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    LO-5 (Engineering Electromagnetics) Updated

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    PRAVEEN KUMAR SINGH
    This document discusses lumped and distributed circuit elements, and uses a lumped model to analyze transmission lines. It presents: 1) The definitions of lumped and distributed elements based on wavelength compared to component size. 2) A lumped model for a short transmission line segment using series R, L and shunt G, C components. 3) Deriving the transmission line equations from Kirchhoff's laws in the time and phasor domains. 4) Solutions for voltage and current waves on the line as propagating waves with attenuation and phase factors.

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    LO-5 (Engineering Electromagnetics) Updated

    Uploaded by

    PRAVEEN KUMAR SINGH
    20 views21 pages
    This document discusses lumped and distributed circuit elements, and uses a lumped model to analyze transmission lines. It presents: 1) The definitions of lumped and distributed elements based on wavelength compared to component size. 2) A lumped model for a short transmission line segment using series R, L and shunt G, C components. 3) Deriving the transmission line equations from Kirchhoff's laws in the time and phasor domains. 4) Solutions for voltage and current waves on the line as propagating waves with attenuation and phase factors.

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    This document discusses lumped and distributed circuit elements, and uses a lumped model to analyze transmission lines. It presents: 1) The definitions of lumped and distributed elements based on wavelength compared to component size. 2) A lumped model for a short transmission line segment using series R, L and shunt G, C components. 3) Deriving the transmission line equations from Kirchhoff's laws in the time and phasor domains. 4) Solutions for voltage and current waves on the line as propagating waves with attenuation and phase factors.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views21 pages

    LO-5 (Engineering Electromagnetics) Updated

    Uploaded by

    PRAVEEN KUMAR SINGH
    This document discusses lumped and distributed circuit elements, and uses a lumped model to analyze transmission lines. It presents: 1) The definitions of lumped and distributed elements based on wavelength compared to component size. 2) A lumped model for a short transmission line segment using series R, L and shunt G, C components. 3) Deriving the transmission line equations from Kirchhoff's laws in the time and phasor domains. 4) Solutions for voltage and current waves on the line as propagating waves with attenuation and phase factors.

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    of 21

    ELE 3213-ENGINEERING

    ELECTROMAGNETICS
    CLO-5

    1
    Distributed vs. Lumped
    Transmission lines are considered distributive

    • In circuit theory, the elements resistors,


    capacitors and inductors can be either
    lumped or distributed.
    • Lumped: when the applied
    electromagnetic wave has wavelength
    much larger than the dimensions of
    circuit elements.
    • Distributed: when the applied
    electromagnetic wave has wavelength
    smaller or comparative to the dimension
    of the circuit elements.

    2
    LUMPED MODEL OF SHORT TRANSMISSION
    LINE
    • The complete model for a small length increment ∆𝑧 of the transmission line that is considered as
    lumped is shown below.
    • The conductivity G and capacitance C (shunt connection) provide the leakage losses between the
    transmission line and earth.
    • The resistance R and inductance L (series connection) provide the self resistance and self inductance
    of the transmission line.

    R, G, L and R are per unit length

    3
    LUMPED MODEL OF SHORT TRANSMISSION
    LINE
    • Applying KVL and KCL one can write:

    KVL KCL

    • Combining the two equations in term of voltage only of current only, one can write:
    Transmission line equation

    voltage form current form

    4
    Phasor Form of Transmission Line
    • The transmission line equation in voltage form and time domain is written as:

    𝜕
    • To write it in phasor form (frequency domain), 𝜕𝑡
    becomes 𝑗𝜔

    Line Self Leakage


    Impedance admittance

    Wave equation

    Propagation constant for


    transmission lines.

    • The solution of the transmission lines wave equation for both voltage and current is:

    Positive Propagating wave negative Propagating wave 5


    Transmission Line Impedance
    • Start by changing using the phasor forms of the KCL and KVL derived before:
    phasor
    KVL

    phasor
    KCL

    • Take the solution of voltage and use the KVL in phasor form:

    Transmission Line Impedance


    6
    TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

    7
    Summarizing Voltage wave solution

    Real part of propagation constant

    Imaginary part of propagation constant

    𝜔 𝛌 2𝜋
    𝑣= = Wave velocity 𝛽=
    𝛽 𝑇 𝛌
    Voltage wave in Phasor form

    Voltage wave in time domain

    8
    Lossless case for Voltage wave solution
    In the lossless case, the resistances are neglected, 𝑅 = 𝐺 = 0
    0 0 0 No attenuation exist for the wave

    0 0
    𝛼=0
    Wave velocity
    0 0
    𝜔 𝛌 1 2𝜋
    𝛽 = 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 𝑣= = = 𝛽=
    𝛽 𝑇 𝐿𝐶 𝛌

    1 1
    No attenuation exist for the
    1 1 wave

    0
    The transmission impedance become
    0 real part only, with zero phase
    between voltage and current
    9
    EXAMPLE

    10
    Average power at z=0

    Average power at
    some distance z

    11
    VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO (VSWR)

    Maximum Standing wave is


    total voltage addition of incident
    and reflected wave
    Minimum total with same amplitude
    voltage
    The red wave – standing wave
    The green wave – incident wave
    The blue wave – reflected wave
    12
    Reflection, Transmission, Incident, and total
    • Black wave is total
    • Green wave is reflected
    • Orange is incident

    13
    14
    15
    EXAMPLE PROBLEM

    16
    EXERCISE PROBLEM

    17
    EXAMPLE PROBLEM

    18
    ANSWER TO EXAMPLE PROBLEM

    19
    EXERCISE QUESTIONS

    20
    EXAMPLE QUESTION

    21

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