8 LEDS ON/OFF

import machine

import utime

LED = machine.Pin(1,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED1 = machine.Pin(5,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED2 = machine.Pin(9,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED3 = machine.Pin(13,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED4 = machine.Pin(21,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED6 = machine.Pin(27,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED7 = machine.Pin(28,machine.Pin.OUT)

while True:

LED.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED1.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED1.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED2.value(1)
 utime.sleep(0.5)

LED2.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED3.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED3.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED4.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED4.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED6.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED6.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED7.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED7.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

2 leds blink

import machine

import utime
LED = machine.Pin(1,machine.Pin.OUT)

LED1 = machine.Pin(5,machine.Pin.OUT)

while True:

LED.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED1.value(1)

utime.sleep(0.5)

LED1.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

3.To Blink the led in Raspberry pico

import machine

import utime

led_onboard = machine.Pin(25,machine.Pin.OUT)

while True:

led_onboard.value(1)

utime.sleep(1)

led_onboard.value(0)

utime.sleep(0.5)

4.Bluetooth to blink a led

uart = UART(0, 9600)

led = Pin(13, Pin.OUT)

while True:

if uart.any() > 0:

data = uart.read()

print(data)

if "1" in data:

led.value(1)

print('LED on \n')

uart.write('LED on \n')

elif "0" in data:

led.value(0)

print('LED off \n')

uart.write('LED off \n')

5.To measure the distance by ultrasonic sensor

from machine import Pin

import time

Trig = Pin(1,Pin.OUT)

Echo = Pin(2,Pin.IN)

def distance():
 Trig.value(0)

time.sleep_us(4)

Trig.value(1)

time.sleep_us(10)

Trig.value(0)

while Echo.value()==0:

low = time.ticks_us()

while Echo.value()==1:

high = time.ticks_us()

t=high-low

return t

while True:

dis = distance()

cm = dis*0.034/2

cm1 = float(cm)

6.The general pins of LCD

"""Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32 GPIO pins."""

from lcd_api import LcdApi

from machine import Pin

class GpioLcd(LcdApi):

"""Implements a HD44780 character LCD connected via ESP32 GPIO pins."""

def __init__(self, rs_pin, enable_pin, d0_pin=None, d1_pin=None,

d2_pin=None, d3_pin=None, d4_pin=None, d5_pin=None,

d6_pin=None, d7_pin=None, rw_pin=None, backlight_pin=None,

num_lines=2, num_columns=16):

"""Constructs the GpioLcd object. All of the arguments must be machine.Pin

objects which describe which pin the given line from the LCD is

connected to.

When used in 4-bit mode, only D4, D5, D6, and D7 are physically

connected to the LCD panel. This function allows you call it like

GpioLcd(rs, enable, D4, D5, D6, D7) and it will interpret that as

if you had actually called:

GpioLcd(rs, enable, d4=D4, d5=D5, d6=D6, d7=D7)

The enable 8-bit mode, you need pass d0 through d7.

The rw pin isn't used by this library, but if you specify it, then

it will be set low.

"""

self.rs_pin = rs_pin

self.enable_pin = enable_pin

self.rw_pin = rw_pin
self.backlight_pin = backlight_pin

self._4bit = True

if d4_pin and d5_pin and d6_pin and d7_pin:

self.d0_pin = d0_pin

self.d1_pin = d1_pin

self.d2_pin = d2_pin

self.d3_pin = d3_pin

self.d4_pin = d4_pin

self.d5_pin = d5_pin

self.d6_pin = d6_pin

self.d7_pin = d7_pin

if self.d0_pin and self.d1_pin and self.d2_pin and self.d3_pin:

self._4bit = False

else:

# This is really 4-bit mode, and the 4 data pins were just

# passed as the first 4 arguments, so we switch things around.

self.d0_pin = None

self.d1_pin = None

self.d2_pin = None

self.d3_pin = None

self.d4_pin = d0_pin

self.d5_pin = d1_pin

self.d6_pin = d2_pin

self.d7_pin = d3_pin

self.rs_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
self.rs_pin.value(0)

if self.rw_pin:

self.rw_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.rw_pin.value(0)

self.enable_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.enable_pin.value(0)

self.d4_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d5_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d6_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d7_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d4_pin.value(0)

self.d5_pin.value(0)

self.d6_pin.value(0)

self.d7_pin.value(0)

if not self._4bit:

self.d0_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d1_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d2_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d3_pin.init(Pin.OUT)

self.d0_pin.value(0)

self.d1_pin.value(0)

self.d2_pin.value(0)

self.d3_pin.value(0)

if self.backlight_pin is not None:

self.backlight_pin.init(Pin.OUT)
 self.backlight_pin.value(0)

# See about splitting this into begin

sleep_ms(20) # Allow LCD time to powerup

# Send reset 3 times

self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)

sleep_ms(5) # need to delay at least 4.1 msec

self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)

sleep_ms(1)

self.hal_write_init_nibble(self.LCD_FUNCTION_RESET)

sleep_ms(1)

cmd = self.LCD_FUNCTION

if not self._4bit:

cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT

self.hal_write_init_nibble(cmd)

sleep_ms(1)

LcdApi.__init__(self, num_lines, num_columns)

if num_lines > 1:

cmd |= self.LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES

self.hal_write_command(cmd)

def hal_pulse_enable(self):

"""Pulse the enable line high, and then low again."""

self.enable_pin.value(0)
 sleep_us(1)

self.enable_pin.value(1)

sleep_us(1) # Enable pulse needs to be > 450 nsec

self.enable_pin.value(0)

sleep_us(100) # Commands need > 37us to settle

def hal_write_init_nibble(self, nibble):

"""Writes an initialization nibble to the LCD.

This particular function is only used during initialization.

"""

self.hal_write_4bits(nibble >> 4)

def hal_backlight_on(self):

"""Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on."""

if self.backlight_pin:

self.backlight_pin.value(1)

def hal_backlight_off(self):

"""Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off."""

if self.backlight_pin:

self.backlight_pin.value(0)

def hal_write_command(self, cmd):

"""Writes a command to the LCD.

Data is latched on the falling edge of E.

self.rs_pin.value(0)

self.hal_write_8bits(cmd)

if cmd <= 3:

# The home and clear commands require a worst

# case delay of 4.1 msec

sleep_ms(5)

def hal_write_data(self, data):

"""Write data to the LCD."""

self.rs_pin.value(1)

self.hal_write_8bits(data)

def hal_write_8bits(self, value):

"""Writes 8 bits of data to the LCD."""

if self.rw_pin:

self.rw_pin.value(0)

if self._4bit:

self.hal_write_4bits(value >> 4)

self.hal_write_4bits(value)

else:

self.d3_pin.value(value & 0x08)

self.d2_pin.value(value & 0x04)

self.d1_pin.value(value & 0x02)

self.d0_pin.value(value & 0x01)

def hal_write_4bits(self, nibble):

"""Writes 4 bits of data to the LCD."""

self.d7_pin.value(nibble & 0x08)

self.d6_pin.value(nibble & 0x04)

self.d5_pin.value(nibble & 0x02)

self.d4_pin.value(nibble & 0x01)

self.hal_pulse_enable()

7.To display the word sin LCD

from machine import Pin

from gpio_lcd import GpioLcd

import utime

lcd = GpioLcd(rs_pin=Pin(8),

enable_pin=Pin(9),

d4_pin=Pin(10),

d5_pin=Pin(11),

d6_pin=Pin(12),

d7_pin=Pin(13),

num_lines=2, num_columns=16)

lcd.putstr('hello World')

utime.sleep(1)

lcd.clear()
lcd.move_to(1,0)

lcd.putstr('rohini')

lcd.move_to(1,1)

lcd.putstr('umachandran')

8.to detect the object by IR sensor

from machine import Pin

sensor = Pin(13,Pin.IN)

buzzer = Pin(1,Pin.OUT)

while True:

if sensor.value()==1:

buzzer.value(1)

else:

buzzer.value(0)

9.to display the LCD with various functions

from machine import Pin

from gpio_lcd import GpioLcd

lcd =GpioLcd(rs_pin=Pin(8),

enable_pin=Pin(9),

d4_pin=Pin(10),

d5_pin=Pin(11),

d6_pin=Pin(12),

d7_pin=Pin(13),
 num_lines=2, num_columns=16)

lcd.move_to(1,1)

lcd.putstr('Hello world')

10.for implemting overall functions for LCD

"""Provides an API for talking to HD44780 compatible character LCDs."""

import time

class LcdApi:

"""Implements the API for talking with HD44780 compatible character LCDs.

This class only knows what commands to send to the LCD, and not how to get

them to the LCD.

It is expected that a derived class will implement the hal_xxx functions.

"""

# The following constant names were lifted from the avrlib lcd.h

# header file, however, I changed the definitions from bit numbers

# to bit masks.

# HD44780 LCD controller command set

LCD_CLR = 0x01 # DB0: clear display

LCD_HOME = 0x02 # DB1: return to home position

LCD_ENTRY_MODE = 0x04 # DB2: set entry mode

LCD_ENTRY_SHIFT = 0x01 # --DB0: shift

LCD_ON_CTRL = 0x08 # DB3: turn lcd/cursor on

LCD_ON_DISPLAY = 0x04 # --DB2: turn display on

LCD_ON_CURSOR = 0x02 # --DB1: turn cursor on

LCD_ON_BLINK = 0x01 # --DB0: blinking cursor

LCD_MOVE = 0x10 # DB4: move cursor/display

LCD_MOVE_DISP = 0x08 # --DB3: move display (0-> move cursor)

LCD_MOVE_RIGHT = 0x04 # --DB2: move right (0-> left)

LCD_FUNCTION = 0x20 # DB5: function set

LCD_FUNCTION_8BIT = 0x10 # --DB4: set 8BIT mode (0->4BIT mode)

LCD_FUNCTION_2LINES = 0x08 # --DB3: two lines (0->one line)

LCD_FUNCTION_10DOTS = 0x04 # --DB2: 5x10 font (0->5x7 font)

LCD_FUNCTION_RESET = 0x30 # See "Initializing by Instruction" section

LCD_CGRAM = 0x40 # DB6: set CG RAM address

LCD_DDRAM = 0x80 # DB7: set DD RAM address

LCD_RS_CMD = 0

LCD_RS_DATA = 1

LCD_RW_WRITE = 0
LCD_RW_READ = 1

def __init__(self, num_lines, num_columns):

self.num_lines = num_lines

if self.num_lines > 4:

self.num_lines = 4

self.num_columns = num_columns

if self.num_columns > 40:

self.num_columns = 40

self.cursor_x = 0

self.cursor_y = 0

self.implied_newline = False

self.backlight = True

self.display_off()

self.backlight_on()

self.clear()

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ENTRY_MODE | self.LCD_ENTRY_INC)

self.hide_cursor()

self.display_on()

def clear(self):

"""Clears the LCD display and moves the cursor to the top left

corner.

"""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CLR)
 self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_HOME)

self.cursor_x = 0

self.cursor_y = 0

def show_cursor(self):

"""Causes the cursor to be made visible."""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |

self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

def hide_cursor(self):

"""Causes the cursor to be hidden."""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY)

def blink_cursor_on(self):

"""Turns on the cursor, and makes it blink."""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |

self.LCD_ON_CURSOR | self.LCD_ON_BLINK)

def blink_cursor_off(self):

"""Turns on the cursor, and makes it no blink (i.e. be solid)."""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL | self.LCD_ON_DISPLAY |

self.LCD_ON_CURSOR)

def display_on(self):

"""Turns on (i.e. unblanks) the LCD."""

def display_off(self):

"""Turns off (i.e. blanks) the LCD."""

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_ON_CTRL)

def backlight_on(self):

"""Turns the backlight on.

This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight

controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.

"""

self.backlight = True

self.hal_backlight_on()

def backlight_off(self):

"""Turns the backlight off.

This isn't really an LCD command, but some modules have backlight

controls, so this allows the hal to pass through the command.

"""

self.backlight = False

self.hal_backlight_off()

def move_to(self, cursor_x, cursor_y):

"""Moves the cursor position to the indicated position. The cursor

position is zero based (i.e. cursor_x == 0 indicates first column).

self.cursor_x = cursor_x

self.cursor_y = cursor_y

addr = cursor_x & 0x3f

if cursor_y & 1:

addr += 0x40 # Lines 1 & 3 add 0x40

if cursor_y & 2: # Lines 2 & 3 add number of columns

addr += self.num_columns

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_DDRAM | addr)

def putchar(self, char):

"""Writes the indicated character to the LCD at the current cursor

position, and advances the cursor by one position.

"""

if char == '\n':

if self.implied_newline:

# self.implied_newline means we advanced due to a wraparound,

# so if we get a newline right after that we ignore it.

self.implied_newline = False

else:

self.cursor_x = self.num_columns

else:

self.hal_write_data(ord(char))

self.cursor_x += 1

if self.cursor_x >= self.num_columns:

self.cursor_y += 1

self.implied_newline = (char != '\n')

if self.cursor_y >= self.num_lines:

self.cursor_y = 0

self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)

def putstr(self, string):

"""Write the indicated string to the LCD at the current cursor

position and advances the cursor position appropriately.

"""

for char in string:

self.putchar(char)

def custom_char(self, location, charmap):

"""Write a character to one of the 8 CGRAM locations, available

as chr(0) through chr(7).

"""

location &= 0x7

self.hal_write_command(self.LCD_CGRAM | (location << 3))

self.hal_sleep_us(40)

for i in range(8):

self.hal_write_data(charmap[i])

self.hal_sleep_us(40)

self.move_to(self.cursor_x, self.cursor_y)
def hal_backlight_on(self):

"""Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight on.

If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.

"""

pass

def hal_backlight_off(self):

"""Allows the hal layer to turn the backlight off.

If desired, a derived HAL class will implement this function.

"""

pass

def hal_write_command(self, cmd):

"""Write a command to the LCD.

It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this

function.

"""

raise NotImplementedError

def hal_write_data(self, data):

"""Write data to the LCD.

It is expected that a derived HAL class will implement this

function.

"""
 raise NotImplementedError

# This is a default implementation of hal_sleep_us which is suitable

# for most micropython implementations. For platforms which don't

# support `time.sleep_us()` they should provide their own implementation

# of hal_sleep_us in their hal layer and it will be used instead.

def hal_sleep_us(self, usecs):

"""Sleep for some time (given in microseconds)."""

time.sleep_us(usecs) # NOTE this is not part of Standard Python library, specific hal layers will need
to override this

11.to control the angle of servo motor

from machine import Pin

from time import sleep

from machine import PWM

pwm =PWM(Pin(15))

pwm.freq(50)

def SetServoCycle(position):

pwm.duty_u16(position)

sleep(0.01)

while True:

for pos in range(800,8000,50):

SetServoCycle(pos)

for pos in range(8000,800,-50):

12.To display the distance in the LCD

from machine import Pin

from gpio_lcd import GpioLcd

import time

lcd = GpioLcd(rs_pin=Pin(8),

enable_pin=Pin(9),

d4_pin=Pin(10),

d5_pin=Pin(11),

d6_pin=Pin(12),

d7_pin=Pin(13),

num_lines=2, num_columns=16)

Trig = Pin(1,Pin.OUT)

Echo = Pin(2,Pin.IN)

def distance():

Trig.value(0)

time.sleep_us(4)

Trig.value(1)

time.sleep_us(10)

Trig.value(0)
 while Echo.value()==0:

low = time.ticks_us()

while Echo.value()==1:

high = time.ticks_us()

t=high-low

return t

def startText():

lcd.move_to(0,0)

lcd.putstr("Distance Loading")

for i in range(0,15):

lcd.move_to(i,1)

lcd.putstr(".")

time.sleep(0.3)

startText()

lcd.clear()

while True:

dis = distance()

cm = dis*0.034/2

cm1 = float(cm)
lcd.move_to(0,0)

lcd.putstr('Distance:')

lcd.putstr(str(cm1))

time.sleep(1)