Vectors

= Vectors --
A vector is an object that has both a magnitude and a direction.

Directed line
segment
>Vector
• is represented
line
by directed
magnitude
→
segment .

→ direction also

Representation of Vector :

6m

✗y→
⇐ %
starting
point
ending
point
EqualVectors :

Note .

evaluators
means equal length
A # B
and equal direction .

x
x y

① ppositevectors :

A # B

AB -

- a

BA = - a
 Columnvectors : Mathematical representation
of directed line
segment is a

4
column vector 5
5

"→fve←
⑨→
horizontal tire

right left
⑦ → vertical
+ ve T
(up ,
/ -
ve f
(down)

Cla

gnitudeofacolumnk.cl#a--(ny1Ard--9+T
|
" " =Ñ
/ at =

u2+%
AB -

IAB / =
32+2Ñ
?⃝
Additionlaw

i
B
A

AC = a AB = b

Find CB
C

B
A

CB = CA + AB
=
-
a + b
 Parallel eaters

µ 3
6

3 ,
g

a→ Ñ
§
3
= =

→a I
3

5=2 3
3
É =2a→ >
a-
=L;) I )
E-
-1-2-5 = ¥8
or
-1-2 =

-1-2
ñ I
of
R component of a
= J component
a

of of b
y component
N component b

→a= -15
IT =
-
l
>

so if I 5
then a = Kb
 P = Xp Nor
V=
yp yr

,
ector form

Ñ=kÑ
Xp Kar
=
K
yp Yu
2 Scalar form
,

P K
or

@ or)2+(yp5
-

Kp) (yp ) K
-
+

3. Gradient form

Mp =
Mor

Yp Yor
=

Kp NV
Collinear
If b = K a

•
> a and b are collinear

>
•
b is K times of a

pg
÷ :
A
MAB =
MBC =
MAC
AB
gradients equal
=
a are
=

BC =3 a

• A
,
B and C are Collines points
•
Bc is 3 times of AB

Note : there will be a common point .

 Position Vector

Define the position of a point

b. at the
origin .

✗ → OX

P E → OE

t.is#../:. . . . .E.:
⑤ 1)
s
-

a- •

3-
K → OK
2-

÷
-3 -

-
u -

Find the position valor of P .

OP ? =

OP -
-

(E)
Example

¥
A

0 A = a

OB -
- b

Find AB .

AB = OB -
0A

= b -
a
 June 2000 P2 QII

ph
N
<

• •
A B

0A = a OB =b

Ora = 30A ON =20B

MN = NC

a
,
Nao

b. MN

C ,
AB
d. AC

write down two facts about

your
answers in (c) and (d) .
 PAGE 10

5
!
(a) A = –1 2
3 –1 " and B =
!–34 –12" .
(i) Find AB.

Answer [2]

(ii) Find B–1.

Answer [2]

! " ! "
→ 12 → –4
(b) PQ = and QR = .
5 1

→
(i) Calculate # PQ #.

Answer ........................................ [2]

→
(ii) Find PR .

Answer [1]
4024/21/M/J/11
 PAGE 11

(c) You may use the grid below to help you answer this question.
T is the point (13, 7) and U is the point (8, 9).
→
(i) Find TU .

Answer [1]

(ii) TUV is an isosceles triangle with TU = TV .

The y-coordinates of the points U and V are equal.

Find the coordinates of V.

Answer (........... , ...........) [1]

(iii) W is the point (1, 3).

Calculate the area of triangle TUW.

Answer .............................. units2 [3]

y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 x

4024/21/M/J/11 [Turn over

 PAGE 42

7 (a)
A Y B
r

C
F
q X

E 2p D

In the diagram, ABCDEF is a hexagon with rotational symmetry of order 2.

→ → →
ED = 2p, EF = q and AF = r.
X is the midpoint of CD and Y is the point on AB such that AY : YB is 3 : 1.

(i) How many lines of symmetry does ABCDEF have?

Answer ........................................ [1]

(ii) Express, as simply as possible, in terms of one or more of the vectors p, q and r,
→
(a) EA ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

→
(b) FC ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

→
(c) FY ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

→
(d) YX .

Answer ........................................ [1]

4024/22/M/J/11
 PAGE 69

24
P C R
B

p
Q

A D
q

In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram.

P is the midpoint of BC.
DQ : QP = 1 : 2.
→ →
AB = p and AD = q .
→
(a) Express DP in terms of p and q.

Answer ....................................... [1]

→
(b) Express DQ in terms of p and q.

Answer ....................................... [1]

→
(c) Express AQ in terms of p and q, giving your answer in its simplest form.

Answer ....................................... [1]

→ →
(d) R is the point on BC produced such that BR = k BP .
→
(i) Express AR in terms of p and q and k.

Answer ....................................... [1]

(ii) Given that A, Q and R lie on a straight line, find the value of k.

Answer k = ............................... [1]

4024/11/O/N/11
 PAGE 97

28
A
p
F q

B D
C

In the diagram, F is the point on AB where AF = 1 AB.

4
E is the midpoint of AC.
AF = p and AE = q.

(a) Express, in terms of p and q,

(i) FE ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

(ii) BC.

Answer ........................................ [1]

(b) D is the point on BC produced such that BD = kBC.

(i) Express FD in terms of k, p and q.

Answer ........................................ [1]

(ii) Given that F, E and D are collinear, find the value of k.

Answer k = .................................. [2]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been
made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at
the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

4024/12/O/N/11
 PAGE 129

7 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon with centre O.

A B

F C
O

E D

(a) (i) Find AÔ B.

Answer ......................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why AO = BC.

Answer ......................................................................................................................... [1]

→ →
(b) OA = a and OB = b.

G is the point on AB such that AG : GB is 1 : 3.

H is the midpoint of BC.

A G B

H
a b
F C
O

E D

Express, as simply as possible, in terms of a and b,

→
(i) AB ,

Answer ......................................... [1]

→
(ii) FB ,

Answer ......................................... [1]

4024/21/M/J/12
 PAGE 130

→
(iii) OG ,

Answer ......................................... [2]

→
(iv) OH ,

Answer ......................................... [1]

→
(v) GH .

Answer ......................................... [2]

4024/21/M/J/12 [Turn over

 PAGE 156

7 OAB is a triangle and OBDC is a rectangle where OD and BC intersect at E.

3
F is the point on CD such that CF = 4 CD.
OA = a, OB = b and OC = c.
A
a

b
O B

c
E

C F D

(a) Express, as simply as possible, in terms of one or more of the vectors a, b and c,

(i) AB ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

(ii) OE ,

Answer ........................................ [1]

(iii) EF .

Answer ........................................ [2]

3 2
(b) G is the point on AB such that OG = 5 a + 5 b.

(i) Express AG in terms of a and b.

Give your answer as simply as possible.

Answer ........................................ [1]

(ii) Find AG : GB.

Answer .................. : ................. [1]

(iii) Express FG in terms of a, b and c.

Give your answer as simply as possible.

Answer ........................................ [2]

4024/22/M/J/12 [Turn over

 PAGE 194

11 (a) E, F, G and H are the midpoints of

AB, BC, CD and DA respectively. C
AB = p, AD = q and BC = r. r

F
B G

p
E
H D
q
A
(i) Find, in terms of p, q and r as appropriate

(a) EF ,

Answer ..................................... [1]

(b) DC ,

Answer ..................................... [1]

(c) HG , expressing the vector as simply as possible.

Answer ..................................... [2]

(ii) What conclusions can be drawn about the lines EF and HG?

Answer ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

4024/21/O/N/12
 PAGE 223

11 (a)
D

B
q C

O A
E p

B is the midpoint of OD and E is the midpoint of OA.

C is the point on AB such that AC : CB = 2 : 1.
OA = p and OB = q.

(i) Find, in terms of p and q,

(a) AB ,

Answer .................................... [1]

(b) CD ,

Answer .................................... [1]

(c) ED .

Answer .................................... [1]

(ii) Use your answers to parts (i)(b) and (i)(c) to make two statements about the points E, C
and D.

Answer ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

4024/22/O/N/12
 PAGE 246

8 (b)
B
C
A

BADandCAEarestraightlinesandBCisparalleltoED.
1 12
BA = c m, ED = c m and BA = 1 BD .
-2 -3 4
(i) DescribefullythesingletransformationthatmapstriangleABContotriangleADE.

A ..............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Calculate BA .

A  ............................................... [1]

(iii) FindCD.

(iv) isthemidpointofBD.
A
! " [2]

Find EF .

A
! " [2]

4024/21/M/J/13 [Turn over

 PAGE 277

9 (a) ABCD is a parallelogram.

J- 4N J1N
AB = K O and BC = K O .
L 2P L4P
(i) Find BD.

(ii) Calculate AC .
Answer
! " [1]

Answer ................................................ [2]

(iii) The parallelogram ABCD is mapped onto the parallelogram PBQR.

J- 12N J 3N
PB = K O and BQ = K O .
L 6P L12P
(a) Describe fully the single transformation that maps the parallelogram ABCD onto
the parallelogram PBQR.

Answer ......................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]
4024/22/M/J/13
 PAGE 272

21

A B
2p + q
C

2q – p

In the diagram, BC = 2p + q, CD = 2q – p and D is the midpoint of CE.

(a) Express, in its simplest form, in terms of p and/or q

(i) CE ,

A ................................................ [1]

(ii) BE .

A ................................................ [1]

(b) Given that AB = p, express AE in terms of , p and q.

A ................................................ [1]

(c) Given that AE is parallel to BC, find .

A = ........................................... [1]

4024/11/O/N/13 [Turn over

 PAGE 343

12 (a)
B F C

G
E

6
(i) AD = c m
1
Calculate AD .

A ................................................ [1]
1
(ii) AE = c m
2
H is the midpoint of AD.

Find EH .

A f p [2]

4024/22/O/N/13
 PAGE 344

1.5 0.5
(iii) BF = c m CG = c m
0 -1.5
F is the midpoint of BC

Find FG .

A f p [1]

(iv) Use your answers to parts (ii) and (iii) to complete the following statement.

The lines EH and FG are ............................................. and ............................................. [1]

(v) Given that E is the midpoint of AB show that G is the midpoint of CD.

[2]

Turn over for The reST of ThIS queSTIon

4024/22/O/N/13 [Turn over
 PAGE 395

J4N J 8N
KK OO KK OO
2 -3
L P L P
PQ

J N
K O
K O
KK OO
L P
PQ
 PAGE 396

OA = OB = BC = a - b

AB

AC

CD
 ⑱

PAGE 277

23
6p
A B

8q

D C

In the diagram, ABCD is a parallelogram.

X is the point on BC such that BX | XC = 3 | 1 .
AB = 6p and AD = 8q .

(a) Express BX in terms of p and/or q.

Answer .......................................... [1]

(b) Express AX in terms of p and/or q.

Answer .......................................... [1]

(c) Y is the point such that CY = 3p + q .

(i) Express AY in terms of p and/or q.

Answer .......................................... [1]

(ii) Find the ratio AX | AY .

Answer .................... : .................... [1]

4024/11/O/N/18 [Turn over

 PAGE 300

-4 6
7 The position vector, OA, of point A is c m and AB = c m.
7 -3
(a) Find the position vector, OB, of point B.

Answer OB = f p [1]

(b) Find AB .

Answer ........................................... [2]

(c) Given that AB = 3 CB , find the coordinates of point C.

Answer (................... , .................. ) [2]

4024/21/O/N/18
 PAGE 306

25 In the diagram, ADB and A

ACF are straight lines.

BC intersects DF at E.

3p + 5q
D
p

B C
AC : CF = 2 : 1 . 3q E 2q

DB = p , BE = 3q , EC = 2q and AC = 3p + 5q .

(a) Express AB in terms of p. F

Answer AB = ................................ [1]

(b) Express CF in terms of p and/or q.

Answer CF = ............................... [1]

(c) Express EF in terms of p and/or q.

Answer EF = ................................. [1]

(d) EF = kDE .

Find k.

Answer k = .................................... [2]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

4024/12/O/N/18
 PAGE 358
14

9 (a)
Q

NOT TO
SCALE
P
U

R
T

In the diagram, PQ = 4p , QR = 3q and PT = p + 2q .

2 2
QU = QR and PT = PS .
3 3
(i) Express, as simply as possible, in terms of p and/or q,

(a) PS ,

PS = ................................................... [1]

(b) SR.

SR = ................................................... [2]

(ii) State the name of the special quadrilateral PQRS.

Using vectors, give a reason for your answer.

................................... because ..................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Find, in its simplest form, the ratio PQ | SR .

......................... : ......................... [2]

© UCLES 2019 4024/21/M/J/19

 PAGE 359
15

3 6 -7
(b) AB = e o BC = e o CD = e o
2 -2 -3

(i) Find AD.

AD = f p [1]

(ii) Find BC .

.................................................... [2]

(iii) Given that E is the midpoint of BC, find AE .

AE = f p [2]

© UCLES 2019 4024/21/M/J/19 [Turn over

 PAGE 388
18

4 1
10 (a) f=e o g =e o
-3 -5
(i) Find g - 2f.

f p [1]

(ii) Petra writes f 2 g.

Show that Petra is wrong.

[3]

(b)
A

a
P
NOT TO
SCALE
Q
O
R

O, A and B are points with OA = a and OB = b .

1
P is the point on OA such that OP = OA .
3
O, Q and R lie on a straight line and Q is the midpoint of PB.

(i) Find PB in terms of a and b.

PB = ................................................... [1]

© UCLES 2019 4024/22/M/J/19

 PAGE 389
19

(ii) Find OQ in terms of a and b.

Give your answer in its simplest form.

OQ = ................................................... [2]

(iii) QR = 2OQ.

Show that AR is parallel to PB.

[3]

Question 11 is printed on the next page.

© UCLES 2019 4024/22/M/J/19 [Turn over

 PAGE 379

20

25
O
a
A b NOT TO
SCALE
B

C P D

In the diagram, B is the midpoint of OD and OA : AC = 1 : 3.

OA = a and OB = b .

(a) Express, as simply as possible, in terms of a and/or b

(i) OC ,

OC = ................................................... [1]

(ii) CD.

CD = ................................................... [1]
3
(b) P is the point on CD where CP = CD .
4
(i) Express AP , as simply as possible, in terms of a and/or b.

AP = ................................................... [2]

(ii) Find AP : BD.

......................... : ......................... [1]

(iii) What special type of quadrilateral is ABDP?

.................................................... [1]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2019 4024/11/O/N/19

 PAGE 404

18

23
y

A B
NOT TO
SCALE

Q
O x

12
In the diagram, OB = e o .
6

1
(a) Show that the gradient of OB = .
2

[1]
p
(b) AP is parallel to OB and AP = e o .
2
(i) Find the value of p.

p = ................................................... [1]
AP
(ii) Write down the value of .
OB
.................................................... [1]

(c) AQ is perpendicular to OB.

(i) Write down the gradient of AQ.

.................................................... [1]
3
(ii) Given that AQ = e o , find the value of q.
q

q = ................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 4024/12/O/N/19
 PAGE 428

15

25 O, P and Q are points as shown in the diagram.

a - 2b

4a + 4b

NOT TO
SCALE

OP = a - 2b and OQ = 4a + 4b .

Express PQ, as simply as possible, in terms of a and b.

PQ = ................................................. [2]

Question 26 is printed on the next page.

© UCLES 2020 4024/11/M/J/20 [Turn over

 PAGE 521
18

9 (a) H is the point (5, 2) and J is the point ( - 3, 6).

(i) Find HJ .

HJ = f p [1]

(ii) Calculate the magnitude of HJ .

................................................. [2]

(iii) M is the midpoint of HJ.

Find the position vector of M.

f p [2]

© UCLES 2020 4024/21/O/N/20

 I

PAGE 522
19

(b)
A B

O C
G

q
D
F E

The diagram shows a shape made from seven identical equilateral triangles.
OA = p and OF = q .

(i) Express, as simply as possible, in terms of p and/or q

(a) FB,

FB = ................................................. [1]

(b) FE .

FE = ................................................. [1]

(ii) X is a point on FB and FX : XB = 3 : 1.

Express OX , as simply as possible, in terms of p and/or q.

OX = ................................................. [2]

(iii) Y is a point on BD.

Quadrilateral OXYF is a trapezium.

Express XY , as simply as possible, in terms of p and/or q.

XY = ................................................. [3]

Question 10 is printed on the next page.

© UCLES 2020 4024/21/O/N/20 [Turn over
 PAGE 545
14

10
8 (a) H is the point ( - 7 , 4) and HJ = e o.
-6

(i) Calculate the magnitude of HJ .

................................................. [2]

(ii) Given that HK = 3HJ , find the coordinates of point K.

( ...................... , ...................... ) [2]

© UCLES 2020 4024/22/O/N/20

 PAGE 546
15

(b)
E D C

NOT TO
SCALE
X
q

O B
p A

The diagram shows a parallelogram OBCE.

OA = p and OE = q .
AD is parallel to OE and OA : AB = 1 : 3.
X is a point on BC such that BX : XC = 3 : 2.

Express, as simply as possible, in terms of p and/or q

(i) OC ,

OC = ................................................. [1]

(ii) AX ,

AX = ................................................. [2]

(iii) EX .

EX = ................................................. [2]

© UCLES 2020 4024/22/O/N/20 [Turn over