate letricty. Suggest two other renewable energy resources they could use. (ema) (©) The islanders decide that both solar and hydroelectric power could reliably generate ‘enough electricity forall their needs. Suggest wo other factors they should consider when deciding which method of electricity generation (0 use. mats) “Sictow Sivin — Fear and Bren220 Revision Summary for Section Seven Pw. what a reli, youve made itt the end of yet another nice ong section. This one's been fairly sraightinward though — afterall, about hal fit just covered the pros and core of efferent renewable energy resources. Gut don’ kid yoursel there are definitely ashedoad ol facto femember here and you ned ta know the lot of them, The best way’ to check that you know ital is ‘o work your way though these revision questions — and make sure you go back ane revise anything you get wrong. 1) Boplain the dference between heat and temperature. What units are they each measure ine 2}* A rod of metal has a mass of 600g, is heated from 18°C 0 28 °C using 5400}. Caleulate the speciic heat capacity ofthe metal 3). Why does a graph showing the temperature of a substance a its heated have two fla bits? 4)* The specific latent heat of wate (or biling) is 2.26 10" Vk, How much energy does i take to boil dry a kettle containing 350g of boiling water? 5) Describe the process that ansfers heat energy tough a metal rod, What this process called? 6}, Describe how the heat fom the elements tansfered throughout the water ina kettle orbit i 7a vy lr water panel ave a a bck tice ae Thro ag fox gigi oa Fen a ‘ich opel sa fea kr lh hy ams tm 9) Name five ways of reducing the amount of heat lst from a house, and explain how they work 10}"The following table gves Some information about two diferent energy-saving lightbulbs. 8) What is the payback time fot ight bulb AZ aa] anal bb) Which ight bulb is more costetective over one year? | ong 11) What does a theemogram show? TR] 250 | 125 12) Name nine types of energy and give an example of each, Tiebe| om | om 13) List the energy transformations that occur in abattory-powered toy ea. 14) What is the useful ype of energy delivered by a motor In what form is enersy wasted? 15) Write down the formula fo calculating efficiency. 16)" What i the efficiency ofa motor that convers 100 of electrical energy into 70 Jof useful kinetic energy? 17) What is meant by a non-renewable energy resource? [Name four diferent non-renewable energy resources 18) Sate two advantages and two dsacvantages of using fossil fuels to generate eleciciy. 19) Outline two arguments for and two arguments agains increasing the use, inthe UK, of nuclear power 20) Give two advantages and one disadvantage of using solar cells to generate electricity 21) Haw do solar ovens focus the Sun's ays 22) Describe how the following renewable rcourees ar ured to ganerate electricity. Slate one advantage and one disadvantage foe each resource a} wind biomass ©) geothermal energy waves) thetide Answers on page 295 “SeenON Sven — Har ano EverSection EicHr — Etectriciry AND WAVES 221 are gee Ts Isnt electricity great — mind you il he a pain came exam time if you dont know the basics. 1) CURRENT is the flow of electons round a citcui. (Electrons are negatively charged particles, see p96.) 2) VOLTAGE is the diving force that pushes the curent round. Kind of tke “eecrical psu” 3) RESISTANCE is anything in the circuit which slows the flow down 4) There's a BALANCE: the voltage is tryng to push the current ound the circuit and thecesitance fs fonnasing it — the elative sizes ofthe voltage and eesistance decide how big the curt will be: 1) The cunt is simply ike the flow of water 2) Voltage slik the pressure provided by | pump which pusbes the stuf round 3) Resistance i any sort of consicton in the flow, ‘which is what the pressure has to work against. 4) you urn up the pump and provide more pressure (r“wolage, the flow wil increase 5) Ifyou put in more constrictions eresistance the flow (curren) wil decrease flow the opposite way ‘We normally say curtent in a crult flows from postive to negative, Alas electrons were discovered long after that was decided and they turned outta be negatively charged Ths means they actualy flow from -we te, opps othe flow of "conventional curent 1) The mains lectlysoplyn your ome alerting a curent — AC. Itheeps reversing its direction back and forth a 2) A cathode ay osillosope CRO) can show cuentas a race on 2 {raph The CRO ace for AC would be awn The wate es fom eo tp postive vale, then cops dw peak nate val, then back pt zero gan ands on. The fequeny {ine suply sn many o tse was You get pr second 3) Direct cument (DO) silent. 4) The CRO trace isa horizontal line. The voltage doesnt vary — 50 the ‘current has a constant value to, 5) You get OC current fom batteries and solar cells ce pages 212 & 213) “Sicrow Bon — Facraciy ano Waves222 caer Resistance, cuen! and voltage ae all closely linked. And ifyou don't belive me, you can easly check 1) This cireuit can be used to investigate how curren varies with voltage for any component Variable 2) The ammeter is always connected Resistor In areg withthe component you're testing to measure current Flowing through it 3) The voltmeter is always connected jn paral ith the component to measure the valage 4) The supply volage from the cel doesn change. You use a variable resistor inthe ccuit, which you adjust to pik diferent values forthe cute, an foreach value measure the ‘oltage across the component. Data from a cireui like the one above canbe plated it on a Vi (volage-curren) grap. This shows ‘what happens to the curent when you vary the voltage — asa bonus, the gradient shows the resistance 1) The resistance, R, ofthe component is consant La conta ompes 2) Ifyou plot voltage against current, you eta straight line — so you can see that the cent is proportional tothe voltage. 1) With filament lamp, the resisance isnt constant it increases asthe current increases. This is because the bigger the curent through the filament lamp, the hotter it gts, And a ite temperature increases, its resistance increases, 2) The graphs a curve — the current f nt proportional tothe voge, “icon Bt — Barc ano Wars223 Current, Voltage and Resistance 1) The cure that lows thraugh a component always depends onthe esitance ofthe component and the voltage cross it. There’ avery simple equation for i Current x Resistance co this much shorter version, 5 Tig a alae a [OOS Go 2) heggton och ao fet. ip! 0 ed a cu ‘Gover up te thing you're tying find, then what you can sil ei the formula you need to use. 1) A lghtdependent resistor (LOR has a vesistance which ‘depends onthe light level 2) The resistance is highest in total darkness. As the ight get brighter, the resistance falls. This makes ta useful Sevice for various electonic sensors, eg automatic night lights and burglar detectors. 4) Most hermistors havea high resistance in cold conditions. Aci gets yore the rsistane falls, Thermistrs are very Useful as tempaature sensors — eg. in caengine temperature gauges and cenral-heating thermestas. In the end, you'll have to learn this — resistance is futile. +R is without doubt the mest imporiant equation in electronic. LEARN IT LEARN IT LEARN IT ‘Seerow Fen Bucincr ano Wares224 Me aes fx sea prot col pec of psc to make saci fom te memento its called electromagnetic (EW) induction — which basically means making elecrciy using 2 magne. CTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION: The creation c oar alana RnR Une ny experiencing a CHANGE IN MAGNETIC FIELD, 1) Using electromagnetic induction ta ransfarm ki things into electrical energy is called the dynam effect. (in a power station, this kinetic energy is provided by the turbine) 2) There are two diferent situations where you get EM induction a) An electrical conductr (a col of wires ten used) moves through a magnetic fed A verignamapa by The magnetic field through an electrical condlictor changes (ges bigger or sma ler or reverses Learn the three ways of getting a bigger voltage ‘Who have thought you could make elect fam a magnet and bof wie — ty it youself you dln elev While youre thee try changing the magnet and he number of war and things oS fw th votage changes Once you ge the hang of sk in your head fo the am no toube ‘SictON Bt — BLecTaCIW AND WHT225 al Eee Suicres 1) Generators usualy state a colin a magnetic fl 2) Every half tur, the curent in the col swaps direction Tink about one part ofthe coll. sometimes its heading fr the magnet’ north poe, sometimes forthe south — it changes every hala turn. This is what males the curent change diection, 3) This means that generators produce an altemating (AC) cuten. you looked atthe curent (or voltage on a display, youd see something like this Turning the coll aster produces not only uta higher voltage to. 4) The fexquency of AC electcal supplies is the numberof “ycls’ per second, and is measured Inert (He). Inthe UK, elect s supplied at 50 Hz (which means the colin the generator atthe pawer station i rating 50 times every second). 5) Remember, this is completely diferent from the DC electricity supple by batteries and solar cells. 1 you plotted that on a graph, you'd see something more like this. SDS fea) Dynamo bikes or igh diferety they usualy oe the magn ner the coil, Bt the principles exaty he same ual chee stl using EM induction Generators rotate a coil — dynamos rotate the magnet [x induction sounds prety hard, bu ibis down to his — fa magnetic fed changes (moves, fos, shrinks... whatever somewhere nea a conductor you get electicty. fsa weird ol thing, trutimpertant — this is how all our mains elect is generated. We'd be inthe dark witout it ‘SeenON Bent — Bucrncit ano Wares226 ee KoA LCC RU CLC CLL) ‘Most ofthe electicity you use arzves via the national grid 1) The national grid isthe network of pylons and cables ‘which coves the whole county, 2) Ietakes electricity from power stations to just where i's ‘edd in homes and industry. 3) enables power toe generated in a power station anywhere ‘on the yd, and then supplied anywhere else onthe gid Stations are | 1) The aim ofa power station st convert one kind of energy (eg, the energy stored in fossil ues, or nuclear energy contained inthe centre of ators) into electricity. 2) Usually his is done inthe stages. “The fist stage ito use the fuel (eg, gas or nuclear fue) to generate stearn — this isthe job of the hole. aia 2 the blades of a turbine. and this tating movement from the Nearesctareare : turbine i converted telecticiy by “tal the generator (using elecromagnetic induction — se the previous page) (Turbine) - The y a esd Teun water) 3) Most power stations ae eb inefclent— usually more than half the energy preuced i wasted ashatand noise though the ficiency ofthe power sation depends alot on the cower source), ‘Most power stations are very very inefficient Powe satons mightbe big, but they natal tha lever — they bol water o make eam fun tuine. They also waste ato energy, which pel, So, iver 2 TOD% fice power sation el youl bo ch an aon — guess ite ck hough or emeone wouldve arendy done i Section Bont — Fiicracy ax Warts227 Power Stations and the National Grid The electricity generated by power stations i dstibuted around the country in the nations rd While itis being transmit it has a higher valage tha inthe power station and in your ouse. 1) To transmit lot of electrical power, you ether need a high voltage ora high curent {eee page 230 for more info about why). But..a higher curent means your cables gel hot, which is very inelfcient all hat heat just goes to waste 2) t's much cheaper to inciease the voltage. So before the electricity f sent round the county, the voltage i tansiomed (using a tansformes) to 400 000 V. This keeps the ‘utrent very low, meaning less wasted nes 53) To increase the voltage, you needa step-up tansfrmes 4) Eventhough you need big pons with huge insulators as well asthe tansfnmers themselves), ting a high voliage isthe cheapest way to vansmit electric. 5) To bring the voltage down tose usable Levels for homes, thre are focal step-down trnsfonmers eattered rund twns — fr example, lok fora litle enced-f shed with signs all ove it saying Keep Out and “Danger of Death {6 This isthe main reason why mains electricity is AC — tansformers only work on AC. Fuel, boiler, steam, turbine, generator, transformer, grid, toaster ‘you had your own solar panel or wind generator, you could sell back any surplus elect tothe rational gid. Soi you dont use much electricity ut you generate alot oi, you can acually make ‘money instead of spending i. Nice trick if you can do f- Shame solar panels costa fortune. “Secrow Bic — Fcrmci ano Wares228 Warm-Up and Exam Questions “This stuf isnt everyone's cup of tea. But once you got the knack oft through lols of practice youl find the questions arent too bad. Which is nice. 1) Whats electrical curent? 2), Explain the diference between AC and DC. 3) What happens tothe resitance of thermistor ait gets cooler? 4) Whats electomagnetc induction? 5) What the National Grid? \Write down the equation that eats resistance, curent and voltage. A current of 2.5 A flows through a 10 W resistor ‘What i the voltage across the resistor? A 25v B IOV c av D 2sv ‘The cirenit shown an be used to find the resistance ofa component Match the descriptions A,B, C and D tothe parts 1-4 on the diagram, Variable resistor Voltmeter Ammeter Component to be tested (mats “Sicnow Bet — Burcraci ano Waves229 ete Ses 3. Blectricty is tansmited over long distances in the National Grid at ‘A. low voltage and high cusent 1B _Iow voliage and low current C high voltage and high current, D_ high voltage and low current mot) 4 The diagram shows coil of wire connected to an ammeter. Tim moves a bar magne into ‘the col as shown, The pointer onthe ammeter maves to the lef (2) Explain why the pointer moves, arty (©) What could Tim do to get the ammeter’ pointer to move to the right? (marty (©) How could Tim get larger eading onthe ammeter? marty (@) What reading wit the ammeter show if Tim hol the magnet sil inside the coil? 0 mart) 5 The diagram shows how heat energy from burning coal i used to generate electricity. costfelbier tne nemee (2) In hat form i the energy in coal stored? (imo (©) Coal has an energy content of approximately 25 000 kg. {How much heat energy is released in burning 1000 kg of coal? (many (Gi) Caleuate the percentage efficiency ofthe power station if 10.000 MB of electricity is generated using 1000 kg of coal (1 marty “icon Bon — Bactaciy ano Waves230 Paris This page is about the power of electrical appliances 1) Eleetial appliances are wsfol because they take in electrical energy and convert into ‘other forms of energy, ea ight bulb turns elecical energy into ight and heat energy 2) Converting energy fom one form to another is called tansfer of ener 2) The elecical power of an appliance tell you how quickly i tansfers electrical energy The units of power are wats (Wi or klowats (KW) 1 kilowatt = 1000 wats. ate of Transfer 4) The higher the power of your appliance, the more energy is wansfered every second. Soa kW ketle oils water fstrthan a 2 KW ketle, and a 100 W light bulb is brighter than a 60 W bulb “Theresa nice easy equation for the power of an appliance. ret VOLTAGE socthis much shorter vesion. EY ‘As usual, you need to practise eaanging the equation to, utmestocangthe ipo overt ‘nites we on EXAMPLE: Annas hardier has a power rating of 1.1 RW. ‘She plugs the hairdier Ina the 230 V mans suppl ‘Whats the current ough the hardier ANSWER: Youte trying to find caren, so you ‘ed to rearange the equation, Using the formula ingle, V2 1100 +2302 48. “Siena Fn — Frrcracry ano Wats231 baer er ele All the electricity you use as tobe pad for. Your electricity meter counts how many uns of electricity {ou use and the electricity company multiplies his by the cost ofeach one fo work out your il. Your electricity meter records how much enexgy you use in units of kllowat-hous, or kWh, ‘he higher the power ating of an appliance, andthe longer you leave iton, the more enesgy ‘consumes, and the more it costs, Lam (and practise rearranging) this equation to, TIME ‘And this one (but this one easy EXAMPLE: Find the cost of Feaving 60 W light bulb ‘an fr 30 minutes if ne kWh costs TOp. nergy (in Wh) = Power Gn KW » te in ours) = 0.00 RW x fr = 0.03 kWh ost = number of unis x price per unit= 0.03 x 1p = 0.9 ‘ANSWER: Watt is the unit of power? Gt a bit of practice wth the equations in those lovely burgundy boxes, and ty these questions 1) Akt draws a eurent of 12 A irom the 230V mains supply, Calculate its power rating, 2} With 0.5 kWh of energy for how long could you run the kee? ‘Answers 295. ‘Stcnow Bohr — Fucimcr ano Wars232 bere a RTs ad) lecticity fs dangerous. Just watch out frit that'll In most electrical appliances, like tasters, say, the electrical cable has the copper wits inside it Each wires covered with an insulating sheath — which is aplastic, in a different colour foreach wire “The baown one isthe LIVEWIRE. With a normal AC supply, his wire alternates between a HIGH #VE AND -VE VOLTAGE. ‘The live wire has a fuse (rap switch) in The blue one ithe NEUTRAL WIRE This wire is always at Curent nocmaly flows in and out ofthe appliance through the live and neutal wires, The green and yellow wire isthe EARTITWIRE. One end ofthis wie is connected to the cath — is usally clipped on to your cold wate pipe, hich comes from underground. The other end ofthe wire is connected to the meal casing of your appliance — so the casing is ‘earthed. Sometimes, you can protect yourself with a Resi Currnt Circuit Breaker (RCCB) instead of a fuse and an earth wire, RCCBs work slighly cilerenty 1) Normally exactly the same cusent lows though the lhe andl neal wires, 2) However if somebody touches the Ive wie, a current will flow through them tothe earth. So now the neural wires caying less curent than the lve wire 53) The RCCE detects this difference in curtent and quicly cuts ff the power. Fuses — you'll find them in exams and kettles es really important to learn the colour of each of the wires — not jus for the exam bu: for rea ie oo | keto remember them like this. ren is fr grass, and where does ras grow — inthe earth of | course. Now blue and neutal both have eand uin so they must go together, which est leaves the ive wire — iit alive t must be a worm so is brown. Easy easy. ish ‘StctIOn Bch — Blea aN Wars233 Electrical Safety Devices ‘The earth wite doesn't normally have any current flowing Hough i ‘he earth wire and fuse are just there fr safety — and they work together like this: 1) If your toaster develops a fault, the live wie could touch the metal casing of the toaster ‘The outside ofthe toaster would then beat high voltage, and potentially dangerous, because you could easily touch it _2) BUT the metal case is connected tothe earth (which sat OV) by the earth wire — which {just a normal copper wire with low resistance. So a very bigcurent lows in through the live wit, trough the meta casing and out through the earth wire As —~ = Fault = Allows ive to touch Big curent surges etal case tocarth [this surge a aan a ES current rc rome ea the live wire 3) This lange curren quickly melts the fase nthe ive wire oF lips the tp switch) and cus off the high vollage supply 4) This isolates the whole appliance from the high voltage supply, making it imposible to get An electric shack from the ease of the appliance. It also prevents he sk of fre caused >y the heating effect of a large current, Fuses have toe veplaced once they've melted, whereas RCCBs can easly be reset by flicking a switch an the device. This makes RCCBs more convenient than fuses. Loads of details to learn I'm afraid ‘Not all electrical appliances have tobe earthed. Ifthe appliance has a plastic casing and ro metal paris exposed i's sad o be double insulated. Anything with double insulation just needs ive and a petal wie. Household produit ike harriers and vacuum cleaners ually have double insulation. “Screw Ficnr — Eucrncry ano Was
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