Unit IV: Research Reports and Thesis Writing

Q.1. What are the important steps in writing a Research Report?

Answer:

Research Report
A research report is an end product of a project work. It contains the description of
events, pertinent facts discovered during investigation, conclusion and recommendation.

Steps in Report Writing in Research Methodology

Research reports are the product of slow, painstaking, accurate inductive work. The usual
steps involved in writing report are:
 Logical analysis of the subject-matter;
 Preparation of the final outline;
 Preparation of the rough draft;
 Rewriting and polishing;
 Preparation of the final bibliography; and
 Writing the final draft.

Logical analysis of the subject matter: It is the first step which is primarily concerned with
the development of a subject. There are two ways in which to develop a subject logically and
chronologically. The logical development is made on the basis of mental connections and
associations between the one thing and another by means of analysis. Logical treatment often
consists in developing the material from the simple possible to the most complex structures.
Chronological development is based on a connection or sequence in time or occurrence. The
directions for doing or making something usually follow the chronological order.

Preparation of the final outline: It is the next step in writing the research report “Outlines
are the framework upon which long written works are constructed. They are an aid to the
logical organization of the material and a reminder of the points to be stressed in the report.”

Preparation of the rough draft: This follows the logical analysis of the subject and the
preparation of the final outline. Such a step is of utmost importance for the researcher now
sits to write down what he has done in the context of his research study. He will write down
the procedure adopted by him in collecting the material for his study along with various
limitations faced by him, the technique of analysis adopted by him, the broad findings and
generalizations and the various suggestions he wants to offer regarding the problem
concerned.

Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft: This step happens to be most difficult part of all
formal writing. Usually this step requires more time than the writing of the rough draft. The
careful revision makes the difference between a mediocre and a good piece of writing. While
rewriting and polishing, one should check the report for weaknesses in logical development
or presentation. The researcher should also “see whether or not the material, as it is presented,
has unity and cohesion; does the report stand upright and firm and exhibit a definite pattern,
like a marble arch? Or does it resemble an old wall of moldering cement and loose brick.” In
addition the researcher should give due attention to the fact that in his rough draft he has been
consistent or not. He should check the mechanics of writing—grammar, spelling and usage.

Preparation of the final bibliography: Next in order comes the task of the preparation of the
final bibliography. The bibliography, which is generally appended to the research report, is a
list of books in some way pertinent to the research which has been done. It should contain all
those works which the researcher has consulted. The bibliography should be arranged
alphabetically and may be divided into two parts; the first part may contain the names of
books and pamphlets, and the second part may contain the names of magazine and newspaper
articles. Generally, this pattern of bibliography is considered convenient and satisfactory
from the point of view of reader, though it is not the only way of presenting bibliography.
The entries in bibliography should be made adopting the following order:

For books and pamphlets the order may be as under:

Name of author, last name first.
Title, underlined to indicate italics.
Place, publisher, and date of publication.
Number of volumes.
Example
Kothari, C.R., Quantitative Techniques, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 1978.

Q.2. Discuss outline of the Research Report?

Answer:
A research report is an end product of a project work. It contains the description of events,
pertinent facts discovered during investigation, conclusion and recommendation.

Outline of Research Report

The research report includes a beginning, followed by a description of the research
undertaken, and ending with ideas for future studies. There are several style manuals
available for presentation of a research report. These manuals provide guidance to the
researcher as to the specific rules on style and format to be followed while writing a research
report. Some universities institutions or department of education provide guidelines about the
format to which their thesis, dissertations or research papers must conform. But all formats
are somewhat similar to the following outline (Koul. 1986 pg 344) which comprises three
main sections:
i) The preliminary section,
ii) The body of the report or text, and
iii) The reference section.
Each main section consists of several sub-sections. Let us go through the general format of
the research report as described by Koul (1 986).

Preliminary Section
1. Title page
2. Preface, including acknowledgements (if necessary)
3. Table of contents
4. List of tables
5. List of figures, maps or illustrations (if any)

Body of the Report or Text

a) Introduction
1. Statement of the problem
2. Analysis of previous research
3. Relation of present problem to theoretical position of the previous research
4. Significance of the problem
5. Delimitations of the study
6. Assumptions underlying hypotheses
7. Statement of hypotheses
8. Definition of important terms

b) Design of the Study

1. Procedures employed
2. Sources of data
3. Data gathering instruments
4. Sampling and methods of gathering data

c) Analysis and Interpretation of the Data

1. Text
2. Tables (if any, are usually included into the text)
3. Figures (if any, are usually included into the text)

d) Summary and Conclusions

1. Brief statement of problem and procedures
2. Principal findings and conclusions with their practical implications (if any)
3. Suggestions for further research

Reference Section
1. Bibliography
2. Appendix
3. Index (if any)

Q.3. Explain the process of technical report formulation and writing?

Answer:

Reports generally involve presenting your investigation and analysis of information or an

issue, recommending actions and making proposals. There are many different types of
reports, including business, scientific and research reports, but the basic process for writing
them is the same. These are outlined below.
Step 1: Decide on the 'Terms of reference'
 Step 2: Decide on the procedure
Step 3: Find the information
Step 4: Decide on the structure
Step 5: Draft the first part of your report
Step 6: Analyse your findings and draw conclusions
Step 7: Make recommendations
Step 8: Draft the executive summary and table of contents
Step 9: Compile a reference list
Step 10: Revise your draft report

Step 1: Decide on the 'Terms of reference'

To decide on the terms of reference for your report, read your instructions and any other
information you've been given about the report, and think about the purpose of the report:
What is it about?  What exactly is needed? Why is it needed?  When do I need to do it?  Who
is it for, or who is it aimed at?

Step 2: Decide on the procedure

This means planning your investigation or research, and how you'll write the report. Ask
yourself: What information do I need? Do I need to do any background reading? What
articles or documents do I need? Do I need to contact the library for assistance? Do I need to
interview or observe people? Do I have to record data? How will I go about this?

Step 3: Find the information

The next step is to find the information you need for your report. To do this you may need to
read written material, observe people or activities, and/or talk to people.

Step 4: Decide on the structure

Reports generally have a similar structure, but some details may differ. How they differ
usually depends on: The type of report – if it is a research report, laboratory report, business
report, investigative report, etc. Depending on the type of report, the structure can include:
 A title page.
 Executive summary.
 Contents.
 An introduction.
 Terms of reference.
 Procedure.
 Findings.
 Conclusions.
 Recommendations.
 References/Bibliography.
 Appendices.
The sections, of a report usually have headings and subheadings, which are usually numbered

Step 5: Draft the first part of your report

Once you have your structure, write down the headings and start to fill these in with the
information you have gathered so far. By now you should be able to draft the terms of
reference, procedure and findings, and start to work out what will go in the report’s appendix.

Step 6: Analyse your findings and draw conclusions

The conclusion is where you analyze your findings and interpret what you have found. To do
this, read through your findings and ask yourself: What have I found? What's significant or
important about my findings? What do my findings suggest?

Step 7: Make recommendations

Recommendations are what you think the solution to the problem is and/or what you think
should happen next.

Step 8: Draft the executive summary and table of contents

Some reports require an executive summary and/or list of contents. Even though these two
sections come near the beginning of the report you won't be able to do them until you have
finished it, and have your structure and recommendations finalized.

Step 9: Compile a reference list

This is a list of all the sources you've referred to in the report and uses APA referencing in
general.

Step 10: Revise your draft report

It is always important to revise your work. Things you need to check include: If you have
done what you were asked to do. Check the assignment question, the instructions/guidelines
and the marking schedule to make sure.

Q.4. Explain the technique and importance of Oral presentation of research findings.
Is only oral presentation sufficient if not why?

Answer:

Technique of Oral Presentation

 Visual aids (sketches, graphs, drawings, photos, models, slides, transparency, and web)
often convey information more efficiently and effectively. Visual aids permits dual sense
of hearing and seeing, apart from helping the speaker.
 Each slide should contain one idea
 First Slide should show the title of your talk and names.
 Second slide should give a brief outline of the talk
 Last slide should summarize the message you just delivered
 If you need to show a slide more than once use a second copy
 Avoid leaving a slide on the screen if you have finished discussion on that topic.
 Never read directly from the slide. Spoken words should complement the slides. Prepare
notes for each slide and use it during practice.
 Use graphs to explain variations. Clearly label the axis, data, and title. Acknowledge the
source.
 Every graph should have a message (idea). Color should enhance the communication not
distract.

Importance of Oral Presentation

 Oral presentation of the results of the study is considered effective, particularly in cases
where policy recommendations are indicated by project results.
 The merit of this approach lies in the fact that it provides an opportunity for give-and-take
decisions which generally lead to a better understanding of the findings and their
implications.
 Oral presentation is effective when supplemented by various visual devices. Use of slides,
wall charts and blackboards is quite helpful in contributing to clarity and in reducing the
boredom, if any. Distributing a board outline, with a few important tables and charts
concerning the research results, makes the listeners attentive who have a ready outline on
which to focus their thinking.
 This very often happens in academic institutions where the researcher discusses his
research findings and policy implications with others either in a seminar or in a group
discussion. Thus, research results can be reported in more than one ways, but the usual
practice adopted, in academic institutions particularly, is that of writing the Technical
Report and then preparing several research papers to be discussed at various forums in one
form or the other. But in practical field and with problems having policy implications, the
technique followed is that of writing a popular report. Researches done on governmental
account or on behalf of some major public or private organizations are usually presented
in the form of technical reports.

Alone Oral Presentation is not sufficient!

 The main demerit of this sort of presentation is the lack of any permanent record
concerning the research details and it may be just possible that the findings may fade away
from people’s memory even before an action is taken.
 In order to overcome this difficulty, a written report may be circulated before the oral
presentation and referred to frequently during the discussion.

Q.5. Explain the Steps to write a good engineering research report. Do the criteria
become relevant for different kinds of reports?

Answer: A research report is a formal statement of the research process and its results. It
narrates the problem studied, methods used for studying it and the findings and conclusions
of the study. The purpose of a research report is to communicate to interested persons the
methodology and the results of the study in such a manner as to enable them to understand
the research process and to determine the validity of the conclusions. The aim of the report is
not to convince the render of the value of the result, but to convey to him what was done,
why it was done.
Steps to write good engineering research report are as follows:-
Step 1: Analysis of Research problem – The logical analysis of research problem should be
carried out in chronological order and statement of aim and objectives including hypothesis is
framed.
Step 2: The outlines of repot- Outlines are the framework on which research report is
written.
Step 3: Preparation of the rough draft: The procedure adopted in collecting data for
research is written as rough draft. The technique of analysis, the broad findings and research
is written as rough draft. The conductions are also written as rough draft and shown to the
guide of research.
Step 4: Rewriting of the rough draft- This step is difficult for all steps. Usually this step
requires more time. The mechanism of technical writing, grammar, spellings and usage are
checked in this step.
Step 5: Preparation of final bibliography- The bibliography should be arranged in
alphabetical order of main author’s name.

Example of book in bibliography-

Kerlinger, Fred N, 1986, “Foundations of Behavioral Research, Holt, New York, 3 rd edition,
1986.
Example of Journal in bibliography –
Cooley J.W. and J. W. Tukey , 1965” An Algorithm for machine calculation of complex
Fourier series “, Mathematics of computations, Vol. 19, P.297,1965.
Example of IEEE website (online)
http://www.ieee.org/
Step 6: Writing the final draft- The final draft of report must be concise and objective,
avoiding vague expressions such as “it seems” “there may be” etc.

Evaluation Criteria: On what basis a research report can be evaluated or reviewed :-

1. The appropriate of the title
a) Does the title exactly indicate the core of the study?
b) Is it clear and concise?
c) Does it promise no more than what the study can provide?
2. Importance of the problem
a) Is the research problem topically important?
b) Is it socially relevant in terms of its contribution to knowledge and / or solution to
the burning problem of the day?
3. Problem formulation
a) Is the problem clearly defined?
b) Is it properly delimited?
c) Are the research questions clearly stated?
d) Are they specific and related to the selected theme?
e) Are hypothesis pertinent to research questions?
f) Are they clearly stated and testable?
g) Are the concepts in the title, objectives and hypothesis operationally defined?
4. Review of related literature and earlier studies
a) Is this review covered adequately?
 b) Is it well organized and documented?
c) Has the research gap been identified?
d) Does the present study fill in the gap?
5. Soundness of methodology
a) Are the type of research and sources and methods of data collection desrcribed in
detail?
b) Are the above methods appropriate to the problem under study and the
respondents?
c) Does the research design appropriate to test adequately the hypothesized
relationships?
d) Is the sampling design appropriate and described in detail?
e) Are the methods adopted for sampling scientific?
6. Data Analysis
a) Is the analysis objective and deep?
b) Is the statistical treatment appropriate?
c) Is appropriate use made of tables and charts?
d) Is their format proper and complete?
7. Contribution of the study and conclusions and recommendations
a) Are their findings of the study stated clearly?
b) Are their findings generalizable?
c) Does the study test a theory or develop a new theory, a new model or new tool or
contribute to methodology in any other way?
d) Are the conclusions logical and justified by the empirical evidence?
e) Are the implications of the results for policy and action explicitly pointed out?
8. Presentation
a) Is the format of report appropriate?
b) Is the chapter scheme based on the objectives of the study?
c) Is the textual discussion clear, concise and convincing?
d) Is the style of writing smooth and simple?
e) Is the presentation logical and objective?

Q.6. What are the different types of scientific report? Explain.

Answer: A research report is narrative but authoritative document on the outcome of

research effort. It presents highly specific information for a clearly designated audience. It is
nonpersusasive as a form of communication.

A well returns research report performs several functions:-

1. It serves as means for presenting the problem studied, methods and techniques used
for collecting and analyzing data, the findings, conclusions and recommendations in
an orgranised manner.
2. It serves as a basic reference material for future use in developing research proposals
in the same or related area.
3. A report serves as a means for judging the quality of the completed research project.
 4. It is a means for evaluating the research’s ability and competence to do research.
5. It provides factual base for formulating polices and strategies relating to the subject
matter studied.
6. It provides systematic knowledge on problems and issues analysed.

Types of scientific reports

Research reports may be classified into six types
1) Technical report
2) Popular report
3) Interim report
4) Summary report
5) Research abstract
6) Research article

Technical Report: - This is a compressive full report of the research process and its
outcome. It is primarily meant for academic community, i.e., the scientists of the researchers
discipline and other researchers. It is a formal long report covering all the aspects of the
research process a description of the problem studied, the objectives of the study , methods
and techniques used, a detailed account of sampling, field and other research procedures,
sources of data , tools of data collection, methods of data processing and analysis, detailed
findings , conclusions and suggestions.
The technical report is essentially technical in nature and scope and couched in
technical language. It follows a specified pattern and consists of several prefatory, sections
with appropriate headings and paragraphs.

Popular Report:- This type of report is designed for an audience of

executives/administrators and other non- technical users. The requirement of this audience is
different. The reader is less concerned with methodological details but more interested in
studying quickly the major findings and conclusion. He is interested in applying the findings
to decisions. The organization of this report is very important. The presentation can be more
forceful and persuasive without, of course, any distortion of fact. It should ne clear, brief and
straightforward.
The format of this report is different from that of a technical report. After a brief introduction
to the problem and the objectives of the study, an abstract of the findings, conclusions and
recommendations is presented. The methodological details, data analysis and their discussion
are presented in the second part. More headline, underlining, pictures and graphs may be
used. Sentences and paragraphs should be short.

Interim Report: - When there is a long time lag between data collection and the
presentation of the results in the case of sponsored project, the study may lose its significance
and usefulness and the sponsor may also lose interest in it. One of the most effective ways to
avoid such eventualities is to present an interim report.

This short report may contain either the first results of the analysis or the final outcome of the
analysis of some aspects completely analysed. Whatever may be coverage of the interim
report, it fulfils certain functions. It facilitates the sponsoring agency to take action without
waiting for the full report. It helps to keep alive the agency interest in the study and prevent
misunderstandings about the delay. In addition , it serves to spread over a longer period the
time consuming process of discussion of research findings and their implications.

The interim report contains a narration of what has been done so far and what were their
outcomes. It presents a summary of the findings of that part of analysis which has been
completed.

Summary Report: - A Summary report is generally prepared for the consumptions of lay
audience, the general public. The preparation of this type of report is desirable for any study
whose findings are of general interest. It is written in non-technical, simple language with a
liberal use of pictorial charts. It just contains a brief reference to the objective of the study, its
major findings and their implications. It is a short report of two or three pages. It size is so
limited as to be suitable for publication in daily newspapers.

Research Abstract:- This is a short summary of the technical report. It is usually prepared
by a doctoral students on the eve of submitting, his thesis. Its copies are sent by the university
along with the letters of request to the examiners invited to evaluate the thesis. It contains
brief presentation of the statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, methods and
techniques used and an overview of the report. A brief summary of the results of the study
may also be added. This abstract is primarily meant for enabling the examiner invitees to
decide whether the study belongs to the area of their specialization and interest.

Research Article: - This is designed for publication in a professional journal. If a study has
two or more aspects that can be discussed independently, it may be advisable to write
separate articles rather than to crowd too many things into a single article.
A research article must be clearly written in concise and unambiguous language. It
must be logically orgranised, progressing from a statement of the problem and the purpose of
study, through the analysis of evidence, to the conclusions and implications.

Q.7 Explain different steps in Thesis Writing?

Answer:
A Thesis or a dissertation is a record of research activities. It is usually produced in
partial fulfillment of the requirements of a course/programme or for an advanced degree.
It involves presenting a research problem with an argument or point of view. The
methods or procedures adopted are substantiated with reasoned argument and evidence. This
is written to share the issues and concerns related to a specific research problem with fellow
researchers supported by discussions besides presenting the outcome/findings. This record is
submitted to an institution examining committee for awarding degrees to the student. The
reading audiences are committee members, fellow researchers, peer group, teachers.
These reports in the form of thesis and dissertations are usually preserved by the
universities that award the authors their doctoral and masters degrees. Sometimes these
research studies are published in whole or in part in various educational periodicals or
journals. Because the reports of many research studies are never published, a check of the
annual list of theses and dissertations issued by various agencies is necessary for a thorough
coverage of the research literature.
STEPS IN WRITING THESIS
 The first step is to choose a good topic for the thesis related to your field of study.
Choosing a topic for the thesis is not an easy thing as it seems. Go through the latest
articles and journals related to your subject area. The topic selected should be such
that it should contribute something new to your area of study.
 After choosing a good thesis topic, prepare a strong thesis statement highlighting
the aims and objectives of your topic and what questions are you going to answer
through your work.
 Go through the research papers that have been published earlier on the same topic
and find out what sections have not been covered on that topic.
 Start collecting data related to the topic chosen by you for your thesis. Make note
of the essential points.
 Prepare an outline of the whole work. Work according to the standard thesis
format. A standard thesis format includes abstract, introduction, methodology, body,
results, conclusion, and bibliography.
 Start writing the main body of the thesis while performing the research required
for your work.
 After completing the work, give a good conclusion to your work. Give proper
citation to all the sources from where you have taken reference.
 In order to make sure that the work done by you is perfect, review the whole
work and perform the editing and proofreading. Let someone else proof read your
work and get his feedback.

Q. 8. Explain the following with respect to scientific report?

Answer:
i) Bibliography
A bibliography is a listing of the books, magazines, and Internet sources that you use in
designing, carrying out, and understanding your research. The bibliographic information for
different types of resources are located in different places, so you may need to do some
detective work to get all of the information for your bibliography.
Try looking in this page:
 the title page of a book, encyclopedia or dictionary
 the heading of an article
 the front, second, or editorial page of the newspaper
 the contents page of a journal or magazine
 the header (at the top) or footer (at the bottom) of a Web site
 the About or the Contact page of a Web site

Bibliography should be prepared and appended to the research report. Bibliography of

sources consulted is a must for a good report and must necessarily be given.

ii) Referencing
Purpose: To acknowledge sources in order to avoid plagiarism and strengthen your
arguments with support from the existing literature.

 Every piece of information that is included in your report, excluding your original
data, should be referenced, preferably from peer-reviewed sources. 
 Make sure that you include your references as you write. Tracking back to find
references is a difficult task.

APA referencing is generally used in scientific reports.

APA is an 'author/date' system, so you’re in-text reference for all formats (book, journal
article, web document) consists of the author(s) surname and year of publication.
The basics of an in-text reference in APA:
 Include author or authors and year of publication.
 Use round brackets.
Example: (Smith & Bruce, 2018)

If you quote directly from an author you need to include the page or paragraph number of the
quote in your in-text reference. See the 'Quotes' section below for more advice on adding
quotes into your work.
 Include author or authors, year of publication and page or paragraph number of your
quote.
 Use round brackets.

Example: (Smith & Bruce, 2018, pp. 25-26)

Journal article
A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
 Article title.
 Journal title (in italics).
 Volume of journal (in italics).
 Issue of journal (no italics).
 Page range of article.
 DOI.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7
spaces.

Example: Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health Care,
26(8),34-42. doi:10.7748/phc.2016.e1162

Book
A basic reference list entry for a book (print version) in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
  Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
 Book title (in italics).
 Edition (in round brackets), if other than first edition.
 Place of publication.
 Publisher.
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7
spaces.
Example: Arnott, G. D. (2017). The disability support worker (2nd ed.). South Melbourne,
VIC: Cengage Learning.

iii) Footnotes:

(a) The footnotes serve two purposes viz., the identification of materials used in quotations in
the report and the notice of materials not immediately necessary to the body of the research
text but still of supplemental value. In other words, footnotes are meant for cross references,
citation of authorities and sources, acknowledgement and elucidation or explanation of a
point of view. It should always be kept in view that footnote is neither an end nor a means of
the display of scholarship. The modern tendency is to make the minimum use of footnotes for
scholarship does not need to be displayed.

(b) Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the reference or quotation which
they identify or supplement ends. Footnotes are customarily separated from the textual
material by a space of half an inch and a line about one and a half inches long.

(c) Footnotes should be numbered consecutively, usually beginning with 1 in each chapter
separately. The number should be put slightly above the line, say at the end of a quotation. At
the foot of the page, again, the footnote number should be indented and typed a little above
the line. Thus, consecutive numbers must be used to correlate the reference in the text with its
corresponding note at the bottom of the page, except in case of statistical tables and other
numerical material, where symbols such as the asterisk (*) or the like one may be used to
prevent confusion.

(d) Footnotes are always typed in single space though they are divided from one another by
double space.

Q10. Explain the importance of effective communication?

Answer :

Effective communication is a vital tool for any person. Your success at getting your point
across can be the difference between sealing a deal missing out on a potential opportunity.
You should be able to clearly explain what you want to say to others effective
communication can help to faster a good working relationship between you and the others,
which can improve moral and efficiency. This guide will explain the keys aspects of both
verbal and non-verbal communication, how to listen to and understand others, and how to
make the best possible first impression on the people you encounter in and around.
 Success in any conversation is likely to be achieved through both parties listening to
and understanding each other. Useful communication skills for building positive
interpersonal relationship include –
 Active listening
 Understanding nonverbal signals
 Maintaining eye contact
 Assertiveness
 Being mindful of people’s individual space
 Using positive body language
 Dealing with different point of view
It also helps to consider the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as the
situational and cultural context.

Importance of research communication:

Scientists in academic and private companies perform research everyday, which can have
wide reaching implications on all of our lives. the ability to explain one’s research in a clear
and understandable way, so that the public well informed.
Effective research communication can help us to make ethical decisions abou research
findings and discoveries. Public awareness is the key in successful research. Having the skill
to communicate research in an effective way has a positive impact on researchers themselves.
By making the public understand what they are doing, they can prevent misinformation from
arising and help to sustain support for their research .It’s also an excellent way to connect
more with the public and to see ones’ own research in a new light.
Effective research communication rises more public awareness and engagement.
With the right information, presented in an understandable way, conscious decisions can be
made from an governmental to an individual level. The impact of Research communications
goes further than explaining it, its’ about building bridges between research and the public.
By bridging the gap between researchers and the public they can become one entity.
There are always way to educate or develop yourself. Mindment is one of these
spaces, where researchers can find the support and training they need in order to engage well
with the public.
Being well-informed is key to pushing policies and legislation. Open
communication and awareness raising are key ingredients of good research as they can
turn the public into conscious users and judges and researchers into leaders of their field
and an inspiration for future generations.