DEPARTMENT OF MCA

I YEAR II SEM

19CAT608 – Java Programming

UNIT III – Networking and IO Packages

Topic 20: Networking
 Protocols

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi
Client TCP connection
Got the reply Server
time? GET http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/~dbi
2:00
<file>
time

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 Networking as Layers

Application (HTTP, FTP) DATA

Transport (TCP,UDP) HEADER DATA

Network (IP) HEADER HEADER DATA

Link (LINK) HEADER HEADER HEADER DATA

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 TCP (Transmission-Control Protocol)
• Enables symmetric byte-stream transmission between two
endpoints (applications)
• Reliable communication channel
• TCP perform these tasks:
– connection establishment by handshake (relatively slow)
– division to numbered packets (transferred by IP)
– error correction of packets (checksum)
– acknowledgement and retransmission of packets
– connection termination by handshake

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 UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• Enables direct datagram (packet) transmission from one
endpoint to another
• No reliability (except for data correction)
– sender does not wait for acknowledgements
– arrival order is not guaranteed
– arrival is not guaranteed

• Used when speed is essential, even in cost of reliability

– e.g., streaming media, games, Internet telephony, etc.

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 Ports
• A computer may have several applications that communicate
with applications on remote computers through the same
physical connection to the network
• When receiving a packet, how can the computer tell which
application is the destination?
• Solution: each channel endpoint is assigned a unique port that
is known to both the computer and the other endpoint

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 Ports (cont)
• Thus, an endpoint application on the Internet is
identified by
– A host name → 32 bits IP-address
– A 16 bits port

• Why don’t we specify the port in a Web browser?

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 Known Ports
• Some known ports are Client
– 20, 21: FTP Application
– 22: SSH
– 23: TELNET mail client
web browser
– 25: SMTP
– 110: POP3
21 23 25 110 80 119
– 80: HTTP
– 119: NNTP

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 Sockets
• A socket is a construct that represents one end-point of a two-
way communication channel between two programs running on
the network
• Using sockets, the OS provides processes a file-like access to
the channel
– i.e., sockets are allocated a file descriptor, and processes can access
(read/write) the socket by specifying that descriptor

• A specific socket is identified by the machine's IP and a port

within that machine

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 Sockets (cont)
• A socket stores the IP and port number of the other end-point
computer of the channel
• When writing to a socket, the written bytes are sent to the other
computer and port (e.g., over TCP/IP)
– That is, remote IP and port are attached to the packets

• When OS receives packets on the network, it uses their

destination port to decide which socket should get the received
bytes

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 Java Sockets

Low-Level Networking
 Java Sockets
• Java wraps OS sockets (over TCP) by the objects of class
java.net.Socket

• new Socket(String remoteHost, int remotePort) creates a TCP socket

and connects it to the remote host on the remote port (hand
shake)
• Write and read using streams:
– InputStream getInputStream()
– OutputStream getOutputStream()

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 A Socket Example

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class SimpleSocket {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

... next slide ...

}
}

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Socket socket = new Socket("www.cs.huji.ac.il", 80);
InputStream istream = socket.getInputStream();
OutputStream ostream = socket.getOutputStream();

String request =
"GET /~dbi/admin.html HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
"Host: www.cs.huji.ac.il\r\n" + Needed for forwarding
"Connection: close\r\n\r\n"; for example
ostream.write(request.getBytes());

byte[] response = new byte[4096]; int bytesRead = -1;

while ((bytesRead = istream.read(response)) >= 0) {

System.out.write(response, 0, bytesRead);
}
socket.close();

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 Timeout
• You can set timeout values to blocking method read() of
Socket
• Use the method socket.setSoTimeout(milliseconds)
• If timeout is reached before the method returns,
java.net.SocketTimeoutException is thrown

Read more about Socket Class

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Java Sockets and HTTP
 HTTP Message Structure
• A HTTP message has the following structure:

Request/Status-Line \r\n
Header1: value1 \r\n
Header2: value2 \r\n
...
HeaderN: valueN \r\n
\r\n

Message-Body

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 Reading HTTP Messages

• Several ways to interpret the bytes of the body

– Binary: images, compressed files, class files, ...
– Text: ASCII, Latin-1, UTF-8, ...
• Commonly, applications parse the headers of the message, and
process the body according to the information supplied by the
headers
– E.g., Content-Type, Content-Encoding, Transfer-Encoding

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An Example

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 Parsing the Headers
• So how are the headers themselves represented?
• Headers of a HTTP message must be in
US-ASCII format (1 byte per character)

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 Example: Extracting the Headers
Socket socket = new Socket(argv[0], 80);
InputStream istream = socket.getInputStream();
OutputStream ostream = socket.getOutputStream();

String request = "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n" +

"Host: " + argv[0] + "\r\n" +
"Connection: close\r\n\r\n";
ostream.write(request.getBytes());

StringBuffer headers = new StringBuffer(); int byteRead = 0;

while ( !endOfHeaders(headers) && (byteRead = istream.read()) >= 0) {
headers.append((char) byteRead); }
System.out.print(headers);
socket.close();

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 Example: Extracting the Headers (cont)
public static boolean endOfHeaders(StringBuffer headers) {

int lastIndex = headers.length() - 1;

if (lastIndex < 3 || headers.charAt(lastIndex) != '\n')

return false;

return (headers.substring(lastIndex - 3, lastIndex + 1)

.equals("\r\n\r\n"));
}

• Why did we (inefficiently) read one byte at a time?

• Is there any way to avoid this inefficiency?
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 Persistent Connections
• According to HTTP/1.1, a server does not have to close the
connection after fulfilling your request
• One connection (socket) can be used for several requests and
responses send more requests
– even while earlier responses are being transferred (pipelining)
– saves “slow start” time
• How can the client know when one response ends and a new
one begins?
• To avoid persistency, require explicitly by the header
Connection: close

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Parsing URLs
 Working with URLs
• URL (Uniform/Universal Resource Locator): a reference
(address) to a resource on the Internet
http://www.cs.huji.ac.il:80/~dbi/main.html#notes

Protocol

Host Port File

Reference
Name Number Name

Query

http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=dbi+huji&btnG=Search

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 The Class URL

• The class URL is used for parsing URLs

• Constructing URLs:
– URL w3c1 = new URL("http://www.w3.org/TR/");
– URL w3c2 = new URL("http","www.w3.org",80,"TR/");
– URL w3c3 = new URL(w3c2, "xhtml1/");
• If the string is not an absolute URL, then it is considered relative to the
URL

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 Parsing URLs
• The following methods of URL can be used for parsing
URLs
getProtocol(), getHost(), getPort(), getPath(), getFile(),
getQuery(), getRef()

Read more about URL Class

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 URLEncoder
• Contains a utility method encode for converting a string into an
encoded format (used in URLs, e.g. for searches)
• To convert a string, each char is examined in turn:
– Space is converted into a plus sign +
– a-z, A-Z, 0-9, ., -, * and _ remain the same.
– The bytes of all special characters are replaced by hexadecimal
numbers, preceded with %

• To decode an encoded string, use decode() of the class

URLDecoder

Read more about URLEncoder Class

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Class URLConnection

High-Level Networking
 The class URLConnection
• To establish the actual resource, we can use the object
URLConnection obtained by url.openConnection()
• If the protocol of the URL is HTTP, the returned object is of
class HttpURLConnection
• This class encapsulates all socket management and HTTP
directions required to obtain the resource

Read more about URLConnection Class

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public class ContentExtractor {

public static void main(String[] argv) throws Exception {

URL url = new URL(argv[0]);

System.out.println("Host: " + url.getHost());

System.out.println("Protocol: " + url.getProtocol());
System.out.println("----");

URLConnection con = url.openConnection();

InputStream stream = con.getInputStream();

byte[] data = new byte[4096]; int bytesRead = 0;

while((bytesRead=stream.read(data))>=0) {
System.out.write(data,0,bytesRead);
}}}
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 About URLConnection
• The life cycle of a URLConnection object has two parts:
– Before actual connection establishment
• Connection configuration
– After actual connection establishment
• Content retrieval

• Passage from the first phase to the second is implicit

– A result of calling some committing methods, like getDate()

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 About HttpURLConnection
• The HttpURLConnection class encapsulates all HTTP transaction
over sockets, e.g.,
– Content decoding
– Redirection
– Proxy indirection

• You can control requests by its methods

– setRequestMethod, setFollowRedirects, setRequestProperty,
...

Read more about HttpURLConnection Class

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