713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia ‘WIKIPEDIA Unix :miks/; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969!" at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, and others.(4) Initially intended for use inside the Bell System, ATS licensed Unix to outside parties in the late 1970s, leading to a variety of both academic and commercial Unix variants from vendors including University of California, Berkeley (BSD), Microsoft (Kenix), Sun Microsystems (SunOS/Solaris), HP/HPE (HP-UX), and IBM (AIX). In the early 1990s, AT&T sold its rights in Unix to Novell, which then sold the UNIX trademark to The Open Group, an industry consortium founded in 1996. The Open Group allows the use of the mark for certified operating systems that comply with the Single UNIX Specification (SUS). Unix systems are characterized by a modular design that is sometimes called the "Unix philosophy”. According to this philosophy, the operating system should provide a set of simple tools, each of which performs a limited, well-defined function.!5! A unified and inode-based filesystem (the Unix filesystem) and an inter-process communication mechanism known as "pipes" serve as the main means of communication,|4] and a shell scripting and command language (the Unix shell) is used to combine the tools to perform complex workflows. Unix distinguishes itself from its predecessors as the first portable operating system: almost the entire operating system is written in the C programming language, which allows Unix to operate on numerous platforms.!61 Contents Overview History Standards Components hitpsflen wikipedia orglvik/Unin~te Unix UNIX Developer Written in OS family Source model Initial release Available in Kernel type Influenced by Default user interface ix (W2F jun.%2C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. An Open Group Standard Unix System III running on a PDP-11 simulator Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Brian Kemighan, Douglas Mellroy, and Joe Ossanna at Bell Labs Cand assembly language Unix Historically proprietary software, while some Unix projects (including BSD family and illumos) are open- source Development started in 1969 First manual published internally in November 1971111 ‘Announced outside Bell Labs in October 197322] English Varies; monolithic, microkemel, hybrid CTss,5I Multics Command-line interface and Graphical (Wayland and X ana71312, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia Impact Window System; Android Free Unix and Unix-like variants SurfaceF linger; macOS ARPANET Quartz) Branding License Varies; some versions are See also proprietary, others are free/open-source software References Official website www.opengroup.org Further reading Imembership/forums/platform External links Junix (https:/www.opengroup. org/membership/forumsiplatt . ‘ormiunix) Overview Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmers.'7II8II9] The system grew larger as the operating system started spreading in academic and as added their own tools to the system and shared them with colleagues.42] At first, Unix was not designed to be portable!®! or for multi- tasking.) Later, Unix gradually gained portability, multi tasking and multi-user capabilities. in a time-sharing configuration. Unix systems are characterized by various concepts: the use of plain text for storing data; a hierarchical file system; treating devices and certain types of inter-process communication (IPC) as files; and the use of a large number of software tools, small programs that can be strung together through a command-line interpreter using pipes, as opposed to using a single monolithic program that includes all of the same functionality. These concepts are collectively known as the "Unix philosophy". Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike summarize this in The Unix Programming Environment as "the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves" {12 Version 7 Unix, the Research Unix ancestor of all modern Unix systems By the early 1980s, users began seeing Unix as a potential universal operating system, suitable for computers of all sizes.0314] The Unix environment and the client-server program model were essential elements in the development of the Internet and the reshaping of computing as centered in networks rather than in individual computers. Both Unix and the C programming language were developed by AT&T and distributed to government and academic institutions, which led to both being ported to a wider variety of machine families than any other operating system. The Unix operating s of many libraries and utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. ‘The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handles the file system and other common “low-level” tasks that most programs share, and schedules access to avoid conflicts when programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. To mediate such a the kernel has special rights, reflected in the distinction of kernel space from user space, the latter being a priority realm where most application programs operate History hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ana713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia ‘The origins of Unix date back to the mid-1960s when the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Bell Labs, and General Electric were developing Multics, a time-sharing operating stem for the GE-645 mainframe computer.!'5! Multic featured several innovations, but also presented severe problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics, but not by its goals, individual researchers at Bell Labs started withdrawing from the project. The last to leave were Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas Mcllroy, and Joe Ossanna,“4J who decided to reimplement their experiences ina © new project of smaller scale. This new operating system was en Thompson (siting) and Dennis initially without organizational backing, and also without a che working gether at a PDP: name. The new operating system was a single-tasking system.!] In 1970, the group coined the name Unics for Uniplexed Information and Computing Service as a pun on Multics, which stood for Multiplexed Information and Computer Services. Brian Kernighan takes credit for the idea, but adds that "no one can remember" the origin of the final spelling Unix.!'®] Dennis Ritchie,“"] Doug Mcllroy,"] and Peter G. Neumann!"7) also credit Kernighan. ‘The operating system was originally written in assembly language, but in 1973, Version 4 Unix was rewritten in C.!"] Version 4 Unix, however, still had many PDP-11 dependent codes, and was not suitable for porting. The first port to another platform was made five years later (1978) for the Interdata 8/32.81 Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are collectively referred to as Research Unix. In 1975, the first source license for UNIX was sold to Donald B. Gillies at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Computer Science (UIUC).29! UIUC graduate student Greg Chesson, who had worked on the Unix kernel at Bell Labs, was instrumental in negotiating the terms of the license,|29) During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to large-seale adoption of Unix (BSD and System V) by commercial startups, which in turn led to Unix fragmenting into multiple, similar but often slightly mutually-incompatible systems including DYNIX, HP-UX, SunOS/Solaris, AIX, and Xenix. In the late 1980s, AT&T Unix System Laboratories and Sun Microsystems developed System V Release 4 (SVR4), which was subsequently adopted by many commercial Unix vendors. In the 1990s, Unix and Unix-like systems grew in popularity and became the operating system of choice for over 90% of the world's top 500 fastest supercomputers,2"] as BSD and Linux distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers. In 2000, Apple released Darwin, also a Unix system, which became the core of the Mac OS X operating system, later renamed macOs./221 Unix-like operating systems are widely used in modern servers, workstations, and mobile devices.(23] Standards In the late 1980s, an open operating system standardization effort now known as POSIX provided a common baseline for all operating systems; IEEE based POSIX around the common structure of the major competing variants of the Unix system, publishing the first POSIX standard in 1988. In the early 1990s, a separate but very similar effort was started by an industry consortium, the hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ana7ra22, 1220 AM Unie - Wikipedia Common Open Software Environment (COSE) initiative, which eventually became the Single UNIX Specification (SUS) administered by The Open Group. Starting in 1998, the Open Group and IEEE started the Austin Group, to provide a common definition of POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification, which, by 2008, had become the Open Group Base Specification. In 1999, in an effort towards compatibility, several Unix system vendors agreed on SVR4's Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) as the standard for binary and object code files. The common format allows substantial binary compatibility among different Unix systems operating on the same CPU architecture. ‘The Common Desktop Environment (CDE), part of the COSE initiative ‘The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard was created to provide a reference directory layout for Unix- like operating systems; it has mainly been used in Linux. Components The Unix system is composed of several components that were originally packaged together. By including the development environment, libraries, documents and the portable, modifiable source code for all of these components, in addition to the kernel of an operating s1 m, Unix wa: lf contained software system. This was one of the key reasons it emerged as an important teaching and learning tool and has had such a broad influence. ‘The inclusion of these components did not make the system large — the original V7 UNIX distribution, consisting of copies of all of the compiled binaries plus all of the source code and documentation occupied less than 10 MB and arrived on a single nine-track magnetic tape, earning its reputation as a portable system.24] The printed documentation, typeset from the online sources, was contained in two volumes. The names and filesystem locations of the Unix components have changed substantially across the history of the system. Nonetheless, the V7 implementation is considered by many to have the canonical early structure: « Kemel— source code in /usr/sys, composed of several sub-components: = conf configuration and machine-dependent parts, including boot code = dev— device drivers for control of hardware (and some pseudo-hardware) = sys— operating system "kernel”, handling memory management, process scheduling, system calls, etc. = h—header files, defining key structures within the system and important system-specific invariables « Development environment — early versions of Unix contained a development environment sufficient to recreate the entire system from source code: = ed- text editor, for creating source code files, = cc—C language compiler (first appeared in V3 Unix) "as — machine-language assembler for the machine = Id— linker, for combining object files * lib — object-code libraries (installed in /lib or /usrilib). libe, the system library with C run-time support, was the primary library, but there have always been additional libraries for things such as mathematical functions (libm) or database access. V7 Unix introduced the first hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ana719122, 1220 4M Uni - Wikipacia version of the modern "Standard I/O" library stdio as part of the system library. Later implementations increased the number of libraries significantly. = make — build manager (introduced in PWB/UNIX), for effectively automating the build process = include — header files for software development, defining standard interfaces and system invariants = Other languages - V7 Unix contained a Fortran-77 compiler, a programmable arbitrary- precision calculator (bc, dc), and the awk scripting language; later versions and implementations contain many other language compilers and toolsets. Early BSD releases included Pascal tools, and many modern Unix systems also include the GNU Compiler Collection as well as or instead of a proprietary compiler system. = Other tools - including an object-code archive manager (ar), symbol-table lister (nm), compiler-development tools (e.g. lex & yacc), and debugging tools. = Commands — Unix makes little distinction between commands (user-level programs) for system operation and maintenance (e.g. cron), commands of general utility (e.g. grep), and more general-purpose applications such as the text formatting and typesetting package. Nonetheless, some major categories are = sh= the "shell" programmable command-line interpreter, the primary user interface on Unix before window systems appeared, and even afterward (within a "command window") = Utilities — the core toolkit of the Unix command set, including ep, Is, grep, find and many others. Subcategories include: = System utilities — administrative tools such as mkfs, fsck, and many others. = User utilities — environment management tools such as passwd, kil, and others. = Document formatting — Unix systems were used from the outset for document preparation and typesetting systems, and included many related programs such as nroff, troff, tbl, eqn, refer, and pic. Some modem Unix systems also include packages such as TeX and Ghostscript. = Graphics — the plot subsystem provided facilities for producing simple vector plots in a device-independent format, with device-specific interpreters to display such files. Modern Unix systems also generally include X11 as a standard windowing system and GUI, and many support OpenGL. = Communications — early Unix systems contained no inter-system communication, but did include the inter-user communication programs mail and write, V7 introduced the early inter-system communication system UUCP, and systems beginning with BSD release 4.1¢ included TCP/IP utilities. * Documentation — Unix was the first operating system to include all of its documentation online in machine-readable form. The documentation included: = man — manual pages for each command, library component, system call, header file, etc = doc — longer documents detailing major subsystems, such as the C language and troff Impact The Unix system had a significant impact on other operating systems. It achieved its reputation by its interactivity, by providing the software at a nominal fee for educational use, by running on inexpensive hardware, and by being easy to adapt and move to different machines. Unix was originally written in assembly language, but was soon rewritten in C, a high-level programming language.|25] Although this followed the lead of CTSS, Multics and Burroughs MCP, it was Unix that popularized the idea. hitpsflen wikipedia orglwi/Unin~te ix (HOF jun.%2C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others ena713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia Unix had a drastically simplified file model compared to many contemporary operating systems: treating all kinds of files as simple byte arrays. The file system hierarchy contained ‘achine services and devices (such as printers, terminals, or disk drives), providing a uniform interface, but at the expense of occasionally requiring additional mechanisms such as ioctl and mode flags to access features of the hardware that did not fit the simple "stream of bytes” model. The Plan 9 operating system pushed this model even further and eliminated the Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, need for additional mechanisms. principal developers of Research Unix Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics. DEC's RSX-11M's "group, user" hierarchy evolved into OpenVMS directories, CP/M's volumes evolved into MS-DOS 2.0+ subdirectories, and HP's MPE group.account hierarchy and IBM's SSP and O$/400 library systems were folded into Photo from USENIX 1984, including broader POSIX file systems. Dennis Ritchie (center) Making the command interpreter an ordinary user-level program, with additional commands provided as separate programs, was another Multics innovation popularized by Unix. The Unix shell used the same language for interactive commands as for scripting (shell scripts - there was no separate job control language like IBM's JCL). Since the shell and OS commands were “just another program’, the user could choose (or even write) their own shell. New commands could be added without changing the shell itself. Unix’s innovative comman¢-line syntax for creating modular chains of producer- consumer processes (pipelines) made a powerful programming paradigm (coroutines) widely available. Many later command- ‘sign principles and was line interpreters have been inspired by the Unix shell. developed a8 a successor to Unix. Plan 9 from Bell Labs extends Unix A fundamental simplifying assumption of Unix was its focus on newline-delimited text for nearly all file formats. There were no "binary" editors in the original version of Unix — the entire system was configured using textual shell command scripts. The common denominator in the 1/O system was the byte — unlike "record-based" file systems. 1 focus on text for representing nearly everything made Unix pipes especially useful and encouraged the development of simple, general tools that could be easily combined to perform more complicated ad hoc tasks. The focus on text and bytes made the system far more scalable and portable than other systems. Over time, text-based applications have also proven popular in application areas, such as printing languages (PostScript, ODF), and at the application layer of the Internet protocols, e.g., FTP, SMTP, HTTP, SOAP, and SIP. Unix popularized a syntax for regular expressions that found widespread use. The Unix programming interface became the basis for a widely implemented operating system interface standard (POSIX, see above). The C programming language soon spread beyond Unix, and is now ubiquitous in systems and applications programming. hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ena7ra22, 1220 AM Unie - Wikipedia Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of modularity and reusability into software engineering practice, spawning a "software tools" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing, s which became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself; this has been termed the Unix philosophy. The TCP/IP networking protocols were quickly implemented on the Unix versions widely used on relatively inexpensive computers, which contributed to the Internet explosion of worldwide real- time connectivity, and which formed the basis for implementations on many other platforms. The Unix policy of extensive on-line documentation and (for many years) ready access to all system source code raised programmer expectations, and contributed to the launch of the free software movement in 1983. Free Unix and Unix-like variants shots of Di n (top, @ popular Linux distribution) and FreeBSD (bottom, a popular Unix-like operating system) In 1983, Richard Stallman announced the GNU (short for "GNU's Not Unix") project, an ambitious effort to create a free software Unix-like system; "free" in the sense that everyone who received a copy would be free to use, study, modify, and redistribute it. The GNU project's own kernel development project, GNU Hurd, had not yet produced a working kernel, but in 1991 Linus Torvalds released the Linux kernel as free software under the GNU General Public License. In addition to their use in the GNU operating system, many GNU packages — such as the GNU Compiler Collection (and the rest of the GNU toolchain), the GNU C library and the GNU core utilities — have gone on to play central roles in other free Unix sy swell. ms Linux distributions, consisting of the Linux kernel and large collections of compatible software have become popular both with individual users and in business. Popular distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, SUSE Linux Enterprise, openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Mandriva Linux, Slackware Linux, Arch Linux and Gentoo.261 A free derivative of BSD Unix, 386BSD, was released in 1992 and led to the NetBSD and FreeBSD projects. With the 1994 settlement of a lawsuit brought against the University of California and Berkeley Software Design Inc. (USL v. BSDi) by Unix System Laboratories, it was clarified that Berkeley had the right to distribute BSD Unix for free if it so desired. Since then, BSD Unix has been developed in several different product branches, including OpenBSD and DragonFly BSD. hitpsflen wikipedia orglwi/Unin~te ix (HOF jun.%2C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others 74719122, 1220 4M Unie - Wikipedia Linux and BSD are increasingly filling the market needs traditionally served by proprietary Unix operating systems, as well as expanding into new markets such as the consumer desktop and mobile and embedded devices. Because of the modular design of the Unix model, sharing components is relatively common; consequently, most or all Unix and Unix-like systems include at least some BSD code, and some systems also include GNU utilities in their distributions. In a 1999 interview, Dennis Ritchie voiced his opinion that Linux and BSD operating systems are a continuation of the basis of the Unix design, and are derivatives of Unix:(271 I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be the among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers. In the same interview, he states that he views both Unix and Linux as “the continuation of ideas that were started by Ken and me and many others, many years ago”.[27] OpenSolaris was the free software counterpart to Solaris developed by Sun Microsystems, which included a CDDL-licensed kernel and a primarily GNU userland. However, Oracle discontinued the project upon their acquisition of Sun, which prompted a group of former Sun employees and members of the OpenSolaris community to fork OpenSolaris into the illumos kernel. As of 2014, illumos remains the only active open-source System V derivative. ARPANET In May 1975, RFC 681 described the development of Network Unix by the Center for Advanced Computation at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.[28] The Unix system was said to "present several interesting capabilities as an ARPANET mini-host". At the time, Unix required a license from Bell Telephone Laboratories that cost US$20,000 for non-university institutions, while universities could obtain a license for a nominal fee of $150. It was noted that Bell was "open to suggestions" for an ARPANET-wide license. ‘The REC specifically mentions that Unix "offers powerful local processing facilities in terms of user programs, several compilers, an editor based on QED, a versatile document preparation system, and an efficient file system featuring sophisticated access control, mountable and de-mountable volumes, and a unified treatment of peripherals as special files.” The latter permitted the Network Control Program (NCP) to be integrated within the Unix file system, treating network connections as special files that could be accessed through standard Unix I/O calls, which included the added benefit of closing all connections on program exit, should the user neglect to do so. The modular design of Unix allowed them "to minimize the amount of code added to the basic Unix kernel", with much of the NCP code in a swappable user process, running only when needed. Branding In October 1993, Novell, the company that owned the rights to the Unix System V source at the time, transferred the trademarks of Unix to the X/Open Company (now The Open Group),!29] and in 1995 sold the related business operations to Santa Cruz Operation (SCO).{8°113'l Whether Novell also sold the copyrights to the actual software was the subject of a federal lawsuit in 2006, SCO v. Novell, which Novell won. The case was appealed, but on August 30, 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Cireuit affirmed the trial decisions, closing the case.[32) Unix vendor SCO Group Ine, accused Novell of slander of title. hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ana713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia ‘The present owner of the trademark UNIX is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully _ f@ma—=LIVEFREEOR DIE= compliant with and certified to the Single UNIX Specification qualify as "UNIX" (others are called "Unix-like"). U N | oN By decree of The Open Group, the term "UNIX" refers more to ee a class of operating systems than to a specific implementation of an operating system; those operating systems which meet ‘The Open Group's Single UNIX Specification should be able to aulpment Corporation bear the UNIX 98 or UNIX 03 trademarks today, after the operating system's vendor pays a substantial certification fee and annual trademark royalties to The Open Group.[33] Systems that have been licensed to use the UNIX trademark include ATX, 34] EulerOs,!35)_Hp-Ux,!86 Inspur_K-UX,!37] TRIX,/381_ macos,29! Solaris,4°) Truéq UNIX (formerly "Digital UNIX", or OSF/1),!4") and z/Os./42! Notably, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux distributions certified as UNIX 03 compliant. [431/44] Promotional license plate by Digital Sometimes a representation like Un"x, *NIX, or *N?X is used 49900 workstation running HP- to indicate all operating systems similar to Unix. This comes Ux, a certified Unix operating from the use of the asterisk (*) and the question mark system characters as wildcard indicators in many utilities. This notation is also used to describe other Unix-like systems that have not met the requirements for UNIX branding from the Open Group. The Open Group requests that UNIX is always used as an adjective followed by a generic term such as system to help avoid the creation of a genericized trademark. Unix was the original formatting, but the usage of UNIX remains widespread because it was once typeset in small caps (UNzx). According to Dennis Ritchie, when presenting the original Unix paper to the third Operating Systems Symposium of the American Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), "we had a new typesetter and troff had just been invented and we were intoxicated by being able to produce small caps".{45] Many of the operating system's predecessors and contemporaries used all-uppercase lettering, so many people wrote the name in upper case due to force of habit. It is not an acronym.|461 ‘Trademark names can be registered by different entities in different countries and trademark laws in some countries allow the same trademark name to be controlled by two different entities if each entity uses the trademark in easily distinguishable categories. The result is that Unix has been used as a brand name for various products including bookshelves, ink pens, bottled glue, diapers, hair driers and food containers.!47! Several plural forms of Unix are used casually to refer to multiple brands of Unix and Unix-like systems. Most common is the conventional Unixes, but Unices, treating Unix as a Latin noun of the third declension, is also popular. The pseudo-Anglo-Saxon plural form Unixen is not common, although occasionally seen. Sun Microsystems, developer of the Solaris variant, has asserted that the term Unix is itself plural, referencing its many implementations. 48! See also + Comparison of operating systems and free and proprietary software + List of operating systems, Unix systems, and Unix commands + Market share of operating systems hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. ona719122, 1220 4M Unie Wikpecia + Timeline of operating systems » Plan 9 from Bell Labs * Unix time » Year 2038 problem References 1, Mellroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971-1986 (http:/www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf) (PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20171111151817/http:/iwww.cs.d artmouth.edu/~doug/teader pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2017. Ritchie, D. M.; Thompson, K. (1974). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" (https:/www.bell-labs. com/ustidmriwwwicacm.pdf) (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 17 (7): 365-375 CiteSeerX 10.1.1.118.1214 (https://citeseerx.ist psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.12 14). doi:10.1145/361011.361061 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361011.361061). S2CID 53235982 (https://api semanticscholar.org/CorpusID 53235982). Archived (https://web. archive.orghweb/20150611114359/https:/;www. bell-labs.com/usrdmr/www/cacm.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2015 3. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1977). The Unix Time-sharing System: A retrospective (https://www.bell-la bs.com/usr/dmriwwwiretro.pdf) (PDF). Tenth Hawaii International Conference on the System Sciences. "a good case can be made that [UNIX] is in essence a modern implementation of MIT's CTSS system” 4, Ritchie, D.M.; Thompson, K. (July 1978). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System" (https://archive.or gidetails/bsti57-6-1905). Bell System Tech. J. 57 (6): 1905-1929. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.112.595 (ht tps://citeseerx.ist psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.595). doi:10.1002/}.1538- 7305.1978,th02136.x (https://doi.org/10.1002%2F).1538-7305.1978,tb02136.x). Retrieved December 9, 2012. 5, Raymond, Eric (19 September 2003). The Art of Unix Programming (http://www.catb.org/~esr/ writings/taoup/html/). Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-13-142901-7. Archived (https://web.archiv e.org/web/20090212183726/http://www.catb.org/~est/writings/taoup/html/) from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2009. 6. Ritchie, Dennis M. (January 1993). "The Development of the C Language" (https://www.bell-la bs.com/usr/dmriwwwichist.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150611114354/ https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmriwwwichist.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2015 Retrieved 20 December 2015. 7. Raymond, Eric Steven (2003). "The Elements of Operating-System Style" (http://www.fags.org/ docs/artu/ch03s01.htm!). The Art of Unix Programming (http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/taou pihtmi/). Retrieved August 16, 2020. 8, Brand, Stewart (1984). Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog (https://archiv e.org/stream/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_PoinlWhole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1 984 Point_djvu.txt). ISBN 9780385191661. "UNIX was created by software developers for software developers, to give themselves an environment they could completely manipulate.” 9. Spolsky, Joel (December 14, 2003). "Biculturalism” (https://www,joelonsoftware.com/2003/12/1 4lbiculturalism/). Joe! on Software. Retrieved March 21, 2021. "When Unix was created and when it formed its cultural values, there were no end users." 10, Powers, Shelley; Peek, Jerry; O'Reilly, Tim; Loukides, Mike (2002). Unix Power Tools. ISBN 978-0-596-00330-2. 11. Ritchie, Dennis M. "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System" (https://www.bell-labs.co miusridmriwwwihist.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https:/web.archive.org/web/20170403063715/http s:/hwww, bell-labs.com/usridmr/www/hist.paf) (PDF) from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017 12, Kemighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob. The UNIX Programming Environment. 1984. viii » hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. roa713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia 13. Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). "The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace” (https://archive.org/streanv/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX #page/n133/mode/2up). BYTE. p. 132. Retrieved January 30, 2015. 14, Brand, Stewart (1984). Tandy/Radio Shack Book: Whole Earth Software Catalog (https://archiv e.org/stream/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1984_Poinl/Whole_Earth_Software_Catalog_1 984_Point_djvu.txt). ISBN 9780385191661. "The best thing about UNIX is its portability. 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Archived (https:/iweb archive.orgiweb/20170403063714/h ttps:/www.bell-labs,com/ust/dmriwww/otherunix,html) from the original on April 3, 2017 Retrieved January 3, 2018. “History of Solaris” (https://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/csce351/howto/history_of_solaris.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web archive.org/web/20170318195534/http://cse.unl.edu/~witty/class/ ¢sce351/howlo/history_of_solaris.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 18, 2017. "UNIX is plural. It is not one operating system but, many implementations of an idea that originated in 1965. Further reading General Ritchie, D.M.; Thompson, K. (July~August 1978). "The UNIX Time-Sharing System’ (https://we b.archive.org/web/20101103053325/http://bst, bell-labs. com/oldfiles/year. 1978/BSTJ.1978.570 6-2.html). Bell System Technical Journal. 57 (6). Archived from the original (http://bstj.bell-labs. com/oldfiles/year. 1978/BSTJ.1978.5706-2.html) on November 3, 2010. “UNIX History" (http:/Avww.levenez.com/unix/). www.levenez.com. Retrieved March 17, 2005. “AIX, FreeBSD, HP-UX, Linux, Solaris, Tru64” (http://www.unixguide.net/). UNIXguide.net. Retrieved March 17, 2005. “Linux Weekly News, February 21, 2002" (https://iwn.net/2002/0221 /bigpage.php3). jwn.net. Retrieved April 7, 2006, Lions, John: Lions’ "Commentary on the Sixth Edition UNIX Operating System" (http://www.lem is.com/grog/Documentation/Lions/). with Source Code, Peer-to-Peer Communications, 1996; ISBN 1-57398-013-7 Books Salus, Peter H.: A Quarter Century of UNIX, Addison Wesley, June 1, 1994; ISBN 0-201- 5477-5 Television Computer Chronicles (1985). "UNIX (https://archive.org/details/UNIX1985)", hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. r34713122, 12:20 AM Unix - Wikipedia « Computer Chronicles (1989). "Unix (https://archive.org/details/unix_2)" Talks + Ken Thompson (2019), "VCF East 2019 - Brian Kernighan interviews Ken Thompson" (https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o) (Interview). » Dr Marshall Kirk McKusick (2006). History of the Berkeley Software Distributions (three one- hour lectures) (http:/www.mckusick.com/history/index. html) External links = The UNIX Standard (https:/;www.opengroup.org/membership/forums/platform/unix), at The Open Group. = The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System (https://web archive org/web/2015040805460 6/http://cm.bell-labs.com/om/cs/who/dmr/hist html) at the Wayback Machine (archived April 8, 2015) «The Creation of the UNIX Operating System (https://web.archive.org/web/20140402192351/htt p:/www. bell-labs.com/history/unix/) at the Wayback Machine (archived April 2, 2014) «The Unix Tree: files from historic releases (http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/) + Unix History Repository (htips://github.com/dspinellis/unix-history-repo) — a git repository representing a reconstructed version of the Unix history * Unix (https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Operating Systems/Unix/) at Curlie «The Unix 1st Edition Manual (https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmriwww/1stEdman. html) = 4st Edition manual rendered to HTML (http://man.cat-v.org/unix-1st/) «AT&T Tech Channel Archive: The UNIX Operating System: Making Computers More Productive (1982) (https:/www.youtube.com/watch?v=tc4ROCJYbm0) on YouTube (film about Unix featuring Dennis Ritchie, Ken Thompson, Brian Kernighan, Alfred Aho, and more) + AT&T Tech Channel Archive: The UNIX System: Making Computers Easier to Use (1982) (http s:/www.youtube,com/watch?v=XvDZLjaCJuw) on YouTube (complementary film to the preceding "Making Computers More Productive") » audio bsdtalk170 - Marshall Kirk McKusick at DCBSDCon -- on history of tep/ip (in BSD) — abridgement of the three lectures on the history of BSD. (hitps://archive.org/details/bsdtalk170) » AHistory of UNIX before Berkeley: UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984 (http://www.darwinsys.com/hist ory/hist.htm!) » BYTE Magazine, September 1986: UNIX and the MC68000 (https://archive.org/stream/byte-m agazine-1986-09/1986_09_BYTE_11-09 The_68000_Family#page/n171/mode/2up) — a software perspective on the MC68000 CPU architecture and UNIX compatibility Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.orghw/index.php ?ttle=UnixBoldid=1093289391" hitpsffen wikipedia. orgiwkifUnixt~text=Unix (162F juin, %62C Dennis Ritchie%2C and others. wana